Pure & Appl, Chem., Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 819-872, 1993.
`Printed in GreatBritain.
`© 1993 IUPAC
`
`INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE
`AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY
`
`ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DIVISION
`COMMISSION ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND OTHER
`ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS*
`COMMISSION ON ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE‘
`
`NOMENCLATURE FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`(IUPAC Recommendations 1993)
`
`Prepared for publication by
`L. 8. ETTRE
`
`Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
`
`*Membership of the Commission during the period (1989-1993) when this report was prepared was as follows:
`Chairman: P. C. Uden (USA, 1989-93); Secretary: C. A. M. G. Cramers (Netherlands, 1989-91); R. M. Smith
`(UK, 1991-93); Titular Members: H. M. Kingston (USA, 1989-93), A. Marton (Hungary, 1991-93); Associate
`Members: V. A. Davankov (USSR, 1991-93); F. M. Everaerts (Netherlands, 1989-93); K. Jinno (Japan, 1991-
`93); J. A. Jénsson (Sweden, 1991-93); A. Marton (Hungary, 1989-91); R. M. Smith (UK, 1989-91); G. Vigh
`(1989-91); W. Yu (China, 1989-93); National Representatives: R. M. Habib (Egypt, 1990-93); F. Radler de Aquino
`Neto (1991-93); J. Garaj (Czechoslovakia, 1989-91); P. Botek (Czechoslovakia, 1991-93); D. Baylocq (France,
`1989-93); W. Engelwald (Germany, 1989-93); D. P. A. Siskos (Greece, 1989-93); S. N. Tandon (India, 1989-93);
`D. W. Lee (Korea, 1991-93); J. A. Garcia Dominguez (Spain, 1991-93); §. Ozden (Turkey, 1991-93); Cc
`Haldna (USSR, 1989-93).
`‘Membership of the Commission during the period (1977-1989) when this report was being prepared is given
`hereunder. (Note: The Commission ceased to exist after 35th IUPAC General Assembly, Lund, 1989).
`Chairman: H. Zettler (Germany, 1977-79); G. G. Guilbault (USA, 1979-83); G. Svehla (UK, 1983-85);
`R. E. Van Grieken (Belgium, 1985-89); Secretary: G. G. Guilbault (USA, 1977-79); G. Svehla (UK, 1979-83);
`S. P. Perone (USA, 1983-85); C. L. Graham (UK, 1985-89); Titular and Associate Members: D. Betteridge (UK,
`1977-79); C. A. M. G. Cramers (Netherlands, 1979-89); L. A. Currie (USA, 1983-89); J. R. Devoe (USA, 1985-
`87); D. Dyrssen (Sweden, 1977-81); L. S. Ettre (USA, 1981-89); D. M. Everaerts (Netherlands, 1985-89);
`A. E. Fein (USA, 1981-85); R. W. Frei (Netherlands, 1977-85); H. Freiser (USA, 1977-85); P. S. Goel (India,
`1987-89); Y. Gohshi (Japan, 1987-89); R. E. Van Grieken (Belgium, 1979-85); G. G. Guilbault (USA, 1981-87);
`W. Horwitz (USA, 1981-89); H. M. N. H. Irving (RSA, 1977-83); H. M. Kingston (1987-89); G. F. Kirkbright
`(UK, 1977-81); B. R. Kowalski (USA, 1981-85); D. Klockow (Germany, 1977-89); M. A. Leonard (UK, 1983-
`87); D. Leyden (USA, 1983-85); R. F. Martin (USA, 1981-85); O. Menis (USA, 1977-81); M. Parkany
`(Switzerland, 1985-89); G. J. Patriarche (Belgium, 1987-89); S$. P. Perone (USA, 1977-83); D. L. Rabenstein
`(USA,1985-89); N. M. Rice (UK, 1977-83); L. B. Rogers (USA, 1977-79); B. Schreiber (Switzerland, 1981-87);
`W. Simon (Switzerland, 1977-85); J. W. Stahl (USA, 1985-89); G, Svehla (UK, 1977-79); A. Townshend (UK,
`1977-79); H. Zettler (Germany, 1979-81); National Representatives: C. J. De Ranter (Belgium, 1985-87);
`A. C. §. Costa (Brazil, 1979-83); I. Giolito (Brazil, 1983-85); W. E. Harris (Canada, 1979-85); J. Stary
`(Czechoslovakia, 1981-89); A. M. Shams El-Din (Egypt, 1977-79); W. Rosset (France, 1981-85); K. Doerffel
`(Germany, 1983-87); E. Grushka (Israel, 1981-85); M. Ariel (Israel, 1985-89); R. D. Reeves (New Zealand, 1987-
`89); H. M.N.H.Irving (RSA, 1983-85); D. Jagner (Sweden, 1981-85); G. Svehla (UK, 1987-89); U. L. Haldna
`(USSR, 1985-89).
`
`Names of countries given after Members’ names are in accordance with the IUPAC Handbook1991-1993; changes
`will be effected in the 1993-1995 edition.
`
`Republication of this report is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an
`acknowledgement, with full reference together with IUPAC copyright symbol (© 1993 IUPAC),
`is printed.
`Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the
`relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization.
`
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`

`Nomenclature for chromatography
`(IUPAC Recommendations 1993)
`
`Abstract
`
`This report presents definitions of terms and symbols used in all chromatographic
`separations. The reports covers gas, liquid, size-exclusion, ion-exchange and supercritical-fluid
`chromatography and both column and planar modes of separation. Definitions are included for
`the description of the separation process, the chromatographic system and equipmentand the
`properties of detectors.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The Commission on Analytical Nomenclature of IUPAC has been active for a long time in
`establishing nomenclatures for chromatography. After proposing suitable nomenclaturesfor gas
`chromatography [1-2] and ion exchange [3-4] the Commission developed a unified nomenclature for
`chromatography [5-6]. Parallel to these activities other standardization bodies and scientists have also dealt
`with nomenclatures on gas chromatography [7-15], supercritical-fluid chromatography [16], liquid
`chromatography [17-20], exclusion chromatography [21-23] and planar chromatography[24].
`
`The original activities of the[IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature aimed to create a
`unified nomenclature applicable to all forms of chromatography, took place over 20 years ago. Since that
`time chromatographic techniques have advanced significantly. Based on these developments it was decided
`to prepare a new, up-to-date universal chromatography nomenclature, which also considers the
`recommendations incorporated in the various other nomenclatures developed since the original work of
`IUPAC.
`
`The present nomenclature was prepared by DrL. 8.Ettre originally for the Commission on Analytical
`Nomenclature. Following the reorganisation of the Commissions of the Analytical Division at the General
`Assembly in Lund in 1989, this project became the responsibility of the Commission on Chromatography
`and Other Analytical Separations (LLTC). The Nomenclature considers all the previous nomenclatures
`referenced above as well as the four publications dealing with these nomenclatures [25-27].
`
`The present nomenclature deals with all chromatographic terms and definitions used in the major
`chromatographic techniques such as gas, liquid and supercritical-fluid chromatography, column and planar
`chromatography,partition, adsorption, ion-exchange and exclusion chromatography. However,it does not
`include terms related to the results calculated from chromatography data suchas e.g., the various molecular
`weight terms computed from the primary data obtained by exclusion chromatography. Also it does not deal
`with detailed information related to detection and detectors or the relationships between chemical structure
`and chromatographic retention.
`
`820
`
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`

`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`821
`
`General Rules
`
`In developing the unified nomenclature the rules and recommendations set up by IUPAC’s Division of
`Physical Chemistry [28] were followed. According to these, the following symbols should be used for
`major physical and physico-chemical quantities and units:
`
`ATCA oo eccccsccecesecsseessecesnseeseeeeuees A
`GENSIY ssissasssnsccasscnivercerainsonconss p
`GMGEL iicciccincnacnniaas d
`diffusion coefficient ..........006 D
`equilibrium constant.............. K
`MASS (WEIGH)....cccscsssseseseecreeees Ww
`PLOSSULE siccsncsssccissscecsveccisessens porP
`TOOLS sesssisiescccsiainninitioe it
`TATE CONSIANL .......0scceecssseersvcveds k
`temperature (kelvin) .......000 T
`THIS woe ccecseeeeseeecsesseaensnennene
`t
`VOLOOLEY caccxmssavavsnescrrsceccarnnreness u
`WISCOSILY «sscsccssseccscncarsoernacrsucnse n
`VOLUME ssscasiiseissccssivccsvecisinecies Vv
`
`The only deviation from the rules set by the Division of Physical Chemistry of IUPACis the use of L
`(instead of /) for length. The reason for this is the easy interchangeability in a printed, and particularly
`typed, text of the letter / with the numeral “one". Additional basic symbols accepted were F for the
`volumetric flow rates and w for the peak widths. Also, differentiation has been made between p (for
`pressures) and P (for relative pressure).
`
`In addition to these basic rules the following additional rules are followed in the present proposal:
`
`(a)
`
`(b)
`
`(c)
`
`(d)
`
`(e)
`
`(f)
`
`(g)
`
`Exceptfor a few superscripts further differentiation is always made by using subscripts and never
`composite symbols,
`Superscripts are used for various retention times and volumes and to specifically indicate data
`obtained in programmed-temperature conditions.
`Subscripts referring to the physical conditions or the phase are capitalized, e.g., M and S for the
`mobile and stationary phases respectively, or, in gas chromatography, G for the gas and L for the
`liquid phase. Thus,e.g., the diffusion coefficient in the mobile phase is D,, and not D_.
`In addition to those mentioned above, a few capitalized subscripts are used such as R for
`"retention"(as in f, and V,), N for "net" (as in t, and V,) and F in Ry the retardation factor used in
`planar chromatography.
`Compoundsubscripts are avoided. If a given compoundis indicated and there is already a
`subscript, and if the compoundis characterized by more than a simple numberorletter, then the
`new subscript should be in parentheses. Thus, whileit is f,, it should be f/..) OF fa.41):
`In addition to reference to the outlet of a column, subscript "o" is also used in a number of terms to
`describe some fundamental values. Similarly subscript "i" has various meanings, depending on the
`term in which it is used.
`Physical parts of the system are generally characterized by lower-case subscripts such as, c for
`column,p for particles or pores, and f for film.
`
`Three tables follow the nomenclature,listing alphabetically the terms, symbols and acronyms
`included in the text.
`
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`

`822
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
`1.1
`Basic Definitions
`1.2
`Principal Methods
`13
`Classification According to the Shape of the Chromatographic Bed
`14
`Classification According to the Physical State of the Mobile Phase
`1.5
`Classification According to the Mechanism of Separation
`16
`Special Techniques
`
`TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
`2.1
`Apparatus in Column Chromatography
`2.2
`Apparatus in Planar Chromatography
`
`TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCESS
`AND THE THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
`3.1
`The Chromatographic Medium
`3.2.
`The Column
`3.3.
`The Chromatogram
`3.4
`Diffusion
`3.5
`Temperatures
`3.6
`The Mobile Phase
`3.7.__Retention Parameters in Column Chromatography
`3.8
`Retention Parameters in Planar Chromatography
`3.9
`Distribution Constants
`
`3.10
`
`Terms Expressing the Efficiency of Separation
`
`TERMS RELATED TO DETECTION
`4.1
`Classification of Detectors
`4.2
`Detector Response
`4.3
`Noise and Drift
`4.4
`Minimum Detectability
`4.5
`Linear and Dynamic Ranges
`
`SPECIAL TERMINOLOGYUSED IN ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
`5.1
`Basic Definitions
`5.2
`The Mobile Phase
`5.3.
`The Chromatographic Medium
`5.4
`Capacity Values
`5.5
`Diffusion, Selectivity and Separation
`5.6
`Distribution Constants
`
`SPECIAL TERMINOLOGYUSED IN EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY
`6.1
`The Column
`6.2
`Retention Parameters
`6.3
`Efficiency Terms
`
`TABLES
`1
`Index of Terms
`2
`List of Symbols
`3
`List of Acronyms Used in Chromatography
`
`FIGURES
`
`1
`2
`3
`
`A
`5
`6
`
`%
`
`Typical Chromatograms
`Typical Plane Chromatogram
`Widths of a Gaussian Peak at Various Heights as a Function of the
`Standard Deviation of the Peak
`
`Measurementof the Noise and Drift of a Chromatographic Detector
`Linearity Plot of a Chromatographic Detector
`Determination of the Linear and Dynamic Rangesof a
`Chromatographic Detector
`Retention Characteristics in Exclusion Chromatography
`
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`

`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`823
`
`1 GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
`
`1.1. BASIC DEFINITIONS
`
`1.1.01
`
`1.1.02
`
`Chromatography
`Chromatographyis a physical method of separation in which the componentsto be separated are
`distributed between two phases, one of whichis stationary (stationary phase) while the other (the
`mobile phase) movesin a definite direction.
`
`Chromatogram
`A graphical or other presentation of detector response, concentration of analyte in the effluent or
`other quantity used as a measure of effluent concentration versus effluent volume ortime. In
`planar chromatography "chromatogram" mayrefer to the paper or layer with the separated
`zones,
`
`1.1.03
`
`Chromatograph (verb)
`To separate by chromatography.
`
`1.1.04|Chromatograph (noun)
`The assembly of apparatus for carrying out chromatographic separation.
`
`1.1.05
`
`Stationary Phase
`The stationary phase is one of the two phases forming a chromatographic system. It may be a
`solid, a gel or a liquid. If a liquid, it may be distributed on a solid. This solid may or may not
`contribute to the separation process. The liquid may also be chemically bondedto the solid
`(Bonded Phase) or immobilized onto it (/mmobilized Phase).
`
`The expression Chromatographic Bed or Sorbent may be used as a general term to denote any of
`the different forms in which the stationary phase is used.
`
`Note:
`
`Particularly in gas chromatography where the stationary phase is most often a liquid,
`the term Liquid Phaseis used for it as compared to the Gas Phase,i.e., the mobile
`phase. However,particularly in the early developmentof liquid chromatography, the
`term "liquid phase" had also been used to characterize the mobile phase as compared
`to the "solid phase"i.e., the stationary phase. Due to this ambiguity, the use of the
`term “liquid phase"is discouraged.If the physical state of the stationary phaseis to
`be expressed, the use of the adjective forms such as Liguid Stationary Phase and Solid
`Stationary Phase, Bonded Phase or Immobilized Phase is proposed.
`
`1.1.05.1 Bonded Phase
`A Stationary phase which is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wallof the
`columntubing.
`
`1.1.05.2 Immobilized Phase
`A Stationary phase which is immobilized on the support particles, or on the inner wall of the
`column tubing, e.g., by in situ polymerization (cross-linking) after coating.
`
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`

`824
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`Mobile Phase
`A fluid which percolates throughor alongthe stationary bed, in a definite direction. It may be a
`liquid (Liquid Chromatography) or a gas (Gas Chromatography)or a supercritical fluid
`(Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography). In gas chromatography the expression Carrier Gas may
`be used for the mobile phase. In elution chromatography the expression Eluentis also used for the
`mobile phase.
`
`1.1.07
`
`Elute (verb)
`To chromatograph by elution chromatography. The process of elution may be stopped while all
`the sample componentsarestill on the chromatographic bed or continued until the components
`haveleft the chromatographic bed.
`
`Note:
`
`The term "elute" is preferred to the term Develop used in former nomenclatures of
`planar chromatography.
`
`1.1.08
`
`1.1.09
`
`1.1.10
`
`LE
`
`1.1.12
`
`Effluent
`The mobile phase leaving the column.
`
`Sample
`The mixture consisting of a number of componentsthe separation of which is attempted on the
`chromatographic bed as they are carried or eluted by the mobile phase,
`
`Sample Components
`The chemically pure constituents of the sample. They may be unretained (i.2., not delayed) by
`the stationary phase, partially retained (i.e., eluted at different times) or retained permanently.
`The terms Eluite or Analyte are also acceptable for a sample component.
`
`Solute
`A term referring to the sample components in partition chromatography.
`
`Solvent
`A term sometimes referring to the liquid stationary phase in partition chromatography.
`
`Note:
`
`In liquid chromatographythe term "solvent" has been often used for the mobile phase.
`This usage is not recommended.
`
`1.1.13
`
`Zone
`A region in the chromatographic bed where one or more components of the sample are located.
`The term Band mayalso be used forit.
`
`1.2 PRINCIPAL METHODS
`
`1.2.01
`
`1.2.02
`
`Frontal Chromatography
`A procedure in which the sample (liquid or gas) is fed continuously into the chromatographic
`bed. In frontal chromatography no additional mobile phaseis used.
`
`Displacement Chromatography
`A procedure in which the mobile phase contains a compound(the Displacer) more strongly
`retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sampleis fed into the
`system as a finite slug.
`
`1.2.03
`
`Elution Chromatography
`A procedure in which the mobile phase is continuously passed through or along the
`chromatographic bed and the sampleis fed into the system asa finite slug.
`
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`

`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`825
`
`1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE
`OF THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC BED
`
`1.3.01
`
`1.3.02
`
`Column Chromatography
`A separation technique in which thestationary bed is within a tube. The particles of the solid
`stationary phaseor the support coated with a liquid stationary phase mayfill the wholeinside
`volume of the tube (Packed Column) or be concentrated on oralongthe inside tube wall leaving
`an open,unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (Open-Tubular
`Column.
`
`Planar Chromatography
`A separation technique in whichthe stationary phaseis present as or on a plane. The plane can
`be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a substanceas the stationary bed (Paper
`Chromatography, PC)or a layerofsolid particles spread on a support, ¢.g., a glass plate (Thin
`Layer Chromatography, TLC). Sometimes planar chromatographyis also termed Open-Bed
`Chromatography.
`
`1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE PHYSICAL STATE
`OF THE MOBILE PHASE
`
`1.4.01
`
`Chromatographic techniques are often classified by specifying the physical state of both phases
`used. Accordingly, the following termsare in use:
`
`Gas-liquid chromatography
`Gas-solid chromatography
`Liquid-liquid chromatography
`Liquid-solid chromatography
`
`(GLC)
`(GSC)
`(LLC)
`(LSC)
`
`The term Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography (GLPC) can also be foundin the literature.
`However, often distinction between these modesis not easy. For example, in GC, a liquid may
`be used to modify an adsorbent-type solid stationary phase.
`
`1.4.02
`
`Gas Chromatography (GC)
`A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatographyis always
`carried out in a column.
`
`Liquid Chromatography (LC)
`A separation technique in which the mobile phaseis a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be
`carried outeither in a columnor onaplane.
`
`1.4.03
`
`Note:
`
`Present-day liquid chromatography generally utilizing very small particles and a
`relatively high inlet pressure is often characterized by the term High-Performance(or
`High-Pressure) Liquid Chromatography, and the acronym HPLC.
`
`1.4.04
`
` Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography (SFC)
`A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above andrelatively closetoits
`critical temperature and pressure.
`
`Note:
`
`In general the terms anddefinitions used in gas or liquid chromatographyare equally
`applicable to supercritical-fluid chromatography.
`
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`

`826
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`1.5.01
`
`1.5.02
`
`1.5.03
`
`1.5.04
`
`1.5 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE MECHANISM OF SEPARATION
`
`Adsorption Chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorptionaffinities of the sample
`components for the surface of an active solid.
`
`Partition Chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on differences between the solubilities of the sample components in
`the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the
`components in the mobile andstationary phases (liquid chromatography).
`
`Ion-Exchange Chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on differences in the ion exchangeaffinities of the sample
`components.
`
`Note:
`
`Present day ion-exchange chromatography on small particle high efficiency columns
`and usually utilising conductometric or spectroscopic detectorsis often referred to as
`Ton Chromatography (IC).
`
`Exclusion chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on exclusioneffects, such as differences in molecular size and/or
`shape or in charge. The term Size-Exclusion Chromatography may also be used when
`separation is based on molecular size. The terms Ge/ Filtration and Gel-Permeation
`Chromatography (GPC) were usedearlier to describe this process whenthe stationary phaseis a
`swollen gel. The term Jon-Exclusion Chromatographyis specifically used for the separation of
`ions in an aqueousphase.
`
`1.5.05
`
`Affinity Chromatography
`This expression characterizes the particular variant of chromatography in which the unique
`biological specificity of the analyte and ligandinteractionis utilized for the separation.
`
`1.6 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
`
`1.6.01
`
`1.6.02
`
`1.6.03
`
`1.6.04
`
`Reversed-Phase Chromatography
`Anelution procedure used in liquid chromatography in which the mobile phase is significantly
`more polar then the stationary phase, e.g., a microporoussilica-based material with chemically
`bonded alkyl chains.
`
`Note:
`
`The term "reverse phase"is an incorrect expression to be avoided.
`
`Normal-Phase Chromatography
`Anelution procedure in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This
`term is used in liquid chromatography to emphasize the contrast to reversed-phase
`chromatography.
`
`Isocratic Analysis
`The procedure in which the composition of the mobile phase remains constant during the elution
`process.
`
`Gradient Elution
`The procedure in which the composition of the mobile phase is changed continuously or
`stepwise during the elution process.
`
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`

`1.6.05
`
`1.6.06
`
`1.6.07
`
`1.6.08
`
`1.6.09
`
`1.6.10
`
`1.6.11
`
`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`827
`
`Stepwise Elution
`The elution process in which the composition of the mobile phase is changed in steps during a
`single chromatographic run.
`
`Two-Dimensional Chromatography
`A procedure in which parts orall of the separated sample componentsare subjected to additional
`separation steps. This can be done e.g., by conducting a particular fraction eluting from the
`column into another column (system) having different separation characteristics. When
`combined with additional separation steps , this may be described as Multi-Dimensional
`Chromatography.
`
`In planar chromatography two-dimensional chromatographyrefers to the chromatographic
`process in which the components are caused to migrate first in one direction and subsequently in
`a direction at right angles to the first one; the two elutionsare carried out with different eluents.
`
`Isothermal Chromatography
`A procedure in which the temperature of the column is kept constant during the separation.
`
`Programmed-Temperature Chromatography (Temperature Programming)
`A procedure in which the temperature of the column is changed systematically during a part or
`the whole of the separation.
`
`Programmed-Flow Chromatography (Flow Programming)
`A procedure in which the rate of flow of the mobile phase is changed systematically during a
`part or the whole of the separation.
`
`Programmed-Pressure Chromatography (Pressure Programming)
`A procedure in whichtheinlet pressure of the mobile phase is changed systematically during a
`part or whole of the separation.
`
`Reaction Chromatography
`A technique in whichthe identities of the sample components are intentionally changed between
`sample introduction and detection, The reaction can take place upstream of the column when the
`chemical identity of the individual components passing through the column differs from that of
`the original sample, or between the column and the detector when the original sample
`components are separated in the column buttheir identity is changed prior to entering the
`detection device.
`
`1.6.11.1
`
`1.6.11.2
`
`Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography
`A version of reaction chromatography in which a sample is thermally decomposed to simpler
`fragments before entering the column.
`
`Post-Column Derivatization
`A version of reaction chromatography in which the separated sample componentseluting from
`the column are derivatized prior to entering the detector. The derivatization process is generally
`carried out "on-the-fly", i.e., during transfer of the sample components from the columnto the
`detector. Derivatization may also be carried out before the sample enters the columnorthe
`planar medium;this is pre-column (preliminary) derivatization.
`
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`828
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`2 TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
`
`2.1 APPARATUS IN COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`2.1.01
`
`2.1.01.1
`
`2.1.01.2
`
`Pump
`A device designed to deliver the mobile phase at a controlled flow-rate to the separation system.
`Pumpsare generally used in liquid chromatography.
`
`Syringe Pumps
`Pumpswith a piston, which advances at a controlled rate within a smooth cylinder to displace
`the mobile phase.
`
`Reciprocating Pumps
`Pumps with a single or multiple chamber, from which the mobile phase is displaced by
`reciprocating piston(s) or diaphragm(s).
`
`2.1.01.3
`
`Pneumatic Pumps
`Pumps which employ a gas to displace the liquid mobile phase either directly or via a piston.
`
`2.1.02
`Sample Injector
`A device by whichaliquid, solid or gaseous sampleis introduced into the mobile phase or the
`chromatographic bed.
`
`2.1.02.1
`
`2.1.02.2
`
`2.1.02.3
`
`2.1.02.4
`
`2.1.02.5
`
`2.1.02.6
`
`Direct Injector
`A device which directly introduces the sample into the mobile-phase stream.
`
`Bypass Injector
`A device in which the sampleis first introduced into a chamber (loop), temporarily isolated from
`the mobile phase system by valves, which can be switched to make an instantaneousdiversion of
`the mobile phase stream through the chamberto carry the sample to the column, A bypass
`injector may also be knownas a Valve Injector or Sampling Valve (see 2.1.02.7).
`
`On-Column Injector
`A device in which the sample is directly introduced into the column. In gas chromatography the
`on-columninjector permits the introduction of the liquid sample into the column without prior
`evaporation.
`
`Flash Vaporizer
`A heated device used in gas chromatography. Here the liquid sample is introduced into the
`carrier gas stream with simultaneous evaporation and mixing with the carrier gas prior to
`entering the column.
`
`Split Injection
`A sample introduction technique used in gas chromatography. The sample is flash vaporized
`and after thorough mixing of the sample with the carrier gas, the stream is split into two
`portions, one being conducted to the columnand the other being discarded.
`
`Programmed Temperature Vaporizer (PTV)
`A sample introduction device used in gas chromatography. The liquid sample is introduced,
`usually with a syringe, into a device similar to a flash vaporizer, the temperature of whichis kept
`
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`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`829
`
`low, below the boiling point of the sample components. After withdrawal of the syringe, the
`device is heated up very rapidly in a controlled fashion to evaporate the sample into the
`continuously flowing carrier gas stream. The PTV mayalso be used in the split mode:in this
`case, the carrier gas stream containing the evaporated sample componentsis split into two
`portions, one of which is conducted into the column while the other is discarded.
`
`2.1.02.7
`
`Gas Sampling Valve
`A bypassinjector permitting the introduction of a gaseous sample ofa given volume intoa gas
`chromatograph.
`
`2.1.03
`
`2.1.04
`
`2.1.05
`
`2.2.01
`
`2.2.02
`
`Column Oven
`A thermostatically controlled oven containing the column, the temperature of which (Separation
`Temperature or Column Temperature) can be varied within in a wide range.
`
`Fraction Collector
`A device for recovering fractional volumesof the column effluent.
`
`Detector
`A device that measures the change in the composition of the eluent by measuring physical or
`chemical properties.
`
`2.2 APPARATUS IN PLANAR CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`Spotting Device
`The syringe or micropipet used to deliver a fixed volume of sample as a spotor streak to the
`paper or thin-layer media at the origin.
`
`Elution Chamber (Developing Chamber)
`A closed container, the purpose of which is to enclose the media used as well as the mobile
`phase to maintain a constant environmentin the vapor phase.
`
`2.2,02.1
`
`Sandwich Chamber
`A chamberin which the walls are close enough to the paperor plate to provide a relatively fast
`equilibration.
`
`2.2.02.2
`
`2.2.02.3
`
`2.2.02.4
`
`2.2.02.5
`
`Ascending Elution (Ascending Development)
`A modeof operation in which the paperorplate is in a vertical or slanted position and the
`mobile phase is supplied to its lower edge; the upward movement dependson capillary action.
`
`Horizontal Elution (Horizontal Development)
`A mode of operation in which the paper orplate is in a horizontal position and the mobile-phase
`movementalong the plane depends on capillary action.
`
`Descending Elution (Descending Development)
`A modeof operation in which the mobile phase is supplied to the upper edge of the paper or
`plate and the downward movementis governed mainly by gravity.
`
`Radial Elution (Radial Development) or Circular Elution (Circular Development)
`A modeof operation in which the sample is spotted at a point source at or near the middle of the
`plane andis carried outward in a circle by the mobile phase, also applied at that place.
`
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`830
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`2.2.02.6
`
`2.2.02.7
`
`2.2,02.8
`
`2.2.02.9
`
`2.2.03
`
`2.2.04
`
`3.1.01
`
`3.1.02
`
`3.1,03
`
`3.1.05
`
`3.1.06
`
`Anticircular Elution (Anticircular Development)
`The opposite of 2.2.02.5. Here the sample as well as the mobile phase is applied at the periphery
`of a circle and both move towardsthe center.
`
`ChamberSaturation (Saturated Development)
`This expression refers to the uniform distribution of the mobile phase vapor through the elution
`chamberprior to chromatography.
`
`Unsaturated Elution (Unsaturated Development)
`This expression refers to chromatography in an elution chamber withoutattaining chamber
`saturation.
`
`Equilibration
`The expression refers to the level of saturation of the chromatographic bed by the mobile-phase
`vaporprior to chromatography.
`
`Visualization Chamber
`A device in which the planar media may be viewed under controlled-wavelength light, perhaps
`after spraying with chemical reagents to render the separated components as visible spots under
`specified conditions.
`
`Densitometer
`A device which allowsportions of the developed paper or thin-layer media to be scanned with a
`beam oflight of a specified wavelength for measurements of UV orvisible light absorption or
`fluorescence, providing values which can be used for the quantitation of the separated
`compounds.
`
`3. TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCESS
`AND THE THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`3.1 THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC MEDIUM
`
`Active Solid
`A solid with sorptive properties.
`
`Modified Active Solid
`An active solid the sorptive properties of which have been changed by sometreatment.
`
`Solid Support
`A solid that holds the stationary phase but, ideally, does not contribute to the separation process.
`
`Binders
`Additives used to hold the solid stationary phase to the inactive plate or sheet in thin-layer
`chromatography.
`
`Gradient Layer
`The chromatographic bed used in thin-layer chromatography in which there is a gradual
`transition in some property.
`
`Impregnation
`The modification of the separation properties of the chromatographic bed used in planar
`chromatography by appropriate additives.
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`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`831
`
`3.1.07
`
`Packing
`Theactive solid, stationary liquid plus solid support, or swollen gel contained in a tube.
`
`3.1.07.1
`
`Totally Porous Packing
`Here thestationary phase permeates each porousparticle.
`
`3.1.07.2
`
`Pellicular Packing
`In this case the stationary phase formsa porousoutershell on an impermeable particle.
`
`3.1.08
`
`3.1.09
`
`3.1.10
`
`3.2.01
`
`3.2.02
`
`3.2.03
`
`3.2.03.1
`
`3.2.03.2
`
`3.2.03.3
`
`3.2.04
`
`Particle Diameter (d
`The average diameter of the solid particles.
`
`Pore Radius (r
`The average radiusof the pores within the solid particles.
`
`Liquid-Phase Loading
`A term used in partition chromatography to expressthe relative amountofthe liquid stationary
`phase in the column packing.It is equal to the mass fraction (%)ofliquid stationary phase in the
`total packing(liquid stationary phase plus support).
`
`3.2 THE COLUMN
`
`Column
`The tube andthe stationary phase contained within, through which the mobile phase passes.
`
`Packed Column
`A tube containing a solid packing.
`
`Open-Tubular Column
`A column,usually having a small diameter in which either the inner tube wall, or a liquid or
`active solid held stationary on the tube wall