`____________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT AND APPEAL BOARD
`____________________
`
`TOMTOM, INC. Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`BLACKBIRD TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
`Patent Owner
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Issue Date: August 13, 2002
`
`
`Entitled: PEDOMETER
`
`
`____________________
`
`Inter Partes Review No.: 2017-02025
`____________________
`
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Page
`
`I.
`
`II.
`III.
`
`MANDATORY NOTICES ............................................................................. 1
`A.
`Real Parties-In-Interest Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(1) ................. 1
`B.
`Related Matters Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(2) ............................. 1
`C.
`Lead and Back-Up Counsel Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(3) .......... 3
`D.
`Service Information Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(4) ....................... 3
`E.
`Payment of Fees under 37 C.F.R. §§ 42.15(a) and 42.103 ................... 3
`GROUNDS FOR STANDING ........................................................................ 4
`STATEMENT OF PRECISE RELIEF REQUESTED ................................... 4
`A.
`Identification of Claims Challenged ..................................................... 4
`B.
`Statutory Grounds and Patents and Printed Publications Relied Upon
`for Each Ground .................................................................................... 4
`IV. SPECIFIC CLAIMS AND GROUNDS FOR RELIEF .................................. 5
`V.
`STATEMENT OF REASONS FOR THE REQUESTED RELIEF ............... 6
`A.
`Brief Summary of Reasons for Relief Requested ................................. 6
`B.
`The ’212 Patent ..................................................................................... 8
`C.
`Prosecution History of the ’608 Patent ............................................... 10
`D.
`Prosecution History of the ’212 Patent ............................................... 12
`VI. SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF WHERE EACH ELEMENT OF THE
`CLAIMS IS DISCLOSED IN PRIOR ART PATENTS AND PRINTED
`PUBLICATIONS .......................................................................................... 13
`A.
`Construction of the Claims of the ’212 Patent .................................... 13
`1.
`“Step counter” ........................................................................... 14
`2.
`“Stride rate” ............................................................................... 14
`3.
`“From A Range of Stride Lengths Calculated from a Range of
`Corresponding Stride Rates” (claim 6)” ................................... 15
`Level of Skill in the Art ....................................................................... 16
`
`B.
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`i
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`
`
`C.
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`D.
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
`Brief Description of the References Relied Upon .............................. 16
`1.
`Sham .......................................................................................... 16
`2.
`Levi ........................................................................................... 19
`3.
`Ebeling ...................................................................................... 20
`Sham in View of Levi Renders Claims 1-8 Obvious .......................... 21
`1.
`Claim 1 ...................................................................................... 21
`2.
`Claim 2 ...................................................................................... 34
`3.
`Claim 3 ...................................................................................... 38
`4.
`Claim 4 ...................................................................................... 41
`5.
`Claim 5 ...................................................................................... 43
`6.
`Claim 6 ...................................................................................... 45
`7.
`Claim 7 ...................................................................................... 49
`8.
`Claim 8 ...................................................................................... 51
`Sham in View of Ebeling Renders Claims 1-8 Obvious ..................... 52
`1.
`Claim 1 ...................................................................................... 52
`2.
`Claim 2 ...................................................................................... 57
`3.
`Claim 3 ...................................................................................... 62
`4.
`Claim 4 ...................................................................................... 63
`5.
`Claim 5 ...................................................................................... 64
`6.
`Claim 6 ...................................................................................... 66
`7.
`Claim 7 ...................................................................................... 68
`8.
`Claim 8 ...................................................................................... 71
`VII. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 73
`
`
`E.
`
`
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
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`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`
` Page(s)
`
`Cases
`Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC v. Lee,
`136 S. Ct. 2131, 195 L. Ed. 2d 423 (2016) ......................................................... 12
`Mark I Mktg. Corp. v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co.,
`66 F.3d 285 (Fed. Cir. 1995) ................................................................................ 9
`Research Plastics, Inc. v. Fed. Packaging Corp.,
`421 F.3d 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2005) ............................................................................ 8
`Statutes
`35 U.S.C. § 102 .......................................................................................................... 9
`35 U.S.C. § 102(a) ..................................................................................................... 3
`35 U.S.C. § 102(b) ............................................................................................... 4, 11
`35 U.S.C. § 102(e) ..................................................................................................... 4
`35 U.S.C. § 103 ...................................................................................................... 3, 9
`35 U.S.C. § 103(a) ..................................................................................................... 4
`35 U.S.C. § 112 .......................................................................................................... 9
`35 U.S.C. §§ 311 – 318 .............................................................................................. 3
`35 U.S.C. § 312(a)(3) ................................................................................................. 3
`Other Authorities
`37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(1) ................................................................................................ 1
`37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(2) ................................................................................................ 1
`37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(3) ................................................................................................ 2
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`Case IPR2017-02025
`37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(4) ................................................................................................ 2
`37 C.F.R. § 42.10(b) .................................................................................................. 2
`37 C.F.R. §§ 42.15(a) ................................................................................................. 3
`37 C.F.R. § 42.24 ..................................................................................................... 69
`37 C.F.R. §42.24(a)(1) ............................................................................................. 69
`37 C.F.R. § 42.65 ................................................................................................... 4, 5
`37 C.F.R. §§ 42.100 – 42.123 .................................................................................... 3
`37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b) .............................................................................................. 12
`37 C.F.R. § 42.103 ..................................................................................................... 3
`37 C.F.R. §42.104(b) ................................................................................................. 3
`
`
`iv
`
`
`
`EX1001
`EX1002
`EX1003
`EX1004
`EX1005
`EX1006
`EX1007
`EX1008
`EX1009
`EX1010
`
`EX1011
`
`EX1012
`
`EX1013
`
`EX1014
`
`EX1015
`EX1016
`EX1017
`EX1018
`EX1019
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
`
`LISTING OF EXHIBITS
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`U.S. Patent No. 5,891,042
`U.S. Patent No. 5,583,776
`U.S. Patent No. 6,145,389
`Expert Declaration
`U.S. Patent No. 5,807,267
`U.S. Patent No. 6,099,478
`U.S. Patent No. 6,175,608
`File Wrapper of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`File Wrapper of U.S. Patent No. 6,175,608
`Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies
`v. Fitbit, Inc., D.I. 87, Case No. 16-CV-00683 (D.
`Del. Aug. 23, 2017)
`Infringement Contentions
`TS Keller, AM Weisberger, JL Ray, SS Hasan, RG
`Shiavi, DM Spengler, Relationship Between
`Vertical Ground Reaction Force and Speed During
`Walking, Slow Jogging, and Running, Clinical
`Biomechanics, Vol. 11, Issue 5 at 253-259 (July
`1996)
`Karvonen, Juha and Vuorimaa Timo, Heart Rate
`and Exercise Intensity During Sports Activities,
`Sports Medicine, Vol. 5, Issue 5, at 303–311 (May
`1988)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,578,769
`U.S. Patent No. 5,117,444
`U.S. Patent No. 4,771,394
`U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 60/030,743
`Receipt of IPR2017-02015
`
`v
`
`
`
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
`
`I. MANDATORY NOTICES
`A. Real Parties-In-Interest Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(1)
`
`TomTom, Inc. (“Petitioner”) and TomTom International BV are the real
`
`parties-in-interest.
`
`B. Related Matters Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(2)
`
`Records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) indicate that U.S.
`
`Patent No. 6,434,212 (“the ’212 Patent”) (EX1001) issued on August 13, 2002 from
`
`U.S. Patent Application No. 09/756,647 (“the ’647 Application”), which claims the
`
`benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 09/181,738, filed on October 28, 1998, now
`
`issued as U.S. Patent No. 6,175,608 (“the ’608 Patent”), and is at issue in the
`
`following proceedings.
`
`• Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies v. Garmin International,
`
`Inc. and Garmin USA, Inc., Case No. 16-CV-689 (D. Del.);
`
`• Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies v. Fitbit, Inc., Case No.
`
`16-CV-683 (D. Del.);
`
`• Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies v. Aliphcom d/b/a
`
`Jawbone, Case No. 16-CV-684 (D. Del.);
`
`• Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies v. Sony Corp. et al., Case
`
`No. 16-CV-685 (D. Del.);
`
`1
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
`• Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies v. Timex Group USA, Inc.,
`
`Case No. 16-CV-686 (D. Del.);
`
`• Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies v. TomTom, Inc., Case No.
`
`16-CV-687 (D. Del.);
`
`• Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird Technologies v. Wahoo Fitness, Inc.,
`
`Case No. 16-CV-688 (D. Del.); and
`
`• Garmin International, Inc. v. Blackbird Tech LLC d/b/a Blackbird
`
`Technologies, IPR2017-01058 (P.T.A.B.).
`
`Petitioner submits this Petition (Case IPR2017-02025) in place of IPR2017-
`
`02015, using a different payment method, and respectfully requests withdrawal of
`
`IPR2017-02015. Despite receiving confirmation of payment received by the PTO
`
`(EX1019), upon a telephone conversation with the PTO Accounting Division to
`
`confirm payment, Petitioner understands that payment in IPR2017-02015 may be
`
`rejected. As a consequence, and in an abundance of caution, Petitioner is re-filing
`
`the Petition.
`
`This Petition is filed concurrently with IPR2017-02023, which itself replaces
`
`IPR2017-02017.
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
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`Case IPR2017-02025
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`C. Lead and Back-Up Counsel Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(3)
`
`Petitioner identifies Dipu A. Doshi (Reg. No. 60,373) as Lead Counsel, and
`
`Michael S. Marcus (Reg. No. 31,727) and Megan R. Wood (Reg. No. 72,367) as
`
`Back-up Counsel. Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.10(b), a Power of Attorney
`
`accompanies this Petition.
`
`D.
`
`Service Information Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(4)
`
`Dipu A. Doshi
`
`BLANK ROME LLP
`
`1825 Eye Street NW
`
`Washington, DC 20006
`
`Tel.: (202) 420-2604
`
`Fax: (202) 420-2201
`
`ddoshi@blankrome.com and TomTom.Blackbird@blankrome.com
`
`E.
`
`Payment of Fees under 37 C.F.R. §§ 42.15(a) and 42.103
`
`The required fees are submitted herewith. If additional fees are owed during
`
`this proceeding, the PTO is authorized to charge Deposit Account No. 23-2185.
`
`3
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
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`II. GROUNDS FOR STANDING
`Petitioner certifies that the ’212 Patent is available for inter partes review.
`
`Petitioner is not barred or estopped from requesting inter partes review challenging
`
`the patent claims on the grounds set forth herein.
`
`III. STATEMENT OF PRECISE RELIEF REQUESTED
`A.
`Identification of Claims Challenged
`
`Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §42.104(b), Petitioner respectfully requests inter partes
`
`review of claims 1-8 of the ’212 Patent under 35 U.S.C. §§ 311 – 318 and 37 C.F.R.
`
`§§ 42.100 – 42.123, and the cancellation of those claims as being unpatentable under
`
`35 U.S.C. § 103.
`
`B.
`
`Statutory Grounds and Patents and Printed Publications Relied
`
`Upon for Each Ground
`
`There is at least a reasonable likelihood that at least one of claims 1-8 of the
`
`’212 Patent will be found obvious based on the following prior art. All of the prior
`
`art patents and publications discussed herein constitute prior art against the ’212
`
`Patent under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102(a), 102(b) and/or 102(e), and are submitted under 35
`
`U.S.C. § 312(a)(3).
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 5,891,042 to Sham et al. (“Sham”) (EX1002);
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 5,583,776 to Levi et al. (“Levi”) (EX1003); and
`
`4
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
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`Case IPR2017-02025
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,145,389 to Ebeling et al. (“Ebeling”) (EX1004).
`
`IV. SPECIFIC CLAIMS AND GROUNDS FOR RELIEF
`Ground 1: Claims 1-8 of the ’212 Patent are obvious under pre-AIA 35
`
`U.S.C. § 103(a) in light of the disclosure and teachings of Sham in view of Levi and
`
`in view of the knowledge of a person having ordinary skill in the art (“PHOSITA”).
`
`Sham qualifies as prior art under at least 35 U.S.C. § 102(e) as it was filed on
`
`September 9, 1997, before the invention of the ’212 Patent. EX1002. Levi qualifies
`
`as prior art under at least 35 U.S.C. § 102(b) as it was patented on December 10,
`
`1996, more than one year before the earliest priority date of the ’212 Patent.
`
`EX1003. The grounds for unpatentability are supported by the Declaration under 37
`
`C.F.R. § 42.65 of Mr. Thomas Blackadar. EX1005.
`
`Ground 2: Claims 1-8 of the ’212 Patent are obvious under pre-AIA 35
`
`U.S.C. § 103(a) in light of the disclosure and teachings of Sham in view of Ebeling
`
`and in view of the knowledge of a PHOSITA.
`
`Sham qualifies as prior art under at least 35 U.S.C. § 102(e) as it was filed on
`
`September 9, 1997, before the invention of the ’212 Patent. EX1002. Ebeling
`
`qualifies as prior art under at least 35 U.S.C. § 102(e) as it was filed on November
`
`13, 1997, and claims priority to a provisional application filed on November 12,
`
`1996, before the invention of the ’212 Patent. EX1004; EX1018. Ebeling was not
`
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`Case IPR2017-02025
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`considered by the Examiner during the prosecution of the application which issued
`
`as the ’212 Patent. The grounds for unpatentability are supported by the Declaration
`
`under 37 C.F.R. § 42.65 of Mr. Blackadar. EX1005.
`
`V.
`
`STATEMENT OF REASONS FOR THE REQUESTED RELIEF
`A. Brief Summary of Reasons for Relief Requested
`
`Independent claims 1, 2, 5, and 6 of the ’212 Patent are generally directed to
`
`an exercise monitoring device or pedometer that includes a data processor
`
`programmed to calculate a distance traveled by multiplying a number of steps by a
`
`stride length that varies in accordance with the stride rate. The ’212 Patent combines
`
`known hardware (e.g., prior art pedometers) with a known method of varying stride
`
`length with stride rate to purportedly calculate distance more accurately.
`
`As the Examiner had found during original prosecution, and as discussed in
`
`greater detail below, Sham discloses and teaches well known pedometers with
`
`straps, heart rate monitors, and data processors. As one example, Sham discloses
`
`and teaches an exercise monitoring device (see EX1002 at 2:46-50 (“There is
`
`therefore needed a fitness monitoring device which can effectively provide the user
`
`with physiological information concerning their exercise level while at the same
`
`time providing empirical information with respect to the duration and extent of a
`
`workout.”)); a strap (see id. at 3:41-45 (“The user is also provided with a fitness
`
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`monitoring device 14 which can, for example, be clipped to the user’s waist band.
`
`Of course, the fitness monitoring device 14 can be secured to the user in other ways
`
`such as via a wrist watch-type arrangement . . . .”) (emphasis added)); a heart rate
`
`monitor (see id. at 2:53-55 (“These needs are met according to the present invention
`
`by providing a fitness monitoring device having an electronic pedometer and a
`
`wireless heart rate monitor.”) (emphasis added)); and a data processor (see id. at
`
`3:1-5 (“Further, the microprocessor is programmed to calculate and display the
`
`pedometer functions such as the distance covered, number of steps taken, current
`
`speed, average speed, calories burned, etc.”)).
`
`As discussed in greater detail below, the Examiner did not rely on references
`
`that taught the well known relationship between stride rate and stride length. Both
`
`Levi and Ebeling, in an effort to improve on prior art pedometers, disclose and teach
`
`a data processor that varies stride length with stride rate to calculate distance more
`
`accurately. See, e.g., EX1003 at 6:15-20 (“Since step size directly affects the
`
`estimated DR distance, the presently preferred embodiment adjusts step size
`
`according to the step frequency. A dynamic scaling algorithm to improve the
`
`accuracy of distance measurements of a human footstep sensor by adjusting the scale
`
`factor as a function of step frequency is thus harnessed by the present invention.”);
`
`see also EX1004 at 4:4-8 (“The total distance traveled is computed as the sum of
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`the individual stride lengths. Since the length of each stride is calculated
`
`independently, this pedometer calculates the distance traveled accurately even if the
`
`person changes speed and gait while walking or running.”).
`
`As discussed below, the references are presented in a new light and in view
`
`of the knowledge of a PHOSITA as evidenced by Mr. Blackadar’s declaration. As
`
`explained below, a PHOSITA would have been motivated to combine Sham with
`
`either Levi or Ebeling to improve the functionality and distance calculations of
`
`known pedometers. See generally EX1005 at ¶¶90-96, 153-159.
`
`B.
`
`The ’212 Patent
`
`The ’212 Patent relates generally to pedometers that estimate distance traveled
`
`based on multiplying steps taken by stride length. It describes “[a] pedometer having
`
`improved accuracy by calculating actual stride lengths of a user based on relative
`
`stride rates.” EX1001 at Abstract. In particular, the disclosed embodiments include
`
`the calibration steps of determining a “base stride length” for a particular user by
`
`walking or running a predetermined distance, counting steps taken, and dividing the
`
`predetermined distance by the number of steps counted. Id. at 2:40-45, 3:56-64, 5:1-
`
`9. The number of strides counted may then be divided by the time required to run
`
`or walk the predetermined distance to determine the “base stride rate” at which the
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`base stride length was determined. Id. at 2:40-45, 3:65-67, 5:1-9; see also, generally,
`
`id. at 5:10-6:9.
`
`The ’212 Patent notes the well known dependence of stride length on stride
`
`rate (i.e., the length of a person’s stride will naturally change based on how fast they
`
`are walking or running), and the ’212 Patent seeks to correct the base stride length
`
`to a calculated “actual” stride length as a function of a measured “actual” stride rate.
`
`Id. at 2:33-52, 4:19-58. In doing so, the ’212 Patent purports to achieve a more
`
`accurate estimate of distance traveled, as compared to prior art devices that used
`
`“fixed average stride lengths” to calculate distance, and that required periodic
`
`recalibration. Id. at 1:54-55, 1:63-65, 4:19-28. As explained by the ’212 Patent,
`
`“[w]ith the old devices, a user needed to re-calibrate periodically to be close to
`
`getting an accurate reading, and could not change pace during a workout without
`
`decreasing accuracy.” Id. at 4:25-28. The ’212 purportedly improved on the “old
`
`devices” by performing a plurality of calibrations for a plurality of stride lengths and
`
`stride rates using a plurality of sample runs/walks of a predetermined distance to
`
`generate a mathematical function that allows stride length to vary according to stride
`
`rate. Id. at 2:57-59, 4:62-6:12. Embodiments of the device taught by the ’212 Patent
`
`include a step counter, such as an inertia device used to count steps, a strap, a
`
`transmitter, a receiver, and a heart rate monitor. Id. at 2:15-20, 3:12-30, FIG. 1.
`
`9
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of U.S. Patent No. 6,434,212
`Case IPR2017-02025
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`C.
`
`Prosecution History of the ’608 Patent
`
`The ’608 Patent, to which the ’212 Patent claims priority, was filed on October
`
`28, 1998, as U.S. Application 09/181,738 (“the Parent ’738 Application”). EX1010
`
`at 7. It is a matter of law that arguments made during prosecution are pertinent and
`
`binding. Research Plastics, Inc. v. Fed. Packaging Corp., 421 F.3d 1290, 1296 (Fed.
`
`Cir. 2005). The prosecution history also includes, inter alia, the prosecution history
`
`of parent and grandparent applications. See Mark I Mktg. Corp. v. R.R. Donnelley
`
`& Sons Co., 66 F.3d 285, 291 (Fed. Cir. 1995).
`
`On January 28, 2000, the Examiner issued a Non-Final Rejection for the
`
`Parent ’738 Application, rejecting all claims under 35 U.S.C. § 112 primarily lack
`
`of clear antecedent basis. Id. at 61 (“The claims are replete with terms which lack a
`
`clear antecedent basis. Numerous instances of this problem will be specifically
`
`pointed out; however, applicant is required to proofread and correct all instances.”).
`
`Additionally, many claims were rejected as anticipated under § 102 and/or rendered
`
`obvious under § 103 by U.S. Patent No. 5,891,042 to Sham et al. (“Sham”), teaching
`
`a pedometer including a step counter, transmitter, and heart rate monitor. Id. at 62-
`
`63. The Examiner also specifically rejected claims requiring a wireless transmitter
`
`as being obvious, stating that “the use of wireless transmitters is widespread in the
`
`art” and thus “is not of patentable merit.” Id. at 63. The Examiner also found certain
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`Case IPR2017-02025
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`claims to contain allowable subject matter. Id. at 64. The Applicant subsequently
`
`amended other claims to include the allowable subject matter. Id. at 74-80.
`
`In its Remarks, Applicant states that the “step counter [of the invention] does
`
`not ‘measure’ anything,” stating, “[s]tep counters only count steps.” Id. at 80.
`
`Further, Applicant states that “zero inches is the smallest distance and thirty-six
`
`inches is the largest distance of transmission for this preferred embodiment,”
`
`conceding that the transmitter of the invention covers wired transmitters (i.e., zero
`
`inches), consistent with the shared specification of the Parent ’738 Application and
`
`the ’212 Patent. Id. at 81; see also EX1001 at 3:14-15 (“Alternately, the transmitter
`
`is a wireless or wired digital transmitter . . . .”). Additionally, Applicant
`
`distinguished the invention from a commercially available pedometer by stating that
`
`the commercially available pedometer “can only measure distance based on a
`
`uniform stride length,” and that, “the user’s stride length must be measured and then
`
`input into this pedometer’s ‘memory.’ It does not measure stride length
`
`automatically.” EX1010 at 81. Thus, Applicant concludes that, “even if this
`
`pedometer were prior art, it has no bearing on the allowability of the claims,
`
`particularly those relating to variable stride lengths.” Id. at 82.
`
`In remarks summarizing a June 12, 2000 telephone interview discussing U.S.
`
`Patent 5,033,013 to Kato and U.S. Patent 5,724,265 to Hutchings, Applicant admits
`
`11
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review
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`that these references “disclosed a correspondence between stride rate and stride
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`length.” Id. at 100. Applicant continued, stating, “[c]onsequently, any claims based
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`on this broad concept were not allowable, but claims reciting a specific algorithm
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`for deriving a range of stride lengths or a pedometer in combination with a heart rate
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`monitor are allowable.” Id. at 100-101. Further, in summarizing a June 15, 2000
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`interview, Applicant contended that “a distinction between the art of record and the
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`present pedometer invention is the use of data input from runs or walks over known
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`distances to establish a range of stride rate versus stride length data that can be used
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`in subsequent runs or walks to derive actual stride lengths from actual stride rates.”
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`Id. at 101. The Parent ’738 Application was then allowed and issued as U.S. Patent
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`6,175,608 on January 16, 2001. EX1008.
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`D.
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`Prosecution History of the ’212 Patent
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`The continuation application that resulted in the ’212 Patent was filed on
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`January 4, 2001 as U.S. Application 09/756,647 (“the ’647 Application”). EX1009
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`at 6. For purposes of this proceeding, Petitioner assumes the priority date for the
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`claims for the ’212 Patent is October 28, 1998, the filing date of the Parent ’738
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`Application. The ’647 Application included 9 claims, two of which were
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`independent. Id. at 20-21. On November 13, 2001, the USPTO issued an Office
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`Action rejecting only claim 1 under §102(b) as anticipated by Sham, which the
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`Examiner contended taught an exercise monitoring device with a strap, a step
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`counter, and a heart rate monitor. Id. at 41. Claims 2-9, each of which included the
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`limitation of a variable stride length that is varied according to stride rate, were found
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`to contain allowable subject matter in this initial action (with claims 2-6 being
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`objected to for dependence on claim 1 and claims 7-9 being allowed). Id.; see also
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`id. at 20-21. After this initial action, Applicant submitted an IDS disclosing sixty-
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`nine (69) references. Id. at 44-46. Applicant then cancelled claim 1 and rewrote
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`claims 2-6 to remove their dependency on cancelled claim 1. Id. at 73.
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`The Examiner issued a notice of allowance on March 19, 2002, relying on the
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`purported absence of “the data processing limitations” in the prior art. Id. at 83. The
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`’212 Patent issued on August 13, 2002. See EX1001.
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`VI. SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF WHERE EACH ELEMENT OF
`THE CLAIMS IS DISCLOSED IN PRIOR ART PATENTS AND
`PRINTED PUBLICATIONS
`A. Construction of the Claims of the ’212 Patent
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`The terms of claims 1-8 of the ’212 Patent are to be given their “broadest
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`reasonable construction in light of the specification,” as understood by a PHOSITA.
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`37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b); see also Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC v. Lee, 136 S. Ct. 2131,
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`2142 (2016). Petitioner submits constructions for the following terms and phrases
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`in accordance with 37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b) for this proceeding.
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`1.
`“Step counter”
`The term “step counter” is present in claims 1, 2, 5, and 6 of the ’212 Patent.
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`Patent Owner proposed construing “step counter” to mean “a device that collects
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`data to generate a step count” in the corresponding district court litigation. EX1011
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`at 2. Patent Owner’s proposed construction is broad enough to encompass devices
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`that do not necessarily count the number of times the foot strikes the ground. As
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`discussed in greater detail below, Petitioner submits that the prior art references
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`disclose a step counter under Patent Owner’s proposed construction.1
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`2.
`“Stride rate”
`“Stride rate” appears in claims 2, 5, and 6 of the ’212 Patent. Patent Owner
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`proposed construing this term to mean “number of steps over a time period” in the
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`corresponding district court litigation. EX1011 at 4. As discussed in greater detail
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`below, Petitioner submits that the prior art references disclose this limitation under
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`Patent Owner’s proposed construction.
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`1 Petitioner joined co-defendants’ proposed claim constructions, which are attached
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`as EX1011.
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`3.
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`“From A Range of Stride Lengths Calculated from a Range of
`Corresponding Stride Rates” (claim 6)”
`Patent Owner proposed construing the claim 6 phrase as “from a range of
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`stride lengths that correspond to stride rates, the correspondence generated from two
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`or more calibrations.” EX1011 at 6. As discussed in greater detail below, Petitioner
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`submits that the prior art references disclose this limitation under Patent Owner’s
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`proposed construction.
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`Additionally, while Patent Owner ultimately dropped its construction of
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`similar phrases in independent claims 2 and 5, Patent Owner had proposed their
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`meanings to be essentially the same as claim 6’s phrase (referenced above). EX1012
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`at 2. For example, Patent Owner proposed that claim 2’s phrase be construed to
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`mean “two or more calibrations that each generate a correspondence between stride
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`rate and stride length.” Id. Similarly, Patent Owner proposed that claim 5’s phrase
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`be construed the same as claim 6’s phrase, namely, to mean “a range of stride lengths
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`that correspond to stride rates, the correspondence generated from two or more
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`calibrations”.”2 Id. As discussed in greater detail below, Petitioner submits that the
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`2 Patent Owner proposed these constructions in the related district court
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`litigation before the parties determined that no construction was necessary.
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`EX1012.
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`prior art references disclose this limitation under Patent Owner’s proposed
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`construction.
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`B.
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`Level of Skill in the Art
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`For purposes of this proceeding, Petitioner submits that a PHOSITA of the
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`’212 Patent as of October 1998 would have been a person with a bachelor’s degree
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`in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, or a similar field with at least two
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`years of experience in motion tracking, motion analysis, inertial sensing, or signal
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`analysis, or a person with a master’s degree in mechanical engineering, electrical
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`engineering, or a similar field with a specialization in motion tracking, motion
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`analysis, inertial sensing, or signal analysis. EX1005 at ¶36.
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`C. Brief Description of the References Relied Upon
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`1.
`Sham
`Sham relates generally to a fitness monitoring device having an electronic
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`pedometer and a wireless heart rate monitor. See EX1002 at Title. Sham discusses
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`known pedometers in its Background of the Invention. See EX1002 at 1:13-4