Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
`Vol. 81, pp. 216-219, January 1984
`Immunology
`
`Human anti-idiotype antibodies in cancer patients: Is the
`modulation of the immune response beneficial for the patient?
`(Internal Image of antigen/gastrointestinal cancer/monoclonal antibody)
`
`HILARY KOPROWSKI*, DOROTHEE HERLYN*, MICHAEL LUBECK*, ELAINE DEFREITAS*, AND HENRY F. SEARSt
`
`*The Wistar Institute, 36th and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and tAmerican Oncologic Hospital, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Central and Shellmire
`Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19111
`
`Communicated by John R. Brobeck, August 31, 1983
`
`Inoculation of human subjects with mouse
`ABSTRACT
`monoclonal antibody results in the production of anti-idiotype
`antibody that reacts with the binding site of the monoclonal
`antibody, This reaction is hapten-inhibited, suggesting that an
`internal image of the antigen is produced by the anti-idiotype
`response. The anti-idiotype antibody isolated from sera of
`three patients showed significant crossreactivity. Patients who
`developed the anti-idiotype antibody improved clinically and
`had long remission from their disease. The possible presence of
`the internal image of cancer antigen on the human immuno·
`globulin molecule may change the conditions under which the
`immune system reacts to the tumor antigen and may open new
`approaches to the control of tumor growth.
`
`The treatment of human leukemias with mouse monoclonal
`antibody (mAb) directed against antigen(s) present on leuke(cid:173)
`mia cells results in a transient destruction of the leukemia
`cells (1), observed almost immediately after administration
`of the mAb (2). Sera of some patients who received anti-Leu
`1 mAb for treatment of T-cell leukemia inhibited binding of
`fluoresceinated mAb to T leukemia cells and were consid(cid:173)
`ered to contain an anti-idiotype (anti-Id) antibody. This was
`also observed in sera of renal transplant patients who re(cid:173)
`ceived an OKT3 anti-T-cell mouse mAb (3). It has been sug(cid:173)
`gested that binding of anti-Id to the mAb may prevent the
`antitumor activity of the mAb (1). This may be true in cases
`when direct action of mAb on cancer cells occurs (2). How(cid:173)
`ever, when no immediate antitumor effect of mAb is ob(cid:173)
`served and when induction of tumor cell destruction occurs
`only a long time after the administration of mAb (4), it may
`be that an immune response of the host to his tumor is in(cid:173)
`duced by mAb treatment.
`Jerne has postulated a network of interacting antibody
`molecules and lymphocytes in the immune system in which
`idiotypes of antibody molecules are recognized by anti-idio(cid:173)
`typic antibodies and cells (5). Within the set of anti-idiotypic
`antibodies could be expected to be those that were directly
`complementary to the parotope-i.e., the antigen binding
`site of the idiotypic antibody. The binding of such anti-idio(cid:173)
`typic antibodies to the idiotypes has in fact been shown to be
`inhibitable by the antigen. This has led to the concept that
`such anti-idiotypic antibodies are internal images of the anti(cid:173)
`gen. It was therefore predicted that priming an animal with
`anti-Id rather than with an antigen would be possible, and
`this, in fact, has been successfully achieved (6). The first
`physiological evidence that anti-Id could mimic the action of
`an antigen was obtained with anti-Ids against insulin (7). Di(cid:173)
`rect evidence for the beneficial effect of an anti-Id antibody
`in infectious diseases has recently been found in mice primed
`with anti-Id in the absence of antigen that appeared immu(cid:173)
`nized against Trypanosoma rhodesiense after such treatment
`
`(8). When these animals were challenged with T. rhode(cid:173)
`siense, specific idiotype appeared in all animals, some of
`which had the specific idiotype even before challenge.
`In the present paper, we describe the development of anti(cid:173)
`Id in sera of patients with gastrointestinal cancer who were
`treated with mouse mAb. Furthermore, we show that bind(cid:173)
`ing between the anti-Id and mAb can be inhibited by hapten.
`This suggests that the anti-Id is the internal image of the anti(cid:173)
`gen expressed by the cancer cells. Finally, we discuss these
`findings in relation to the outcome of mAb treatment of gas(cid:173)
`trointestinal cancer.
`MATERIALS AND METHODS
`mAbs. Mouse mAbs 17-lA, C42032, and C41472, which
`bind to human gastrointestinal cancer cells, have been de(cid:173)
`scribed elsewhere (9, 10). mAb C42032 is specific for colo(cid:173)
`rectal carcinoma (CRC)-associated antigen(s) of Mr 180,000,
`160,000, 50,000, and 40,000. mAb C41472 (lgG2a) is specific
`for a CRC-associated antigen of Mr 50,000. The A5C3 mAb
`against hepatitis virus has been described (11). mAb 17-lA
`(lgG2a, K light chain) and C42032 (lgG2a, K light chain) were
`purified from ascites obtained from hybridoma-bearing mice
`by affinity chromatography on a protein A-Sepharose col(cid:173)
`umn (Pharmacia) as described by Ey et al. (12).
`Colorectal Cancer Extract. The 3 M KC! extract of SW-
`1222 cells, a cell line derived from colorectal cancer, has
`been described (13). Since this preparation binds mAb 17-
`lA, it seems likely that the material containing the antigen is
`in soluble form.
`Patients. All patients had metastatic or recurrent gastroin(cid:173)
`testinal adenocarcinoma and were injected systemically with
`one dose of a purified sterile pyrogen-free preparation of
`mAb 17-lA (9) concentrated from ascites fluid of BALB/c
`mice (14). Of9 patients who received 192 mg or less of mAb,
`7 developed anti-mouse globulin antibodies (10). Of 20 pa(cid:173)
`tients who received 200-1,000 mg of mAb, 3 developed anti(cid:173)
`mouse globulin antibodies (10). Sera of 3 patients of the first
`group who developed anti-mouse globulin antibodies (nos.
`07, 08, and 09) (10) and of 2 patients of the second group
`(nos. 14 and 23) were either screened or processed for isola(cid:173)
`tion of anti-Id antibodies. Sera used for isolation of anti-Id
`antibodies from subjects 07, 08, and 23 were obtained at the
`time when all 3 showed the highest concentration of anti(cid:173)
`mouse globulin antibodies (see Fig. 1). Patient 08 received a
`second injection of 130 mg of mAb 20 months after the first
`injection, and serum obtained after this second injection was
`used in a screening test for the presence of anti-Id (Table 1).
`Preparation of Rabbit Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies. New Zea(cid:173)
`land White rabbits were injected subcutaneously at multiple
`sites with 300 µg of purified mAb 17-lA emulsified in
`Freund's complete adjuvant and, 30 days later, were injected
`intramuscularly with 100 µg of mAb 17-lA. Sera were col-
`
`The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge
`payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement"
`in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
`
`Abbreviations: anti-Id, anti-idiotype; mAb, monoclonal antibody;
`CRC, colorectal carcinoma.
`
`216
`
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`

`Immunology: Koprowski et al.
`
`Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984)
`
`217
`
`Table 1.
`Inhibition of binding of 1251-labeled mAb 17-lA to rabbit
`anti-Id 17-lA by patients' sera
`
`Serum
`no.
`23
`
`% inhibition of
`binding of 1251-labeled
`17-lA to rabbit anti-
`Days
`Id 17-lA
`after mAb
`25%
`10%
`injection
`50%
`2
`21
`0
`0*
`73
`25
`108
`%
`17
`184
`87
`NT
`o•
`NT
`NT
`20
`46
`NT
`28
`NT
`0
`0
`NT
`0
`NT
`49
`17
`10
`o•
`NT
`21
`0
`7t
`NT
`31
`64
`Rabbit anti-Id 17-lA (7.5 µ,g/ml) was coupled to polystyrene
`beads. 1251-labeled 17-lA (12,500 cpm) was first incubated on ice
`with 10%, 25%, or 50% serum for 1 hr and then added to the coupled
`beads. Percentage of inhibition of binding of 1251-labeled 17-lA to
`rabbit anti-Id 17-lA was calculated by the following formula: %
`binding inhibition = 100 - [(100 x cpm bound in presence of ser(cid:173)
`um)/cpm bound without serum]. NT, not tested.
`*Sample obtained immediately before mAb injection.
`tserum obtained 7 days after second administration of mAb.
`
`09
`
`14
`
`08
`
`indicated in Fig. 1), were shown to be human immunoglob(cid:173)
`ulins by binding to 125I-labeled anti-human F(ab'h frag(cid:173)
`ments. The yield of anti-Id protein from serum samples var(cid:173)
`ied: from no. 08, 13 µ.g/ml; from no. 07, 8.9 µ.g/ml; from no.
`23, 43 µ.g/ml. The largest amount was obtained from no. 23,
`
`lected on day 10 of the secondary response. Antisera were
`adsorbed on mAb C42032 and on mAb 17-lA immunoadsor(cid:173)
`bents as described below.
`Isolation of Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies from Human Sera.
`Immunoadsorbents were prepared by coupling purified
`mAbs (30 mg each) to 2 ml of Affi-Gel 10 (Bio-Rad). Sera
`were obtained from patients injected with one dose of mAb
`17-lA (10, 14). Serum samples previously shown by radio(cid:173)
`immunoassay to contain anti-murine lgG antibody were se(cid:173)
`quentially adsorbed on mAb C42032 and 17-lA immunoad(cid:173)
`sorbents to remove anti-isotypic and anti-idiotypic antibod(cid:173)
`ies, respectively. Adsorbed antibodies were eluted with 0.1
`M glycine buffer (pH 2.8), immediately neutralized with
`phosphate buffer, and dialyzed against phosphate-buffered
`saline; the protein was quantitated by absorption at 280 nm
`(A}~= 14).
`Competition Assay for Detection of Anti-Id. Polystyrene
`beads (0.25 in, 6.35 mm) (Precision Plastic Ball, Chicago;
`Lot C-2084) were washed three times with 95% ethanol. The
`air-dried beads were incubated overnight at 4°C with gentle
`shaking with a dilution of either rabbit or human anti-Id anti(cid:173)
`body in 0.02 M sodium tetraborate (pH 8.2), then washed
`three times with phosphate-buffered saline and further incu(cid:173)
`bated for at least 3 hr at room temperature with phosphate(cid:173)
`buffered saline/2% bovine serum albumin/0.04% NaN3 • The
`beads were then exposed to 1251-labeled mAb 17-lA as the
`reference idiotype and incubated with the potential source of
`human anti-Id-i.e., human sera diluted to 25% concentra(cid:173)
`tion in Ca2+ -, Mg2+ -free phosphate-buffered saline/2% bo(cid:173)
`vine serum albumin/0.04% NaN3. After an additional over(cid:173)
`night incubation, the beads were washed and the radioactiv(cid:173)
`ity bound was measured in a gamma counter.
`Stimulation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Periph(cid:173)
`eral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with F(ab'h
`fragments at 10 ng/ml of mAb 17-lA in vitro as described
`(15) to activate antigen-specific T cells. During the following
`7 days, aliquots of cells were separated into T- and B-cell
`populations by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes treated
`with 2-aminoethylisouronium bromide (16). Both popula(cid:173)
`tions were stained with F(ab'h fragments of mAb 17-lA or
`anti-influenza mAb and goat anti-mouse fluorescein-conju(cid:173)
`gated lg and subsequently analyzed in a cytofluorograph. In
`addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the same
`patient were stimulated with F(ab'h fragments of mAb 17-
`lA or anti-influenza mAb for 9 days in a modified Mishell(cid:173)
`Dutton culture for specific human lg production (15). Super(cid:173)
`natants from these cultures were assayed in a solid-phase
`enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay for specific human
`IgG (KPL Laboratories, Gaithersburg, MD).
`RESULTS
`To screen serum samples for the presence of anti-Id, a com(cid:173)
`petition assay was performed using rabbit anti-Id and four
`human sera previously incubated with 125I-labeled mAb 17-
`lA. The results (Table 1) indicate that the three sera (nos. 23,
`09, and 14) obtained after one injection of mAb showed inhi(cid:173)
`bition of binding of mAb 17-lA that was higher than that of
`pre-mAb injection samples. Binding inhibition values ob(cid:173)
`tained for post-mAb injection serum of patient 14 were low
`as compared with those of the other two sera but higher than
`for the pre-mAb exposure serum of the same subject. Inhibi(cid:173)
`tion values for serum obtained from patient 08, 7 days after
`he received a second injection of mAb were already high.
`This crude rapid screening assay with polyclonal rabbit snti(cid:173)
`Id serum was followed by isolation and purification of indi(cid:173)
`vidual anti-Ids by the immunoadsorbent technique described
`in Materials and Methods. Anti-Ids isolated from serum of
`subject 23, who received 750 mg of mAb, and from sera of
`subjects 08 and 07, who received 133 and 125 mg of mAb,
`respectively (obtained after the first mAb injection at times
`
`' : ~
`H
`8 ...
`7 rn
`6 /\
`3 ~ 2
`
`"' Q
`"
`::E
`Q.
`u
`
`5
`
`4
`
`•
`
`l
`
`PATIENTS•
`• 23
`• 07
`• 08
`
`•
`
`20
`
`100 200 300 400 500
`80
`40
`60
`DAYS AFTER MAb TREATMENT
`
`FIG. 1. Presence of human anti-mouse globulin antibody in sera
`of three subjects as determined by binding to mouse mAb 17-lA in
`the presence of 1251-labeled rabbit anti-human F(ab')i immunoglob(cid:173)
`ulin (14). Dotted arrows indicate days after treatment when serum
`samples used for isolation of anti-idiotypic antibody were taken (one
`sample from patient 23, pooled sera from patients 07 and 08). Solid
`arrows indicate the last day of circulation of mAb 17-lA in patient
`blood.
`
`2 of 4
`
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`

`

`218
`
`Immunology: Koprowski et al.
`
`Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984)
`
`Patient
`08
`07
`23
`
`Table 2. Binding of human anti-idiotype 17-lA antibodies to monoclonal antibodies
`Binding of 1251-labeled mAb to anti-Id, cpm
`Anti-Id,
`A5C3
`c.2032
`c.1412
`17-lA
`µ.g/ml
`166 ± 18
`214 ± 31
`308 ± 44
`1,693 ± 131
`<5.0
`251 ± 29
`363 ± 21
`1,023 ± 91
`168 ± 26
`6
`512 ± 59
`813 ± 101
`427 ± 24
`21,339 ± 156
`18
`427 ± 23
`7,956 ± 293
`208 ± 15
`NT
`7
`cpm bound to normal human lgG (40 µ,g/ml) of 1251-labeled 17-lA, C42032, and A5C3 were 151 ± 25,
`139 ± 32, and 247 ± 32, respectively. Results represent mean± SD of triplicate determinations. NT,
`not tested.
`
`which also showed the highest levels of anti-mouse globulin
`antibodies (Fig. 1).
`Binding of the isolated anti-Id to mAb 17-lA and to three
`other mAbs is shown in Table 2. The results indicate that the
`binding of anti-Ids from all three sera to mAb 17-lA was sig(cid:173)
`nificantly higher than to the three other mAbs, two of which
`(C42032 and C41472) also detect antigenic sites on CRC cells,
`though these sites are different from those recognized by
`mAb 17-lA (10). Immunoglobulin isolated from sera of all
`three subjects prior to exposure to mAb 17-lA was adjusted
`to approximately 2.5 µg/ml and coupled to polystyrene
`beads. These preparations did not bind any of the mAbs list(cid:173)
`ed in Table 1, indicating the absence of anti-Id in pre-expo(cid:173)
`sure serum.
`These results indicate that anti-Id could be detected by the
`screening assay in four sera of patients injected with mouse
`mAb and that anti-Id could be isolated and purified from
`three sera reacting only with the idiotype injected into the
`patient.
`Crossreactivity Between Human Anti-Ids. The results of
`the competition assay (Table 3) indicate significant cross(cid:173)
`reactivity between the anti-Ids of sera of patients 07 and 23
`and slightly less but still significant crossreactivity between
`anti-Id sera of patients 08 and 23. Similar crossreactivity was
`found between anti-Id 07 and post-mAb serum obtained from
`no. 08 (results not shown). These results suggest that the
`anti-Ids in different patients are directed against the same
`site.
`Is the Anti-Id Directed to the Framework or Antigenic Site
`of the Idiotype Determinants? To answer this question, 1251-
`labeled mAb 17-lA was incubated with a 3 M KCI cell ex(cid:173)
`tract of a human colon carcinoma that binds mAb 17-lA and
`with 3 M KCI extract of melanoma cells that does not bind
`mAb 17-lA. The antibody-antigen mixture was then added
`to no. 23 anti-Id-coated beads and binding was compared
`with binding of the radiolabeled mAb alone. These experi(cid:173)
`ments were performed with nonsaturating amounts of iodin(cid:173)
`ated mAb to detect changes in binding with small amounts of
`competitive haptens. For control purposes, the iodinated
`mAb 17-lA was mixed with an extract from melanoma cells
`that had previously been shown to not bind mAb 17-lA. The
`CRC cell extracts in concentrations of0.1 or0.5 mg/ml were
`found to inhibit the binding of anti-Id to iodinated mAb 17-
`lA by 39% and 68%, respectively, whereas the extract from
`melanoma cells in concentrations up to 0.5 mg of protein/ml
`
`Table 3. Crossreactivity between human anti-Ids in competition
`assay for detection of anti-Id
`
`Antibody
`
`First
`Anti-Id 23
`
`Second
`None
`07 Pre-mAb
`Post-mAb
`08 Pre-mAb
`Post-mAb
`
`cpm bound
`4,297
`4,595
`1,231
`4,097
`2,585
`
`% inhibition
`ofmAb 17-lA
`binding
`
`0
`71
`5
`40
`
`did not significantly affect mAb binding (Table 4). This hap(cid:173)
`ten inhibition of the binding reaction suggests the presence
`of an "internal image" of the CRC epitope on the anti-Id mol(cid:173)
`ecule, as supported by the finding that the 3 M KCI extract of
`CRC cells did not bind to the anti-Id but did bind, as expect(cid:173)
`ed, to mAb 17-lA.
`Stimulation of B Cells by mAb 17-IA. Buffy coat cells were
`obtained from patient 23, 5 months after injection of mAb,
`and from patient 08, 20 months after injection of mAb. The
`percentage of lymphocytes that specifically bound 17-lA
`F(ab'h of patient 08 was 1.2 and that of patient 23 was 0.2.
`During 7 days in culture with mAb 17-lA, the percentage of
`lymphocytes of patient 23 that specifically bound 17-lA
`F(ab'h increased from 0.2 to 13. All the 17-lA-binding cells
`were present in the B-cell population. In addition, after 9
`days, human anti-17-lA mAb lgG was detected. Incubation
`of lymphocytes from the same patient with anti-influenza
`mAb under identical conditions produced no detectable hu(cid:173)
`man lg to either mAb 17-lA or anti-influenza mAb.
`Patients Who Responded with a Remission After mAb
`Treatment. Table 5 gives data on five patients, four of whom
`had a small to medium tumor burden of metastatic or recur(cid:173)
`rent colorectal adenocarcinoma (14) and one, no. 14, who
`had a pancreatic carcinoma with small liver metastases. The
`tumors in all five patients regressed after a single administra(cid:173)
`tion of mAb 17-lA. Anti-Id was detected in the sera of four
`patients in the screening test, and the anti-Id was isolated
`and purified from sera of three other patients. Three patients
`(nos. 07, 09, and 14) are currently without evidence of tumor
`growth. Patient 08 had a local recurrence of tumor 18 months
`after mAb 17-lA treatment without any additional therapeu(cid:173)
`tic measures. It is too soon to evaluate the long-term thera(cid:173)
`peutic results in patient 23.
`
`DISCUSSION
`mAb 17-lA has been used successfully to diagnose gastroin(cid:173)
`testinal cancers in humans by binding to tumor tissue in situ
`
`Table 4. Hapten inhibition of binding of human anti-Id to
`mAb 17-lA
`
`Hapten
`
`Source
`CRC SW-1222
`
`MEL SK-MEL-21
`
`% inhibition of binding
`Cone.,
`of anti-Id 23 to
`1251-labeled 17-lA
`mg/ml
`68.5
`0.5
`39.4
`0.1
`0.5
`6.6
`0.1
`0
`CRC = colorectal cancer tissue culture line. MEL = melanoma
`tissue culture line. 1251-Labeled mAb 17-lA was mixed with 3M KCI
`cell c.xtracts to final extract concentrations of 0.5 and 0.10 mg/ml
`and 62,500 cpm of iodinated mAb per ml. After a 1-hr incubation on
`ice, 200 µI of the mixture or 200 µI of iodinated mAb alone was
`added per polystyrene bead coupled with anti-Id 17-lA (15 µ,g/ml;
`patient 23) and this mixture was incubated overnight at 4°C. Results
`were calculated by the following formula: % inhibition of binding =
`100 -
`[(100 x cpm bound in the presence of extract)/cpm bound
`without extract].
`
`3 of 4
`
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`

`

`Immunology: Koprowski et al
`
`Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984)
`
`219
`
`Table 5. Anti-Id response in patients who had a disease
`remission after one injection of mAb 17-lA
`
`17-lA mAb treatment
`Amount, mg
`Date
`Patient
`December 1981
`07
`125
`December 1981*
`08
`92
`March 1982
`133
`09
`September 1982
`14
`433
`February 1983
`23
`845
`ND, not done.
`*See Table 1.
`tsee Table 2.
`*Remission lasted 18 months.
`
`Anti-Id response
`Screening*
`Isolationt
`+
`ND
`+
`+
`+
`ND
`+
`ND
`+
`+
`
`and by detection of the radiolabeled antibody by gamma
`scintigraphy (10). This does not preclude the possibility that
`the tumor antigen defined by mAb 17-lA may act as an im(cid:173)
`munogen to elicit host immune mechanisms for the control
`of tumor growth. As several patients benefited from treat(cid:173)
`ment with mAb 17-lA, a functional involvement of immune
`mechanisms specifically connected with the 17-lA-defined
`antigen is suggested.
`Although mAb may directly destroy tumor cells by activa(cid:173)
`tion of complement or by interaction with macrophages or
`killer cells (17, 18), it is possible that other mechanisms may
`be operative in the present study because of the need for
`very large amounts of mAb to interact with all antigenic sites
`of target cells of a solid tumor mass and because of the long
`induction period to measure the antitumor effect. In fact, the
`decrease in size and eventual disappearance of lung metasta(cid:173)
`ses, which could be measured by radiography, occurred over
`3-4 months in one patient (10). Thus, although one may ex(cid:173)
`pect to observe an antitumor effect a long time after the ad(cid:173)
`ministration of mAb, binding of mAb to metastatic tumor
`biopsy samples was detected only up to 1 wk after injection
`of mAb (results not shown).
`An alternative mechanism might involve a network of in(cid:173)
`teracting anti-idiotypic T and B cells directed against the
`mAb. Among them may be those that react with the mAb
`binding site. Such anti-Id would be considered internal im(cid:173)
`ages of the tumor antigen. The hapten inhibition binding de(cid:173)
`scribed in the present paper suggests that an internal image
`of the 17-lA CRC antigen was produced by the anti-Id re(cid:173)
`sponse. Although it is still difficult to correlate the presence
`of anti-Id with the outcome of the immunotherapy, it should
`be mentioned that three patients who produced anti-Id have
`had tumor regression and currently have no detectable dis(cid:173)
`ease. One had remission lasting 18 months, and it is still too
`early to evaluate the outcome in the fifth patient. Sera of
`three other patients who are apparently in remission were
`studied for the presence of anti-Id but they did not seem to
`develop anti-mouse globulin antibodies. The assay for the
`latter does not reflect the immune status of the individual
`since B cells of one of the patients are stimulated in vitro by
`mAb 17-IA similarly to patients who had had circulating
`anti-mouse globulin antibodies (results not shown). In such
`cases repeated injection of mouse mAb could disturb the
`preexisting immune state, boosting the production of anti-Id
`that may or may not be reactive with other determinants on
`mouse immunoglobulin. Because the test for detection of
`antitumor antibody in cancer patients is rather insensitive,
`the determination of an anti-Id response, which detects small
`amounts (<5.0 µ.g) of the antibody, may be the only indica(cid:173)
`tion of functional changes in the network system.
`As all human anti-Ids showed crossreactivity, it seems
`likely that the inoculation of mAb 17-lA in other subjects
`could induce production of crossreacting anti-Ids and possi-
`
`bly identical internal images of the cancer antigen. The pres(cid:173)
`ence of an internal image of an antigen on a human immuno(cid:173)
`globulin molecule, in contrast to the presence of the antigen
`on a tumor cell, may change the conditions under which the
`immune system reacts to the tumor antigen. Modulation of
`the immune response of the subject as a result of such anti(cid:173)
`gen presentation may explain a successful outcome ofimmu(cid:173)
`notherapy.
`The most direct evidence for a beneficial effect of anti-Id
`would be the administration of anti-Id produced in a patient
`to a nonresponsive cancer patient and the triggering of an
`antitumor response, which could be measured in vivo and in
`vitro. This may not be feasible because of the paucity of hu(cid:173)
`man anti-Id. One must tum, therefore, to the production of
`xenogeneic anti-Id, which can be obtained in animals with(cid:173)
`out difficulty. The slight advantage of this approach lies in
`the possibility of using a variety of mAbs to produce anti-Id
`antibodies and, if internal images are produced, they may
`"mimic" a large number of heterogeneous antigens of the
`tumor cells.
`
`We wish to express our thanks to Dr. Fritz Melchers for his help(cid:173)
`ful critical evaluation of the data and to Dr. Louis Staudt for the
`review of the paper. This research was supported in part by National
`Institutes of Health Grants CA-33491, CA-25874, CA-10815, and AI-
`19607.
`
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`Hydridoma 2, 1-5.
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`4 of 4
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`BI Exhibit 1104
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