Rick} Darnell, et al
`
`TIMELY SOLUTIONS
`
`~, HTML fundamentals
`
`Structuring text :71 Tables
`
`I CasCading Style Sheets Frames ;., Layers
`if Dynamic HTML ' Document Type Definition
`1’; eXtensible Markup Language (XML) If; Design
`
`Internationalization 2' Accessibility 1: Indexing
`strategies
`
`
`
`Comprehensive guide
`,
`I -
`to web browsers, HTML editors, web site tools,
`graphics programs, scripting languages, servers,
`CGl, programming languages, web resources,
`and more!
`
`COMPLETE REFERENCEH
`
`I
`_
`; Every element and attribute
`listed with a description, syntax, notes, examples,
`and more!
`
`I
`,
`;;; IJ: HTML 4 tags
`exhaustively researched and tested across a
`broad selection of web browsers
`
`Unified Patents
`
`Exhibit 1007
`
`Page 1 of 58
`
`' WmCFHOWWL
`
`

`

`.Professional Reference Edition
`
`Rick Darnel4 et al
`
`201West103rd Street
`Indianapoiis, IN 46290
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 2 of 58
`
`

`

`Copyright ~ 1998 by Sams.net Publishing
`
`FIRST EDITION
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a
`retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical,
`photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the
`publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the
`information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in
`the preparation of this book, the publisher and authpr assume no resp~nsi­
`bility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages
`resulting from the us,e of the information contained herein. For informa(cid:173)
`tion, address Sams.net Publishing, 201 W. l03rd St., Indianapolis, IN
`46290.
`
`International Standard Book Number: 1-57521-380-X
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97~69123
`
`2000 99 98 97
`
`4 3 2 1
`
`Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is
`the year of the book's printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of
`the book's printing. For example, a printing code.of97-1 shows that the
`first printing of the•book occurred in 1997.
`
`Composed in A Garamond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer
`.
`~ublishing
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`-T rademcirks
`
`All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or
`service marks have been appropriateiy capitalized. Sams.net Publishing
`cannot attest to tbe accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book
`should not be regarded as affec;ting the validity of any trademark or service·
`mark.
`·
`
`Jordan Gold ·
`Publisher
`Executive Editor . Beverly M Eppink
`''Managing Editor Patrick Kanouse
`Brand Director Alan Bower
`
`Acquisitions Editor
`David B. Mayhew
`
`Development Editor
`Bob Correll
`
`Software Development Specialist
`Patty Brooks
`Production Editor
`LisaM Lord
`
`Indexer
`Rebecca Sdlerno
`.
`Technical Reviewer
`.
`.
`VfillKelly
`Editoriiil Coordinators
`Mandie Rowell
`Katie Wise
`
`Technical Edit Coordinator
`Lorraine E. Schaffer
`
`Marketing Coordinator
`Linda B. Beckwith
`
`Resource Coordinator
`Charlotte Clapp
`
`Editorial Assistant
`Rhonda Tinch-Mize
`
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`
`Book Designer
`Gary Adair
`
`Production Team Supervisor
`Andrew Stone
`
`Production Team
`Chris Livengood
`Becky Stutiman
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 3 of 58
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`The Internet has progressed extremely fast in recent years. Once the realm, of academics, re(cid:173)
`searchers, and defense agencies, the Internet and its associated parts are rapidly becoming a
`mainstream media conduit for communication between individuals, companies, and global
`dwellers .
`
`As part of the Internet, the World Wide Web is the predominant force in the growth of the
`global computer network. Its language is simple, its interface is attractive and friendly, and it's
`adaptable to a wide variety of uses. There are Web sites for selling products, selling ideas, main(cid:173)
`taining appearances, informing publics, continuing education and knowledge, and just plain
`wasting time, and the World Wide Web concept is being adapted to internal communications
`by establishing intranets inside companies.
`'
`
`HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the language that puts the face on the Web. It con(cid:173)
`sists of a variety of elements called tags, which are us~d for everything from defining type styles
`and headings to inserting specialized content, such as images, sounds, virtual reality worlds,
`and Java applets.
`
`One of the main drawbacks to working with HTML is that many Web page editors don't dis(cid:173)
` way it will look on a browser. Instead, HTML authors and designers must
`play a page th
`· contend with the content of their page intermixed with the tags that control how the content
`appears to the user. The good news is that this situation is changing rapidly, with the advent of
`new WYSIWYG editors that display a page using the standard accepted by most browsers.
`
`1e
`
`So,' with the introduction of graphical editors, why learn the intricacies· of HTML? There are·
`several reasons. First, HTML is as much an organizational. tool _as a design tool. The tags give
`structure and purpose to each part of the page and explain how it relates to the rest of the page.
`Learning the organization behind the page leads to better designs for your readers.
`
`Second, even some of the best WYSIWYG editors don't support all the tags that are part of
`HTML at any given time. Sometimes it's necessary to directly modify the source of the page to
`add or change tags an4 attributes. To do this, you need to know how the tags relate to each
`other.
`The final reason for le~rning HTML ·is simply for the fun of it. You gain a certain satisfaction
`from building a Web page from the ground up. You'll know about every brick and board that
`went into it, and you'll have the know-how to tweak each one so that the result is just what you
`wanted. On the other side of that is the fun of seeing other Web pages and knowing how the
`page author and designer worked to develop the intended effect.
`
`your
`rou'd
`. You
`eyou
`
`. com.
`
`31-
`
`nfax,
`k-as
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 4 of 58
`
`

`

`xxxviii
`
`HTML4
`
`UNLEASHED
`
`~~
`
`HTML AS GENERAL CONVERSATION
`-
`-- -
`---
`~-~~- -
`The World Wide Web is becoming more and more common as a topic of conversation at
`the dinner table, at cocktail parties and banquets, in car pools, and around the water
`co~ler at work. After reading this book, we're sure you'll discover HTML is one of the most
`fascinating things on the planet and will want to discuss the nuances of each tag with those
`around you.
`Don't do it. It's more than enough in general company to know what HTML means. If you
`try to discuss HTML in any detail, you'll get blank stares and suddenly find yourself standing
`in a corner by yourself holding a small plate of vegetables and runny ranch dressing with
`the host's dog ~anging on your every ,;,,ord .
`
`'""
`
`. How This Book Is Organized
`
`)
`
`This book is divided into nine different sections, plus eight appendixes. The book begins with
`basic concepts and foundations of HTML and then delves into the. details of standard tags and
`their attributes, advanced features, and extensions: After the details of the language are cov(cid:173)
`ered, additional related topics are covered, including design, supporting technologies, and new
`forms -of markup language, such as Extensible Markup Language.
`
`Here's a section-by-section· look at what's in store:
`
`II Part I, "Introducing HTML 4.0": The chaptc;rs in this section cover the foundation
`and history of HTML, beginning with the concept of hypertext and extending into
`document types, document structure, and how different browsers and platforms fit
`into the Web picture. As part of the introduction, Chapter 5, "Get Started Now", was
`· added to get you tip to speed quickly if you already have a grasp of HTML 3 .2.
`II Part II, "Structural and Navigational Elements of HTML 4": This section covers
`the standard tags supported by the 'latest HTML' 4.0 specification, and includes widely
`used items such as divisional and organizational tags, lists, and tables. It also includes
`items that should be used and aren't, such as document type declarations.
`II Part III, "Basic HTML 4.0 Interactivity'': There's more to a Web page than just
`reading the words. This section covers some of the foundations of building
`interactivity into a page, using elements such as aµchors, image maps, forms, and
`'objects like applets and embedded controls.
`Ill Part N, "Presentation ,Techniques": After the previous two sections covering the
`structure and function of a Web page, this section shows how to use the latest tech(cid:173)
`niques for making the page look the way you want. It starts with the tag-based
`formatting options, such as <B> for bold and <I> for italics, and then progresses to
`Cascading Style Sheets, JavaScript Style Sheets, element positioning, frames, and
`layers.
`.
`.
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 5 of 58
`
`

`

`I
`
`with
`:and
`cov-
`new
`
`:10n
`:o
`.t
`was
`
`ers
`idely
`des
`
`:t
`
`ie
`h-
`
`Introduction
`
`xxxix
`
`•
`
`Part V, "Programming Languages for HTML": HTML's capabilities are extended a
`great deal through the support of technologres that add interactive features to other(cid:173)
`wise lifeless page;, These technologies include Common Gateway Interface (CGI).
`scripts for data transfer, JavaScript, and VBScript (Visual Basic Script).·.
`Ill Part VI, "Dynamic HTML": Dynamic HTML is a new way of integrating HTML,
`scripting, and style sheets to create interactive Web pages without working through
`the Web server, applets, or other add-on solutions. Best of all, correctly implemented
`Dynamic HTML can be viewed on· any browser, with the dynamic features activated
`only on compatible browsers.
`Ill Part VII, "Effective.Web Page Design": With the tools and bricks in place from the
`. previous sections, you have the requisite technical knowledge to build Web pages with
`HTML. However, a technically correct page is not necessarily a user-friendly page.
`This section shows you how to build attractive, usable pages by including concepts
`and examples for designing user interfaces and navigation tools.
`Part VIII, ''XML": Ext~nsible M~rkup Language is the new kid on the block in the
`world of the Internet, and its use is growing because of its inherent flexibility. In
`effect, XML allows you to create pages with your own customized markup tags. This
`feature is already in use for one of the latest features of the Web-Web casting and
`channel subscriptions. This section explains what XML is and how to implement it in
`your Web site.
`Part IX, "Advanced'Techniques"; The chapters in this section discuss the evolution
`of standards for character sets and page representation in ah international arena. Issues
`of standardization among browsers and platforms, and HTML' s use in non-Web
`environments, such as indexing and search engines, are also covered. Plus, there's an .
`entire chapter devoted to accessibility issues-for more and less capable browsers and
`people.
`The app~ndixes in the back of the book include more reference information to help you with
`your day-to-day work using HTML. In addition to a quiek reference of HTML tags, the ap(cid:173)
`pendixes also include references for HTML 4.0, Cascading Style Sheets Level 1, Extensible
`Markup Language, and scripting languages. Additional information is also provided for cross(cid:173)
`browser comparisons, color and character values, and online information resources.
`
`II
`
`We hope the combination ofinformation in the chapters and references in the appendixes makes
`HTML 4 Unleashed, Professional Reference Edition the most complete HTML reference book
`you have in your collectipn.
`·
`
`How to Use This Book
`
`Whether you're an old hand or a newbie, Chapters 1through5 are a good introduction and
`explanation of why HTML looks and acts the way it does, and how it works within the frame-·
`work of the Internet and intranets.
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 6 of 58
`
`

`

`xi
`
`HTML4
`
`UNLEASHED
`
`Chapters 6through16 are the meat and potatoes ofHTML4.0. Every tag in the HTML speci(cid:173)
`fication is covered in this area, along with their attributes and behaviors. If you' re a beginner,
`working through this section will give you a solid foundation for working with HTML. These
`chapters are augm~nted by Chapters 17 ,through 22, which give you a host of techniques for
`controlling the Web page'-s appearance ..
`
`Chapters 31 through 35 offer added reinforcement to the presentation techniques. This course
`in Web design will quickly get you up to speed in building Web pages with examples of good
`page structure. If you've already worked with HTML, you should review this are~ to see new
`w~ys of presenting information to your users in a way that looks good and gets your point across,
`
`For advanced users, Chapters 23 through 30 and 36 through 39 show how to extend HTML
`beyond the el~ments illust~ated in the previous chapters. Advanced concepts, including pro(cid:173)
`gramming languages, Dynamic HTML, and XML art'. explained and illustrated here.
`.
`
`The last section, Chapters 40 through 42, is another good place to go regardless of your expe(cid:173)
`rience with HTML. It shows ways of making your HTML pages friendlier for an international
`audience. It also helps you create pages that are accessible by more than the "big two" from
`Netscape and Microsoft, including disabled u~ers with special-purpose browsers. As a last step,
`strategies for indexing your pages and adding them to_ search engines is also covered.
`
`COMMON ATIRIBUTES
`
`.
`
`-
`
`=
`
`~
`
`~
`
`-
`
`Most of the elements in this book share some co_mmon attributes. Rather than list all ~f them
`for each element every time, 11ve identified them here and referred to this list in several
`chapters. The first set ~f attributes are referred to as the core attributes:
`· id: This value serves as document-wide identification, and should be unique among any·
`other IDs in the document.
`
`title: This attribute supplies additional information about the element and can be used or'
`ignored at the browser's discretion.
`.
`
`class: Style sheets use this attribute to apply a style to a set of elements associated with this
`class. See Chapter 1 8, "Using Cascading Style Sheets," for more information.
`style: This attribute is used to include inline style information for the current instance of the
`element. See Chapter 1 8 for more information.
`The next tWo are international attri_butes (see Chapter 40, "Internationalizing Your HTML"):
`lang: This attribute specifies the primary language for the document text, with the default as
`unknown. For more information, consult "Tags for the Identification of Languages,'1 available
`atftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1766:txt.
`
`dir: The direction of weak or neutral text, which carries the value L TR (left-to-right) or RTL_
`(right-to-left). The browser determines the default direction, although for the English and
`. European languages,- it's safe to assume left-to-right.
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 7 of 58
`
`

`

`Om tents
`
`xii
`
`Next come the alignment attributes, which determine how text is justified within the docu(cid:173)
`ment. The values are left, right, center, or justify. The default is left for L TR para(cid:173)
`graphs ·and right for RTL paragraphs. Many browsers don't support justify (both left
`and right), in which case the alignment defavlts to the value based on the dir attribute.
`The last attributes are the event handlers-onclick, oridblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup,
`onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, and onkeyup-which are
`covered in more detail in Chapter 28, "Working with the User: Events:"
`
`·Conventions Used in This Book
`
`Sams.net has spent many years developing and publishing computer books designed for ease
`of use and containing the most up-to-date information available. With that experience, we've
`learned what features help you the most. Look for these features throughout the book to help
`enhance your learning experience and get the mo~t out of HTML.
`
`II Screen messages, code listings, and command samples appear in monospace type.
`II Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) used ~o identify pages on the Web and values for
`HTML attributes also appear in monospace type.
`·
`II Terms that are defined in the text appear in italics. Italics are sometimes used for
`emphasis, too.
`II In code lines, placeholders for variables are indicated by using italic monospace type.
`
`,spec1-
`~inner,
`These
`ues for
`
`course
`>f good
`eenew
`across,
`
`~TML
`1g pro-
`
`1r expe(cid:173)
`Lational
`>"from
`tst step,
`
`them
`
`d or
`
`th this
`
`f the
`
`ML"):.
`1ult as
`tilable
`
`RTL
`d
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`TIP
`~ -- ~
`--
`Tips give y~u advice ~n quick or ~v~rlooked proc~du~es, in~luding shortcuts.
`
`~~
`
`-~
`
`~ ~~
`
`- ~
`
`NOTE
`--
`-
`~- -
`-
`Notes pr~sent useful or interesting information that isn't necessarily essential to the current
`discussion, but might1augment your understanding with background material or advice
`·,
`.
`relating to the topic.
`
`~
`
`~-
`
`CAUTION
`Cautions warn ;ou about potential problems ~procedure might cause, unexpected results,
`or mistakes that could prove costly.
`
`ru~-
`
`~-
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 8 of 58
`
`

`

`xiii
`
`HTML4
`UNLEASHED
`
`I
`
`WARNING
`
`_..,,..,.
`
`~-
`
`- ~-- ~ .
`- -- ---~ ---~ ~ - ---
`- -- ~
`- -~
`-
`. Warnings are like Cautions, only with more attitude. They let you know about actions that
`could seriously disrupt or damage someone's system.
`
`~ "~--~"""""'
`
`-
`
`Who Should Read This Book?
`
`This book has been planned and designed to meet a wide variety of needs, depending on your
`level of experience and knowledge with HTML.
`
`For beginners, we offer an introduction into the basics of HTML, including basic page struc~
`ture and all the tags needed to build the page. Each HTML element is presented with its cor(cid:173)
`responding attributes, along with its default behavior and the minimum information it n~eds
`to function.
`
`Both casual and accomplished users will find it easier to jump around to the specific topics
`they need, such as tables, frames, or design. Remember that this book is a comprehensive re(cid:173)
`source for HTML 4.0, so you'll still want to glance at the other chapters to see.what else you
`might be m,issing .
`
`. For experts, this book serves as an excellent reference to answer specific questions. The syntax,
`attribute listings, and examples give you plenty of opportunities to see variations on HTML
`implementation. The references at the back of the book put the technical information you require
`. within easy reach.
`.
`
`We've worked hard to put together the most comprehensive HTML book available, and we
`hope you'll agree that it's not only an important additfon to your collection, but also a valuable
`,tool you'll use eyery day ..
`
`From all of the authors, thank you for choosing HTML 4. Unleashed, Professional Reference
`Edition.
`
`-Rick Darnell
`(darnell@mon~ana.com)
`
`-~
`
`~~
`
`---- --~
`
`NOTE
`·As this book was going to pr~ss, the World Wide Web Consortium voted t; change the
`<ACRONYM> tag to <ABBR>.
`
`--
`
`- -,,~~----- ~ - -~ -
`
`'"
`
`-
`
`-,...~ -
`
`- ---
`
`-
`
`~~=-- --
`
`-
`
`--
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 9 of 58
`
`

`

`HTML 4.0 Overview
`
`. by ·Rick Darnell
`
`IN THIS CHAPTER
`
`• New Features 4
`
`•
`
`· Deprecated Features 6
`
`• Dead Features 7
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 10 of 58
`
`

`

`4
`
`Introducing HTML 4.0
`PART I
`
`Welcome to the brave new world of the latest HTML recommendation from the World Wide
`Web-Consortium (W3C): Although it's hard for a lot-of casual Web users to understand, this
`set of specifications is really pretty exciting.
`
`HTML 4.0 picks up the pieces left behind at HTML 3.2. HTML 3.2 started life as HTML
`3.0, which .. included proposals for many of the features· found in HTML 4.0. However, the
`· timing wasn't right for HTML 3. 0-it got bogged down in the approval process and was never
`formally accepted as a standard. There was a lot of disagreement on how the new features should
`. be represented in the standard and how different browsers would interpret them. So, HTML
`3.2 was. developed as a new standard that dropped most of the advanced features originally
`proposed for HTML 3.0, including advanced table settings, events, and other items. Instead
`of leading the evolution of HTML, the standards process became a reflection of currently ac(cid:173)
`cepted practice and adoption of proprietary markup.
`
`Now the members. of the W3C HTML Working Group and the other groups and subcom(cid:173)
`mittees have had a chance tb regroup and refocus their efforts. The result is a new HTML specifi(cid:173)
`cation that returns to the roots of a structured markup language, while implementing powerful
`means to control appearance and allowances for up-and-coming dynamic behavior.
`
`,
`
`NOTE
`-
`---
`--
`This book covers the latest information available on the draft HTML 4.0 specification,
`known as WD-htm/40-9709 7 7. This abbre~iation stands for "Working Draft of HTML 4.0.
`as of September 9, 1997." It's an essentially .stable draft, which shouldn't change signifi(cid:173)
`cantly before its acceptance as an official recommendation. For more information on its
`status, check the W3C Web site (see the following Tip).
`
`-~·
`
`TIP
`
`--~
`
`-~ ~
`
`-
`
`-
`
`N -
`
`"'"""""=
`
`~U
`
`The Web site of the World Wide Web Consortium is http:/ /www.w3.org/_. It includes draft
`recommendations, final proposals, and information on other W3C projects, such as the
`Amaya Wep browser.
`
`But all of this background is just generalities. Take some time during the next few pages to see
`what's happened since HTML 3.2 .
`
`. New Features
`
`There are several new tags and new features in HTML 4. 0. One of the flrst notable differences
`is the support of identification and event capturing for practically every element ill the body of
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 11 of 58
`
`

`

`Wide
`l, this
`
`TML
`r, the
`never
`hould
`:TML
`;inally
`1stead
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`werful ·
`
`.o.
`fi-
`
`:lraft
`
`~s to see
`
`ferences
`body of
`
`HTML 4. 0 Overview
`CHAPTER 1
`
`5
`
`a Web page. The id attribu.te is ~upported for everytliing from headings to tables to forin ele(cid:173)
`ments to blockquotes and all points in between. By assigning a unique name to an element,
`you can reference it for anchors and Dynamic HTML features.
`,
`
`The expanded event coverage was introduced by Netscape in its Navigator 2.0 release with
`JavaScript, except the events were limited to a handful of tags-primarily hyperlinks and form
`elements. With the advent of Dynamic HTML and document-wide scripting, events are now
`supported for virtually every element that contains any sort of content, including images, an(cid:173)
`chors, paragraphs, tables (including individual rows, cells, and columns), and other inline and
`block elements.
`
`Another big piece of news for HTML 4.0 is the shift from tag-based appearance features (such
`as <B> for bold) to style sheets. This shift is the result of a long-standing debate between HTML
`purists and Web page designers. The purists insist that tags should indicate structure and con(cid:173)
`tent only-given the incredible variety of applications and platforms for viewing pages, the
`author should not be able to dictate a page's appearance. On the other side are the designers,
`who take advantage of every quirk artd idiosyncrasy of various HTML implementations to make
`their pages look just right; it's a competitive world and they want to make sure their pages .are
`on the cutting edge.
`
`By deprecating the tags and attributes that affect appearance (see the next section, "Deprecated
`Features"), the purists return to a kinder, gentler HTML that doesn't allow both <EM> and <I>·
`to create emphasis in a document. By adding style sheets, designers now have a whole new set
`of tools in their page-creation grab bag, including advanced font specification, background colors
`for individual elements, and global styles. One advantage of this development is that the coolest
`pages cai:i be viewed by both Lynx and Internet Explorer 4.0, and users of both browsers will
`get the full benefit of the content without a bunch of extra proprietary tags getting in the way.
`
`The <OBJECT> tag was also expanded to encompass virtually any external file you could possibly
`place on a Web page, including applets, embedded controls, plug-ins, images, sounds, and
`anything dse that comes to mind. With its expanded attribute list and support for parameters
`and alternative text, the <OBJECT> tag is shaping up to usurp the use of several tags, including
`<EMBED>, <APPLET>, and <IMG>. One faction is also arguing to use <OBJECT>in place of <I FRAME>
`for inline fran:ies.
`.
`
`Beyond the global impl~.cations of the new attributes and style sheets, HTML 4.0 also intro(cid:173)
`duces several new structure tags, listed in Table 1.1.
`
`Table 1.1. New structure tags_ in HTML 4.
`Tag
`Description
`For inline quotes. <Q> is a cousin to <BLOCKQUOTE>, with <Q> being an ·
`inline element and <BLOCKQUOTE> acting as its own paragraph.
`
`<Q>
`
`continues
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 12 of 58
`
`

`

`6
`
`Introducing HTML 4.0
`PART I
`
`Table 1.1. continued
`Tag
`
`<INS> and <DEL>
`
`<ACRONYM>
`
`<COLGROUP>
`
`<FIELDS ET>
`
`<BUTTON>
`
`Description
`
`For documents under current revision, when maintaining the history
`of changes is important. <INS> marks inserted text with the date of
`insertion, and <DEL> provides the same service for deleted text.,
`A new structure tag similar to <ADDRESS>. It marks a group oflefrers
`that stand for something else, such as SCBA for self-contained breath(cid:173)
`ing apparatus.
`Identifies a collection of columns in a table for formatting. It allows
`designers to easily select entire columns of a table for setting width
`and alignment properties.
`Groups form elements into logical groups. This new tag also comes
`with a companion called <LEGEND> to provide a visible label for the
`group of form controls.
`.
`A feature-rich button for forms. This button serves as a jack-of-all-trades
`beyond the usual Submit and Reset buttons. It can submit forms,
`calculate totals, illvoke scripts, interact with objects, and include
`·rich formatting, such as colors, different fonts and sizes for text,
`and images.
`
`The last big addition, and one of the most controversial, is frames. HTML 4.0 will include
`fram~ sets and frames as part of the official standard, much to the chagrin of many Web users
`and authors who can't stand the things. However, the W3G decided that frames were in broad
`enough use, so it would be a good idea to at least standardize what's there so they could work
`on a better implementation of the frames idea. Love frames or hate them-they' re now an official
`part of HTML.
`.
`
`Of course, with all the new bells and whistles, there are also sofue tags and attributes that didn't·
`fare so well. These are the deprecated elements-they're still in the standard, but not for long.
`.
`
`\
`
`Deprecated Features
`
`What is a deprecated feature? It's a tag or attribute that has been part of previous HTML stan(cid:173)
`dards, but is no longer needed or is detrimental to HTML' s further growth. These items are
`left in the standard for the current revision, but will probably be removed as obsolete by the
`. next revision of HTML.
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 13 of 58
`
`

`

`-
`
`""' ~
`
`-
`
`~
`
`'
`
`-
`
`-
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`
`&
`
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`
`~-
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`
`TIP
`t·· If you' re using deprecated. ~lements with the sttld HTML 4 bocu;,~nt Type Defi~itio~ (see
`
`Chapter 4, "The HTML DocumentType Definition1'} and process your documents through
`HTML validation at the W3C site, your page will generate.errors. The deprecated elements
`are part of the "casual" HTML Document Type Definition only.
`
`HTML 4. 0 Overview
`CHAPTER 1
`
`"'"-
`
`- " ' -
`
`ry
`
`s
`
`.es
`
`'··
`
`. ude
`tsers
`:oad
`rork
`icial
`
`dn't·
`Jng.
`
`:tan(cid:173)
`s are
`~the
`
`Remember all the hoopla about style sheets? The appearance and structure of a document are
`finally separated and placed in separate locations where they belong. However, this separation
`also means that tags such as' <FONT> have come to the end of their usefulness because their be(cid:173)
`havior is now handled by t~e style sheet. The appearance tags that are now deprecated include
`<CENTER>, <FONT>, <BASEFONT>, <STRIKE> (also <S>), and <U>. It's a fairly safe bet that the other
`appearance tags, such as <B> and <I>, are also headed for obsolescence by the next version of
`HTML.
`.
`
`In the meantime, see Chapter 17, "Simple Style with Text,'' to see how to wurk with what's ·
`left, and Chapter 7, "Text Alignment and Formatting," for information on working with logi(cid:173)
`cal styles.
`
`In addition to the deprecated appearance tags, the appearance attributesfor many elements are
`also on their way out. They include the color information that could be included with the <BODY>
`tag, such as bgcolor, color, and link. The align attribute for paragraph and other block tags
`is also deprecated for the same reasons .
`
`Other elements slated for disposal include the following:
`
`II <APPLET>: Introduced by Netscape to support Java applets, this tag's role is now filled
`by the <OBJECT> tag, which has been expanded to serve all file insertion tasks (see· ·
`Chapter 16, "Embedding Objects in HTML") ..
`1111 <ISINDEX>: This tag is used to generate a text field to input a search term for a Web
`index. This function has now been shifted to forms and CGI scripts (see Chapter 15,
`"Building and Using HTML Forms").
`II <DIR> and <ME~U>: Essentially, _these elements duplicate the functions of the unordered
`list tag <UL> (see Chapter 8, "Using Lists to Organize Information"). They were placed
`in this category because most browsers really don't distinguish between these two tags
`and an unordered list.
`
`Dead Features
`
`This is the boneyard of obsolete elements no longer found anywhere in the HTML standard.
`In a year or so, 'you'll be lucky to find a current br?wser that still supports them.
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 14 of 58
`
`

`

`8
`
`Introducing HTML 4. 0
`PART I
`
`The three elements that were axed in HTML 4.0 are <XMP>, <PLAINTEXT>, and <LISTING>. All
`three produced the same result-preformatted text that p.resented characters, punctuation, and
`spaces in a monospace font. This function is the same one served by the <PRE> element, which
`is still an active part of HTML. All three elements were deprecated in HTML 3.2, and their
`removal is official with HTML 4.0.
`
`Summary
`
`You've read about the changes in a nutshell. Is HTML 4.0 the "perfect HTML?" Of course
`~ot. As long as there's more than one person working on it, there are going to be differences
`over what it should and shouldn't do and what should ~d shoul~' t be a part of the standard.
`
`The general consensus in the W eh community is that HTML 4. 0 is a solid step forward from
`HTML 3 .2, with it_s style sheet implementation of appearance control, an expanded model for
`tables, support for the emerging Dynamic HTML technologies, and enhancements to forms.
`
`As appearance elements are deprecated and removed in _the future, HTML will continue to
`f~cus on structure markup, arid new appearance controls will develop within the confines of
`the <STYLE> tag.
`
`'
`All in all, it's a solid standard that was thoroughly evaluated and implemented. It has its flaws,
`but the worst of the HTML evolution is over for now. As a result, authors and developers have
`gotten a new and more efficient set of tags to build their Web pages.
`
`And I'm glad you' re here to learn about it! There are only 41 more chapters to go, so let's get
`started ...
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 15 of 58
`
`

`

`. All
`and
`hich
`their
`
`mrse
`:nces
`:lard.
`
`from
`el for ·
`>rms.
`
`ue to
`tes of
`
`flaws,
`;have
`
`:'s get
`
`What Is Hypertext
`Markup Language?
`
`by Rick Darnell
`
`IN THIS CHAPTER
`
`•
`
`·work.ing with Nonlinear
`Information 10
`
`• Early Attempts at Nonlinear Information
`Systems 11
`
`• Origins of Hypertext Markup
`Language 12
`
`• The World Wide Web: The First Practical
`Nonlinear Information System 13
`
`• The Creation of HTML 14
`
`• The World Wide Web Consortium 19
`
`Unified Patents
`Exhibit 1007
`Page 16 of 58
`
`

`

`Introducing HTML 4. 0
`10
`'----~ .PART I
`
`Although many people think hypertext markup language (HTML) consists of the tags put into
`a World Wide Web page, the concepts behind HTML have a long history. This chapter pre(cid:173)
`sents a glimpse of some of the people and ideas that have led to our Web of text, images, ani(cid:173)
`mation, sound,