Para 8: Appl. Chem, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 819472, 1993.
`Printed in Great Britain.
`© 1993 IUPAC
`
`INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE
`
`AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY
`
`ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DIVISION
`COMMISSION ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND OTHER
`ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS*
`COMMISSION ON ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATUREr
`
`NOMENCLATURE FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`(IUPAC Recommendations 1993)
`
`Prepared for publication by
`L. S. ETTRE
`
`Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
`
`*Membership of the Commission during the period (19894993) when this report was prepared was as follows:
`Chairman: P. C. Uden (USA, 1989—93); Secretary: C. A. M. G. Cramers (Netherlands, 1989—91); R. M. Smith
`(UK, 1991—93); Timiar Members: H. M. Kingston (USA, 1989—93); A. Merton (Hungary, 1991—93); Associate
`Members: V. A. Davankov (USSR, 1991-93); F. M. Everaerts (Netherlands, 1989—93}; K. Jinno (Japan, 1991—
`93}; J. A. Jonsson (Sweden, 1991—93); A. Marton (Hungary, 1989—91}; R. M. Smith (UK, 1989—91); G. Vigh
`(1989—91); W. Yu (China, 1989—93); National Representatives: R. M. Habib (Egypt, 1990—93}; F. Radler de Aquino
`Neto (1991—93); J. Garaj (Czechoslovakia, 1989—91); P. Bode]: (Czechoslovakia, 1991—93); D. Baylocq (France,
`1989—93); W. Engelwald (Germany, 1989—93); D. P. A. Siskos (Greeoe, 1989-93}; S. N. Tandon (India, 1989—93);
`D. W. Lee (Korea, 1991-93); J. A. Garcia Dominguez (Spain, 1991—93); S. Ozden (Turkey, 1991—93); U. I...
`Haldna (USSR, 198MB).
`
`TMembersiLip of the Commission during the period (1977—1989) when this report was being prepared is given
`hereunder. (Note: The Commission ceased to exist after 35th IUPAC General Assembly, Lund, 1989}.
`
`Chairman: H. Zettler (Germany, 1977—79}: G. G. Guilbault (USA, 1979—83); G. Svehla (UK, 1983—85);
`R. E. Van Grieken (Belgium, 1985—89); Secretary: G. G. Guilbault (USA, 1977—79); G. Svehla (UK, 1979—83);
`8. P. Perone (USA, 1983—35); C. L. Graham (UK, 1985-89); Titalar and Associate Members: D. Betteridge (UK,
`1977—79); C. A. M. G. Cramers (Netherlands, 1979-89); L. A. Currie (USA, 1983-89]; J. R. Devoe (USA, 1985—
`87}; D. Dyrssen (Sweden, 1977—81}; L. S. Ettre (USA, 1981—89); D. M. Everaerts (Netherlands, $85—89);
`A. E. Fein (USA, 1981—85); R. W. Frei (Netherlands, 1977—35); H. Freiser (USA, 1977—85); P. S. Goel (India,
`1987—89}; Y. Gohshi (Japan, 1987—89); R. E. Van Grieken (Belgium, 1979—85); G. G. Guilbault (USA, 1981—87);
`W. Horwitz (USA, 1981—89); H. M. N. H. Irving (RSA, 1977—83); H. M. Kingston (1987—89); G. F. Kirkbright
`(UK, 1977—81}; B. R. Kowalski (USA, 1981—85); D. Klockow (Germany, 1977—89); M. A. Leonard (UK, 1983—
`87); D. Leyden (USA, 198345); R. F. Martin (USA, 1981—85); 0. Menis (USA, 1977—81); M. Parkany
`(Switzerland, 1985—89); G. J. Patriarche (Belgium, 1987—89); S. P. Perone (USA, 1977—83); D. L. Rabenstein
`(USA, 1985—89); N. M. Rice (UK, 1977—83); L. B. Rogers (USA, 1977—79); B. Schreiber (Switzerland, 1981457};
`W. Simon (Switzerland, 1977—35); J. W. Stahl (USA, 1985—89); G. Svehla (UK, 1977—79); A. Townshend (UK,
`1977—79}; H. Zetfler (Germany, 1W9—81); Nationa! Representatives: C. J. De Ranter (Belgium, 1985—87);
`A. C. 8. Costa (Brazil, 1979—83); I. Gioljto (Brazil, 1983—85); W. E. Harris (Canada, 1979—85); J. Stary
`(Czechoslovakia, 1981—89]; A. M. Shams El—Din (Egypt, 197749); W. Rosset (France, 1981—85); K. Doerffel
`(Germany, 1983—87}; E. Grushka (Israel, 1981—85); M. Ariel (Israel, 1985—89); R. D. Reeves (New Zealand, 1987—
`89); H. M. N. H. Irving (RSA, 1983—85}; D. Jagner (Sweden, 1981—85); G. Svehla (UK, 1987—89)“, U. L. Haldna
`(USSR, 1985-89).
`
`Names ofcoantries given after Members‘ names are in accordance with the IUPAC Handbook 1991—1993; changes
`will be efiected in the 19934995 edition.
`
`Repabiication of this report is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an
`acknowledgement, with fat! reference together with IUPAC copyright symbol (© 1993 IUPAC),
`is printed.
`Publication of a translation into another ianguage is subject to the additional condition of prior approvalI from the
`reievant IUPAC National Adhering Organization.
`
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`

`

`Nomenclature for chromatography
`(IUPAC Recommendations 1993)
`
`Abstract
`
`This report presents definitions of terms and symbols used in all chromatographic
`separations. The reports covers gas, liquid, size-exclusion, ion-exchange and supercritical-fluid
`chromatography and both column and planar modes of separation. Definitions are included for
`the description of the separation process, the chromatographic system and equipment and the
`properties of detectors.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The Commission on Analytical Nomenclature of IUPAC has been active for a long time in
`establishing nomenclatures for chromatography. After proposing suitable nomenclatures for gas
`chromatography [1-2] and ion exchange [3-4] the Commission developed a unified nomenclature for
`chromatography [5—6]. Parallel to these activities other standardization bodies and scientists have also dealt
`with nomenclatures on gas chromatography [7-15], supercritical-fluid chromatography [16], liquid
`chromatography [17-20], exclusion chromatography [21-23] and planar chromatography [24].
`
`The original activities of the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature aimed to create a
`unified nomenclature applicable to all forms of chromatography, took place over 20 years ago. Since that
`time chromatographic techniques have advanced significantly. Based on these developments it was decided
`to prepare a new. up-to-date universal chromatography nomenclature, which also considers the
`recommendations incorporated in the various other nomenclatures developed since the original work of
`IUPAC.
`
`The present nomenclature was prepared by Dr L. S. Ettre originally for the Commission on Analytical
`Nomenclature. Following the reorganisation of the Commissions of the Analytical Division at the General
`Assembly in Lund in 1989, this project became the responsibility of the Commission on Chromatography
`and Other Analytical Separations (LLTC). The Nomenclature considers all the previous nomenclatures
`referenced above as well as the four publications dealing with these nomenclatures [25-27].
`
`The present nomenclature deals with all chromatographic terms and definitions used in the major
`chromatographic techniques such as gas. liquid and supercritical-fluid chromatography, column and planar
`chromatography, partition, adsorption, ion-exchange and exclusion chromatography. However, it does not
`include terms related to the results calculated from chromatography data such as e.g.. the various molecular
`weight terms computed from the primary data obtained by exclusion chromatography. Also it does not deal
`with detailed information related to detection and detectors or the relationships between chemical structure
`and chromatographic retention.
`
`820
`
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`

`General Rules
`
`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`821
`
`In developing the unified nomenclature the rules and recommendations set up by IUPAC‘s Division of
`Physical Chemistry [28] were followed. According to these. the following symbols should be used for
`major physical and physico-chemical quantities and units:
`
`area ........................................ A
`
`density .................................... p
`diameter .................................
`a‘
`diffusion coefficient ............... D
`
`equilibrium constant .............. K
`mass (weight) .......................... W
`pressure .................................. p or P
`radius r
`rate constant ...........................
`1:
`
`temperature (kelvin) ..............
`
`time
`
`If
`t
`
`velocity .................................. a
`viscosity ................................. n
`voiume ................................... V
`
`The only deviation from the rules set by the Division of Physical Chemistry of IUPAC is the use of L
`(instead of I) for length. The reason for this is the easy interchangeability in a printed, and particularly
`typed. text of the letter I with the numeral “one". Additional basic symbols accepted were F for the
`volumetric flow rates and w for the peak widths. Also. differentiation has been made between p (for
`pressures) and P (for relative pressure).
`
`In addition to these basic rules the following additional rules are followed in the present proposal:
`
`(a)
`
`(b)
`
`(d)
`
`(e)
`
`(f)
`
`(g)
`
`Except for a few superscripts further differentiation is always made by using subscripts and never
`composite symbols.
`Superscripts are used for various retention times and volumes and to specifically indicate data
`obtained in programmed-temperature conditions.
`Subscripts referring to the physical conditions or the phase are capitalized. e.g., M and S for the
`mobile and stationary phases respectively. or, in gas chromatography. G for the gas and L for the
`liquid phase. Thus. e.g.. the diffusion coefficient in the mobile phase is DM and not Dm.
`In addition to those mentioned above. a few capitalized subscripts are used such as R for
`
`"retention“ (as in IR and VR), N for "net" (as in IN and V") and F in RF, the retardation factor used in
`planar chromatography.
`Compound subscripts are avoided. If a given compound is indicated and there is already a
`subscript, and if the compound is characterized by more than a simple number or letter, then the
`new subscript should be in parentheses. Thus, while it is t ., it should be {Rm or rm”).
`In addition to reference to the outlet of a column. subscript "o" is also used in a number of terms to
`describe some fundamental values. Similarly subscript "'i' has various meanings, depending on the
`term in which it is used.
`
`Physical parts of the system are generally characterized by lower-case subscripts such as. c for
`column, p for particles or pores. and f for film.
`
`Three tables follow the nomenclature. listing alphabetically the terms. symbols and acronyms
`included in the text.
`
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`

`S22
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
`1.1
`Basic Definitions
`
`1.2
`1.3
`1.4
`1.5
`1.6
`
`Principal Methods
`Classification According to the Shape of the Chromatographic Bed
`Classification According to the Physical State of the Mobile Phase
`Classification According to the Mechanism of Separation
`Special Thchniqttes
`
`TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
`
`2.1
`2.2
`
`Apparatus in Column Chromatography
`Apparatus in Planar Chromatography
`
`TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCESS
`AND THE THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`3.1
`3.2
`
`3.3
`3.4
`
`3.5
`3.6
`
`3.?
`3.8
`3.9
`
`The Chromatographic Medium
`The Column
`
`The Chromatogram
`Diffusion
`
`Tempetatures
`The Mobile Phase
`
`Retention Parameters in Column Chromatography
`Retention Parameters in Planar Chromatography
`Distribution Constants
`
`3.10
`
`Terms Expressing the Efficiency of Separation
`
`TERMS RELATED TO DETECTION
`4.1
`Clasaification of Detectors
`
`4.2
`4.3
`
`4.4
`4.5
`
`Detector Response
`Noise and Drift
`
`Minimum Detectability
`Linear and Dynamic Ranges
`
`SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY USED IN ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
`5.1
`Basic Definitions
`5.2
`The Mobile Phase
`
`5.3
`5.4
`5.5
`5.6
`
`The Chromatographic Medium
`Capacity Values
`Diffusion, Selectivity and Separation
`Distribution Constants
`
`SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY USED IN EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY
`6.1
`The Column
`6.2
`Retention Parameters
`
`6.3
`
`Efficiency Terms
`
`TABLES
`1
`Index of Terms
`
`2
`3
`
`List of Symbols
`List of Acronyms Used in Chromatography
`
`FIGURES
`
`1
`2
`3
`
`4
`5
`6
`
`7
`
`Typical Chromatograms
`Typical Plane Chromatogram
`Widths of a Gaussian Peak at Various Heights as a Function of the
`Standard Deviation of the Peak
`
`Measurement of the Noise and Drift of a Chromatographic Detector
`Linearin Plot of a Chromatographic Detector
`Determination of the Linear and Dynamic Ranges of a
`Chromatographic Detector-
`Retention Characteristics in Exclusion Chromatography
`
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`

`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`823
`
`1 GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
`
`1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS
`
`1.1.01
`
`1.1.02
`
`1.1.03
`
`1.1.04
`
`1.1.05
`
`Chromatography
`Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are
`distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary (stationary phase) while the other (the
`mobile phase) moves in a definite direction.
`
`Chromatogram
`A graphical or other presentation of detector response. concentration of analyte in the effluent or
`other quantity used as a measure of effluent concentration versus effluent volume or time. In
`planar chromatography "chromato gram " may refer to the paper or layer with the separated
`zones.
`
`Chromatograph (verb)
`To separate by chromatography.
`
`Chromatograph (noun)
`The assembly of apparatus for carrying out chromatographic separation.
`
`Stationary Phase
`The stationary phase is one of the two phases forming a chromatographic system. It may be a
`solid, a gel or a liquid. If a liquid, it may be distributed on a solid. This solid may or may not
`contribute to the separation process. The liquid may also be chemically bonded to the solid
`(Bonded Phase) or immobilized onto it (Immobilized Phase).
`
`The expression Chromatographic Bed or Sorbent may be used as a general term to denote any of
`the different forms in which the stationary phase is used.
`
`Note:
`
`Particularly in gas chromatography where the stationary phase is most often a liquid,
`the term Liquid Phase is used for it as compared to the Gas Phase, i.e., the mobile
`phase. However. particularly in the early development of liquid chromatography. the
`term "liquid phase" had also been used to characterize the mobile phase as compared
`to the "solid phase" i.e., the stationary phase. Due to this ambiguity, the use of the
`term "liquid phase" is discouraged. If the physical state of the stationary phase is to
`be expressed, the use of the adjective forms such as Liquid Stationary Phase and Solid
`Stationary Phase. Bonded Phase or Immobilized Phase is proposed.
`
`1.1.05.1 Bonded Phase
`
`A stationary phase which is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the
`column tubing.
`
`1.1.05.2 Immobitized Phase
`
`A stationary phase which is immobilized on the support particles. or on the inner wall of the
`column tubing, e. g., by in aim polymerization (cross-linking) after coating.
`
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`

`824
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`1.1.06
`
`Mobile Phase
`
`A fluid which percolates through or along the stationary bed, in a definite direction. It may be a
`liquid (Liquid Chromatography) or a gas (Gas Chromatography) or a supercritical fluid
`(Supercn'ricai-Fiuio' Chromatography). In gas chromatography the expression Carrier Gas may
`be used for the mobile phase. In elution chromatography the expression Eiaent is also used for the
`mobile phase.
`
`1.1.03“r
`
`Eiute (verb)
`
`To chromatograph by elution chromatography. The process of elation may be stopped while all
`the sample components are still on the chromatographic bed or continued until the components
`have left the chromatographic bed.
`
`Note:
`
`The term "elute" is preferred to the term Develop used in former nomenclatures of
`planar chromatography.
`
`1.1.08
`
`1.1.09
`
`1.1.10
`
`Efl‘lttenr
`The mobile phase leaving the column.
`
`Sample
`The mixture consisting of a number of components the separation of which is attempted on the
`chromatographic bed as they are carried or eluted by the mobile phase.
`
`Sample Components
`The chemically pure constituents of the sample. They may be unretained (i.e., not delayed) by
`the stationary phase, partially retained (i .e., eluted at different times) or retained permanently.
`The terms Eluite or Analyte are also acceptable for a sample component
`
`1.1.11
`
`Solute
`
`A term referring to the sample components in partition chromatography.
`
`1.1.12
`
`Solvent
`
`A term sometimes referring to the liquid stationary phase in partition chromatography.
`
`Note:
`
`In liquid chromatography the term "solvent" has been often used for the mobile phase.
`This usage is not recommended.
`
`1.1.13
`
`Zone
`
`A region in the chromatographic bed where one or more components of the sample are located.
`The term Band may also be used for it.
`
`1.2 PRINCIPAL METHODS
`
`1.2.01
`
`1.2.02
`
`1.2.03
`
`Frontal Chromatog rap hy
`A procedure in which the sample (liquid or gas) is fed continuously into the chromatographic
`bed. In frontal chromatography no additional mobile phase is used.
`
`Displacement Chromatography
`A procedure in which the mobile phase contains a compound (the Displacer) more strongly
`retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the
`system as a finite slug.
`
`Elation Chromatography
`A procedure in which the mobile phase is continuously passed through or along the
`chromatographic bed and the sample is fed into the system as a finite slug.
`
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`

`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`825
`
`1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE
`OF THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC BED
`
`1.3.01
`
`1.3.02
`
`Column Chromatography
`A separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube. The particles of the solid
`stationary phase or the support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside
`volume of the tube (Packed Colman) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving
`an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (Open-Tubular
`Column.
`
`Planar Chromatography
`A separation technique in which the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. The plane can
`be a paper. serving as such or impregnated by a substance as the stationary bed (Paper
`Chromatography, PC) or a layer of solid particles spread on a support. e.g., a glass plate (Thin
`Layer Chromatography, TLC). Sometimes planar chromatography is also termed Open-Bed
`Chromatography.
`
`1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE PHYSICAL STATE
`OF THE MOBILE PHASE
`
`1.4.01
`
`Chromatographic techniques are often classified by specifying the physical state of both phases
`used. Accordingly, the following terms are in use:
`
`Gas-liquid chromatography
`Gas-solid chromatography
`Liquid-liquid chromatography
`Liquid-solid chromatography
`
`(GLC)
`(GSC)
`(LLC)
`(LSC)
`
`1.4.02
`
`1.4.03
`
`The term Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography (GLPC) can also be found in the literature.
`However, often distinction between these modes is not easy. For example, in GC, a liquid may
`be used to modify an adsorbent-type solid stationary phase.
`
`Gas Chromatography (GO)
`A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatography is always
`carried out in a column.
`
`Liquid Chromatography (LC)
`A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be
`carried out either in a column or on a plane.
`
`Note:
`
`Present—day liquid chromatography generally utilizing very small particles and a
`relatively high inlet pressure is often characterized by the term High-Petfonnance (or
`High-Pressure) Liquid Chromatography, and the acronym HPLC.
`
`1.4.04
`
`Supercritical-Ftut‘d Chromatography (SFC)
`A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its
`critical temperature and pres sure.
`
`Note:
`
`In general the terms and definitions used in gas or liquid chromatography are equally
`applicable to supercritical-fluid chromatography.
`
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`

`826
`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`1.5.01
`
`1.5.02
`
`1 5.03
`
`1.5.04
`
`1.5 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE IlflECHANISM OF SEPARATION
`
`Adsorption Chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample
`components for the surface of an active solid.
`
`Partition Chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on differences between the solubilities of the sample components in
`the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the
`components in the mobile and stationary phases (liquid chromatography).
`
`Ion-Exchange Chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on differences in the ion exchange affinities of the sample
`components.
`
`Note:
`
`Present day ion-exchange chromatography on small particle high efficiency columns
`and usually utilising conductometric or Specnoscopic detectors is often referred to as
`[on Chromatography (1C).
`
`Exclusion chromatography
`Separation is based mainly on exclusion effects, such as differences in molecular size andtor
`shape or in charge. The term Size~Exctusion Chromatography may also be used when
`separation is based on molecular size. The terms Get Fittratt‘on and Get-Permeation
`
`Chromatography (GPC) were used earlier to describe this process when the stationary phase is a
`swollen gel. The term Ion-Exclusion Chromatography is specifically used for the separation of
`ions in an aqueous phase.
`
`1.5.05
`
`Afiinity Chromatography
`
`This expression characterizes the particular variant of chromatography in which the unique
`biological specificity of the analyte and ligand interaction is utilized for the separation.
`
`1.5 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
`
`1.6.01
`
`1.6.02
`
`1.6.03
`
`Reversed-Phase Chromatography
`An elution procedure used in liquid chromatography in which the mobile phase is significantly
`more polar then the stationary phase. e.g.. a microporous silica-based material with chemically
`bonded alkyl chains.
`
`Note:
`
`The term "reverse phase" is an incorrect expression to be avoided.
`
`Normal-Phase Chromatography
`An elation procedure in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This
`term is used in liquid chromatography to emphasize the contrast to reversed-phase
`chromatography.
`
`Isocratt'c Analysis
`The procedure in which the composition of the mobile phase remains constant during the elution
`process.
`
`1.6.04
`
`Gradient Elation
`
`The procedure in which the composition of the mobile phase is changed continuously or
`stepwise during the elution process.
`
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`

`1.6.05
`
`1.6.06
`
`1.6.07
`
`1.6.03
`
`1.6.09
`
`1.6.10
`
`1.6.11
`
`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`327
`
`Stepwise Elation
`The elution process in which the composition of the mobile phase is changed in steps during a
`single chromatographic run.
`
`Two-Dimmiona! Chromatography
`A procedure in which parts or all of the separated sample components are subjected to additional
`separation steps. This can be done e. g., by conducting a particular fraction eluting from the
`column into another column (system) having different separation characteristics. When
`combined with additional separation steps . this may be described as Muiti-Dt'mensionat‘
`Chromatography.
`
`In planar chromatography two-dimensional chromatography refers to the chromatographic
`process in which the components are caused to migrate first in one direction and subsequently in
`a direction at right angles to the first one: the two elutions are carried out with different eluents.
`
`tsothermat Chromatography
`A procedure in which the temperature of the column is kept constant during the separation.
`
`Programmed-Temperature Chromatography (Temperature ProgrammingJ
`A procedure in which the temperature of the column is changed systematically during a part or
`the whole of the separation.
`
`Programmed-Flow Chromatography (Flow Programming)
`A procedure in which the rate of flow of the mobile phase is changed systematically during a
`part or the whole of the separation.
`
`Prog rammed-Pressure Chromatography (Pressure Programming)
`A procedure in which the inlet pressure of the mobile phase is changed systematically during a
`part or whole of the separation.
`
`Reaction Chromatography
`A technique in which the identities of the sample components are intentionally changed between
`sample introduction and detection. The reaction can take place upstream of the column when the
`chemical identity of the individual components passing through the column differs from that of
`the original sample, or between the column and the detector when the original sample
`components are separated in the column but their identity is changed prior to entering the
`detection device.
`
`1.6.11.1
`
`Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography
`A version of reaction chromatography in which a sample is thermally decomposed to simpler
`fragments before entering the column.
`
`1.6.11.2
`
`Post-Column Derivatization
`
`A version of reaction chromatography in which the separated sample components elutin g from
`the column are derivatized prior to entering the detector. The derivatization process is generally
`carried out "on-the-fly", i.e.. during transfer of the sample components from the column to the
`detector. Derivatization may also be carried out before the sample enters the column or the
`planar medium; this is pro-column (preliminary) derivatization.
`
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`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`2 TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOG RAPHIC SYSTEM
`
`2.1 APPARATUS IN COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`2.1.0]
`
`2.1.01.1
`
`2.1.01.2
`
`2.1.01.3
`
`2.1.02
`
`2.1.02.1
`
`2.1.02.2
`
`2.1.02.3
`
`2. 1.02.4
`
`2. 1.02.5
`
`2.1.02.6
`
`Pump
`A device designed to deliver the mobile phase at a controlled flow-rate to the separation system.
`Pumps are generally used in liquid chromatography.
`
`Syringe Pumps
`Pumps with a piston. which advances at a controlled rate within a smooth cylinder to displace
`the mobile phase.
`
`Reciprocating Pumps
`Pumps with a single or multiple chamber. from which the mobile phase is displaced by
`reciprocating piston(s) or diaphragm(s).
`
`Pneumatic Pumps
`Pumps which employ a gas to displace the liquid mobile phase either directly or via a piston.
`
`Sample Injector
`A device by which a liquid. solid or gaseous sample is introduced into the mobile phase or the
`chromatographic bed.
`
`Direct Injector
`A device which directly introduces the sample into the mobile-phase stream.
`
`Bypass Injector
`A device in which the sample is first introduced into a chamber (loop), temporarily isolated from
`the mobile phase system by valves. which can be switched to make an instantaneous diversion of
`the mobile phase stream through the chamber to carry the sample to the column. A bypass
`injector may also be known as a Valve injector or Sampling Valve (see 2.1.023).
`
`On-Coiumn injector
`A device in which the sample is directly introduced into the column. In gas chromatography the
`on-colurnn injector permits the inu‘oduction of the liquid sample into the column without prior
`evaporation.
`
`Flash Vaporizer
`A heated device used in gas chromatography. Here the liquid sample is introduced into the
`carrier gas stream with simultaneous evaporation and mixing with the carrier gas prior to
`entering the column.
`
`Split Injection
`A sample introduction technique used in gas chromatography. The sample is flash vaporized
`and after thorough mixing of the sample with the carrier gas. the stream is split into two
`portions. one being conducted to the column and the other being discarded.
`
`Programmed Temperature Vaporizer (PTV)
`A sample introduction device used in gas chromatography. The liquid sample is introduced,
`usually with a syringe, into a device similar to a flash vaporizer. the temperature of which is kept
`
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`329
`
`low. below the boiling point of the sample components. After withdrawal of the syringe, the
`device is heated up very rapidly in a controlled fashion to evaporate the sample into the
`continuously flowing carrier gas stream. The PTV may also be used in the split mode: in this
`case. the carrier gas stream containing the evaporated sample components is split into two
`portions. one of which is conducted into the column while the other is discarded.
`
`2. 1.02.7
`
`Gas Sampling Valve
`A bypass injector permitting the introduction of a gaseous sample of a given volume into a gas
`chromatograph.
`
`2. 1.03
`
`Column Oven
`
`A thermostatically controlled oven containing the column, the temperature of which (Separation
`Temperature or Column Temperature) can be varied within in a wide range.
`
`2. 1.04
`
`Fraction Collector
`
`A device for recovering fractional volumes of the column effluent.
`
`2.1.05
`
`Detector
`
`A device that measures the change in the composition of the eluent by measuring physical or
`chemical properties.
`
`2.2 APPARATUS IN PLANAH CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`2.2.01
`
`2.2.02
`
`Spotting Device
`The syringe or micropipet used to deliver a fixed volume of sample as a spot or streak to the
`paper or thin-layer media at the origin.
`
`Elation Chamber (Developing Chamber)
`A closed container, the purpose of which is to enclose the media used as well as the mobile
`phase to maintain a constant environment in the vapor phase.
`
`2.2.02. 1
`
`Sandwich Chamber
`
`A chamber in which the walls are close enough to the paper or plate to provide a relatively fast
`equilibration.
`
`2.2.02.2
`
`Ascending Elation (Ascending Development)
`A mode of operation in which the paper or plate is in a vertical or slanted position and the
`mobile phase is supplied to its lower edge; the upward movement depends on capillary action.
`
`2.2.02.3
`
`Horizontal Elation (Horizontal Development)
`
`A mode of operation in which the paper or plate is in a horizontal position and the mobile-phase
`movement along the plane depends on capillary action.
`
`2.2.02.4
`
`2.2.02.5
`
`Descending Elation (Descending Development)
`A mode of operation in which the mobile phase is supplied to the upper edge of the paper or
`plate and the downward movement is governed mainly by gravity.
`
`Radial Elation (Radial Development) or Circular Elation (Circular Development)
`A mode of operation in which the sample is spotted at a point source at or near the middle of the
`plane and is carried outward in a circle by the mobile phase. also applied at that place.
`
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`
`COMMISSIONS ON CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANALYTICAL NOMENCLATURE
`
`2.2.02.6
`
`Anticircuiar Elation (Anticircuiar Deveiopment)
`The opposite of 2.2.02.5. Here the sample as well as the mobile phase is applied at the periphery
`of a circle and both move towards the center.
`
`2.2.02.7
`
`Chamber Saturation (Saturated Development)
`
`This expression refers to the uniform distribution of the mobile phase vapor through the elution
`Chamber prior to chromatography.
`
`2.2.02.8
`
`Unsaturated Simian I"Unsaturated Deveiopment)
`
`This expression refers to chromatography in an elation chamber without attaining chamber
`saturation.
`
`2.2.02.9
`
`Eqm'iibraa‘on
`The expression refers to the level of saturation of the chromatographic bed by the mobile-phase
`vapor prior to chromatography.
`
`2.2.03
`
`Visualization Chamber
`
`A device in which the planar media may be viewed under controlled-wavelength light. perhaps
`after spraying with chemical reagents to render the separated components as visible spots under
`specified conditions.
`
`2.2.04
`
`Densitometer
`
`A device which allows portions of the developed paper or thin-layer media to be scanned with a
`beam of light of a specified wavelength for measurements of UV or visible light absorption or
`fluorescence, providing values which can be used for the quantitation of the separated
`compounds.
`
`3. TERMS RELATED TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCESS
`AND THE THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
`
`3.1 THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC MEDIUM
`
`3.1.01
`
`Active Solid
`
`A solid with sorptive properties.
`
`3.1.02
`
`3.1.03
`
`Modified Active Soiid
`An active solid the sorptive properties of which have been changed by some treatment.
`
`Solid Support
`A solid that holds the stationary phase but, ideally, does not contribute to the separation process.
`
`3.1.04
`
`Binders
`
`3.1.05
`
`3.1.06
`
`Additives used to hold the solid stationary phase to the inactive plate or sheet in thin-layer
`chromatography.
`
`Gradient layer
`The chromatographic bed used in thin-layer chromatography in which there is a gradual
`transition in some property.
`
`Impregnatt'oa
`The modification of the separation properties of the chromatographic bed used in planar
`chromatography by appropriate additives.
`
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`Nomenclature for chromatography
`
`331
`
`3.107
`
`Packing
`The active solid. stationary liquid plus solid support. or swollen gel contained in a tube.
`
`3. 1.07r .1 Totally Porous Packing
`Here the stationary phase permeates each porous particle.
`
`3. 1 .012 Pelllcular Packing
`In this case the stationary phase forms a porous outer shell on an impermeable particle.
`
`3.1.08
`
`Particle Diameter (tip)
`The average diameter of the solid particles.
`
`3.1.09
`
`Pore Radius (rp)
`The average radius of the pores within the solid particles.
`
`3.1.10
`
`Liquid-Phase Loading
`A term used in partition chromatography to express the relative amount of the liquid stationary
`phase in the column packing. It is equal to the mass fraction (9%) of liquid stationary phase in the
`total packing (liquid stationary phase plus support).
`
`3.2 THE COLUMN
`
`3.2.01
`
`Column
`
`The tube and the stationary phase contained within, through which the mobile phase passes.
`
`3