Hawley' s
`
`Condensed Chemical
`
`Dictionary
`
`THIRTEENTH EDITION
`
`Revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`
`JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
`New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
`
`Exhibit 1030
`ARGENTUM
`IPR2018-00080
`
`000001
`
`

`

`This text is printed on acid-free paper. 0
`
`Copyright © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
`transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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`John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012,
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`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Condensed chemical dictionary.
`Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary.-13th ed./revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-471-29205-2 (hardcover)
`I. Chemistry-Dictionaries. I. Hawley, Gessner Goodrich, 1905-1983.
`II. Lewis, Richard J., Sr. III. Title.
`QD5.C5 1997
`540'.3—dc21 (cid:9)
`
`97-35762
`CIP
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`10 9 8 7 6
`
`000002
`
`

`

`69 (cid:9)
`
`AMPROLIUM
`
`amorphous wax. See microcrystalline wax.
`
`amphibole. A type of asbestos.
`See asbestos.
`
`amosite. A type of asbestos.
`See asbestos.
`
`AMP. (1) Abbreviation for 2-amino-2-methy1-1 -
`propanol. (2) Abbreviation for adenosine mono-
`phosphate.
`See adenylic acid.
`
`ASMP. Abbreviation for adenosine-5-monophos-
`phoric acid.
`See 5'-adenylic acid.
`
`"AMP-95" [Angus]. TM for 2-amino-methyl-l-
`propanol.
`Grade: 95% and 99 + %.
`Available forms: Liquid.
`Use: Multifunctional amine, used as codispersant,
`solubilizer, stabilizer, neutralizer, buffer, and cata-
`lyst.
`
`amphipathy. The simultaneous attraction and re-
`pulsion in a single molecule or ion consisting of
`one or more groups having an affinity for the phase
`in which they are dissolved together with groups
`that tend to be expelled by the medium.
`
`amphiphilic. Molecule having a water-soluble
`polar head (hydrophilic) and a water-insoluble or-
`ganic tail (hydrophobic), e.g., octyl alcohol, sodium
`stearate. Such molecules are necessary for emulsion
`formation and for controlling the structure of liquid
`crystals.
`See emulsion; liquid crystal.
`
`ampholyte. A substance that can ionize to form
`either anions or cations and thus may act as either
`an acid or a base. An ampholytic detergent is cati-
`onic in acid media and anionic in base media. Water
`is an ampholyte.
`See amphoteric.
`
`"Ampco" [Ampco]. TM for a series of alumi-
`num-iron-copper alloys containing 6-15% alumi-
`num, 1.5-5.25% iron, balance copper. Resistant to
`fatigue, corrosion, erosion, wear, and cavitation pit-
`ting.
`Use: For bushings, bearings, gears, slides, etc.
`
`amphora catalyst. See catalyst, amphora.
`
`"Amphosol" [Stepan].
`ine)
`TM for chemical used in shampoos, liquid hand
`soap, bubble bath, thickeners, and foam enhancers.
`
`(cocamidopropyl beta-
`
`"Ampcoloy" [Ampco] . TM for a series of in-
`dustrial copper alloys including low-iron-aluminum
`bronzes, nickel-aluminum bronzes, tin bronzes,
`manganese bronzes, lead bronzes, beryllium-cop-
`per, and high-conductivity alloys.
`
`"Ampco-Trode" [Ampco] . TM for a series of
`aluminum-bronze arc-welding electrodes and filler
`rod containing 9.0-15.0% aluminum, 1.0-5.0%
`iron, balance copper, for joining like or dissimilar
`metals and overlaying surfaces resistant to wear,
`corrosion, erosion, and cavitation-pitting.
`
`AMPD. Abbreviation for 2-amino-2-methy1-1,3-
`propanediol.
`
`amphetamine. (1-phenyl-2-aminopropane;
`methylphenethylamine; "Benzedrine").
`C6H,CH,CH(NH)CH3.
`Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; characteristic
`strong odor; slightly burning taste. Bp 200-203C
`(decomposes), flash p 80F (26.6C). Soluble in al-
`cohol and ether; slightly soluble in water.
`Grade: Dextro-, dextrolevo-. Also available as phos-
`phate and sulfate.
`Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Basis of a
`group of hallucinogenic (habit-forming) drugs that
`affect the central nervous system. Sale and use re-
`stricted to physicians. Production limited by law.
`Use: Medicine.
`
`amphoteric. Having the capacity of behaving ei-
`ther as an acid or a base. Thus, aluminum hydroxide
`neutralizes acids with the formation of aluminum
`salts, Al(OH)3 + 3HC1 --> AlC13 + 3H2O, and also
`dissolves in strongly basic solutions to form alu-
`minates, Al(OH), + 3NaOH —÷ Na3A103 + 31-120.
`Amino acids and proteins are amphoteric, i.e., their
`molecules contain both an acid group (COOH) and
`a basic group (NH,). Thus, wool can absorb both
`acidic and basic dyes.
`
`amphotericin B. A polyene antifungal antibotic.
`C„H„NO,„.
`Properties: Pale yellow, semicrystalline powder. Mp
`>170C (gradual decomposition). Insoluble in wa-
`ter; slightly soluble in methanol; somewhat more
`soluble in dimethylsulfoxide.
`Derivation: Fermentation with Sterptomyces nodo-
`sus. Commercially available as a deoxycholate
`complex.
`Grade: USP.
`Hazard: May have undesirable side effects.
`Use: Medicine (meningitis treatment).
`
`ampicillin (USAN). (6,D,a-aminophenyl-ace-
`tamido penicillanic acid). C,,H,,N,O,S.
`A semisynthetic antibiotic, active against some
`Gram-negative infections.
`
`amprolium. (11(4-amino-2-propy1-5-pyrimidi-
`ny1)-methyl] -2-picolinium chloride). C ,H19C1N4.
`A cocidiostat used in veterinary medicine.
`
`000003
`
`

`

`SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENT (cid:9)
`
`1066
`
`surface, but it also includes dispersions involving
`only one phase of matter, i.e., solid-solid or liquid-
`liquid.
`See interface; surface area; surface chemistry.
`
`surface-active agent. (surfactant). Any com-
`pound that reduces surface tension when dissolved
`in water or water solutions, or that reduces inter-
`facial tension between two liquids, or between a
`liquid and a solid. There are three categories of sur-
`face-active agents: detergents, wetting agents, and
`emulsifiers; all use the same basic chemical mech-
`anism and differ chiefly in the nature of the surfaces
`involved.
`See interface; surface chemistry.
`
`surface area. The total area of exposed surface of
`a finely divided solid (powder, fiber, etc.) including
`irregularities of all types. Since activity is greatest
`at the surface, that is, the boundary between the
`particle and its environment, the larger the surface
`area of a given substance, the more reactive it is.
`Thus reduction to small particles is a means of in-
`creasing the efficiency of both chemical and physi-
`cal reactions; for example, the coloring effect of
`pigments is increased by maximum size reduction.
`Carbon black is notable among solids for its huge
`surface area (as much as 18 acres/lb for some
`types); the activity of its surface accounts for its
`outstanding ability to increase the strength and ab-
`rasion resistance of rubber. The capacity of acti-
`vated carbon to adsorb molecules of gases is due to
`this factor. Surface area is measured most accu-
`rately by nitrogen adsorption techniques.
`
`surface chemistry. The observation and mea-
`surement of forces acting at the surfaces of gases,
`liquids and solids or at the interfaces between them.
`This includes the surface tension of liquids (vapor
`pressure, solubility); emulsions (liquid-liquid inter-
`faces); finely divided solid particles (adsorption, ca-
`talysis); permeable membranes and microporous
`materials; and biochemical phenomena such as os-
`mosis, cell function, and metabolic mechanisms in
`plants and animals. Surface chemistry has many in-
`dustrial applications, a few of which are air pollu-
`tion, soaps and synthetic detergents, reinforcement
`of rubber and plastics, behavior of catalysts, color
`and optical properties of paints, aerosol sprays of
`all types, monolayers and thin films, both metallic
`and organic. Outstanding names in the development
`of this science are Graham, Freundlich, and W. Ost-
`wald in the 19th Century, and Harkins, Langmuir,
`LaMer, and McBain in the 20th.
`See colloid chemistry.
`
`surface tension. In any liquid, the attractive force
`exerted by the molecules below the surface upon
`those at the surface-air interface, resulting from the
`high molecular concentration of a liquid compared
`to the low molecular concentration of a gas. An
`inward pull, or internal pressure, is thus created
`
`which tends to restrain the liquid from flowing. Its
`strength varies with the chemical nature of the liq-
`uid. Polar liquids have high surface tension (water
`= 73 dynes/cm at 20C); nonpolar liquids have
`much lower values (benzene = 29 dynes/cm, eth-
`anol = 22.3 dynes/cm), thus they flow more readily
`than water. Mercury, with the highest surface ten-
`sion of any liquid (480 dynes/cm) does not flow,
`but disintegrates into droplets.
`See interface; surface-active agent.
`
`surfactant. See surface-active agent.
`
`"Sur-Gard" [Nalco] . TM for chemicals used
`for treatment of boiler water to inhibit scale and
`corrosion and to remove oxygen from the boiler
`water.
`
`"Surlyn" [Du Pont]. TM for a group of ionomer
`resins.
`Properties: ("Surlyn" A) Thermoplastic produced
`as a granular material; flexible, transparent, grease
`resistant; very light weight but tough. Izod impact
`strength 5.7-14.6 ft-lb/in (higher than any other
`polyolefin), tensile strength 3,500-5,500 psi, elon-
`gation 300-400%, softening point 71. Insoluble in
`any commercial solvent. Subject to slow swelling
`by hydrocarbons, to slow attack by acids.
`Use: Coatings, packaging films, products made by
`injection or blow molding, or by thermoforming.
`
`SUS. Abbreviation for Saybolt Universal Seconds.
`See Saybolt Universal viscosity.
`
`suspension. A system in which very small parti-
`cles (solid, semisolid, or liquid) are more or less
`uniformly dispersed in a liquid or gaseous medium.
`If the particles are small enough to pass through
`filter membranes, the system is a colloidal suspen-
`sion (or solution). Examples of solid-in-liquid sus-
`pensions are comminuted wood pulp in water,
`which becomes paper on filtration; the fat particles
`in milk; and the red corpuscles in blood. A liquid-
`in-gas suspension is represented by fog or by an
`aerosol spray. If the particles are larger than col-
`loidal dimensions they will tend to precipitate if
`heavier than the suspending medium, or to agglom-
`erate and rise to the surface if lighter. This can be
`prevented by incorporation of protective colloids.
`Polymerization is often carried out in suspension,
`the product being in the form of spheres or beads.
`See solution; colloidal; dispersion; emulsion; colloid
`chemistry.
`
`"Sustane" [UOP]. TM for synthetic, food-grade
`antioxidant product line including BHA, BHT,
`TBHQ, propyl gallate, and liquid blends.
`Use: To preserve vegetable oils, animal fats, spices,
`baked goods, nuts, pet foods, dressing oils, confec-
`tions, cereals, sausage, cosmetics, and dehydrated
`potatoes.
`
`000004
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