`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
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`SONY CORPORATION,
`Petitioner
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`Case No. IPR2017-01963
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`Patent No. 7,752,564
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`Issue Date: July 6, 2010
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`Title: System and Method for Focused
`Navigation Using Option Type Filters
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`DECLARATION OF BRAD A. MYERS
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`P. 1
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`SONY - Ex.-1002
`Sony Corporation - Petitioner
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`The ’564 Patent .......................................................................................................... 2
`Bernhardson ............................................................................................................... 5
`Robarts ....................................................................................................................... 6
`Schein ......................................................................................................................... 8
`Youman ...................................................................................................................... 9
`Tornqvist ..................................................................................................................10
`The Combination of Bernhardson and Robarts .......................................................12
`Claim 1 ...........................................................................................................12
`Claim 12 .........................................................................................................24
`Claims 3 and 13 .............................................................................................36
`Claims 4 and 14 .............................................................................................37
`Claims 5 and 15 .............................................................................................38
`Claims 6 and 16 .............................................................................................39
`Claims 7 and 17 .............................................................................................40
`Claims 8 and 18 .............................................................................................41
`Claims 9 and 19 .............................................................................................41
`Claims 11 and 21 ...........................................................................................42
`Combining Bernhardson and Robarts ...........................................................43
`Claim 2 ...........................................................................................................44
`Combining Bernhardson, Robarts, and Schein..............................................45
`Claims 10 and 20 ...........................................................................................46
`Combining Bernhardson, Robarts, and Youman ...........................................47
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`P. 2
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`The Combination of Tornqvist and Robarts ............................................................48
`Claim 1 ...........................................................................................................48
`Claim 12 .........................................................................................................60
`Claims 3 and 13 .............................................................................................75
`Claims 4 and 14 .............................................................................................76
`Claims 5 and 15 .............................................................................................77
`Claims 6 and 16 .............................................................................................78
`Claims 7 and 17 .............................................................................................79
`Claims 8 and 18 .............................................................................................80
`Claims 9 and 19 .............................................................................................80
`Claims 11 and 21 ...........................................................................................81
`Combining Tornqvist and Robarts ................................................................82
`Claim 2 ...........................................................................................................83
`Combining Tornqvist, Robarts, and Schein ..................................................84
`Claims 10 and 20 ...........................................................................................85
`Combining Tornqvist, Robarts, and Youman................................................86
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`P. 3
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`I, Brad A. Myers, declare as follows:
`1.
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`I am currently a Professor at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), and I have
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`been on the faculty at CMU since 1987. I received a Bachelor of Science in
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`Computer Science and Engineering and Master of Science in Computer Science
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`from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980. I received my Doctorate in
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`Computer Science from the University of Toronto in 1987.
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`2. My research activities have covered User Interface Software, Programming
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`Environments, End-User Software Engineering, API Usability, Smartphone User
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`Interfaces, Demonstrational Interfaces, User Interface Design, Window Managers,
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`and Visual Programming.
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`3.
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`Additional details about my employment history, fields of expertise, and
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`publications are included in my curriculum vitae, attached as Ex. A.
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`4.
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`I have been retained by Sony Corporation in connection with its petition for
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`inter partes review of U.S. Patent No. 7,752,564 (“the ’564 patent”). I have over 30
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`years of experience in fields relevant to the ’564 patent.
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`5.
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`I have reviewed the ’564 patent as well as its prosecution history. I have also
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`reviewed U.S. Patent No. 6,976,228 (“Bernhardson”), U.K. Patent Application
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`Publication No. 2,325,537 (“Robarts”), U.S. Patent No. 6,412,110 (“Schein”), U.S.
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`Patent No. 5,629,733 (“Youman”), PCT International Patent Application
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`P. 4
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`Publication No. WO 00/65429 (“Tornqvist”), and U.S. Patent No. 5,396,588
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`(“Froessl”).
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`THE ’564 PATENT
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`6.
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`The ’564 patent describes systems and methods for navigating through
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`selectable options using a graphical user interface. (’564 patent, 1:31-34, 3:38-4:7,
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`5:53-54, 6:15-21, 6:39-50, 11:25-12:22, 14:19-52). The “selectable options” include
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`“channels, programs, applications, digital media files, etc.” (’564 patent, 3:38-40;
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`see also 8:40-47). Each selectable option may be associated with a “card 200,” which
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`is described as “an object or other suitable data structure that provides information
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`about and/or access to an available option” and as “a container of all of the attributes,
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`actions, and/or states needed to facilitate interaction with the option represented
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`thereby.” (’564 patent, 3:52-57; see also 11:9-13, 11:17-24, 14:25-30).
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`’564 patent, Fig. 12 (excerpt)
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`P. 5
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`7.
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`Each card 200 may include one or more tags 1200, indicating, e.g., “a genre,
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`type, function, priority, or other characteristic of a card 200 or a represented option.”
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`(’564 patent, 11:17-20). Filter(s) 1202 may be provided for filtering cards based on
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`the tags, and certain cards 200 may be used to represent the filters 1202. (’564 patent,
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`11:25-12:11, 14:31-33, 15:5-8). The filter “may be embodied as an object, a module
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`of code, a data structure, a circuit, or other suitable mechanism for performing or
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`assisting with the filtering function.” (’564 patent, 11:26-29).
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`8.
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`The interface displays a sequence of filter cards along a first axis that
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`intersects a “focus area.” (’564 patent, 12:1-19, 14:33-37, Fig. 13). The user can use
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`an input device to scroll the filter cards along the first axis, and select the filter card
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`displayed in the focus area. (’564 patent, 12:12-19, 14:33-39, 15:5-10, Fig. 13).
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`Selecting a filter card filters the options so that a second set of cards that corresponds
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`to the selected filter is displayed along a second, perpendicular axis, which intersects
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`the first axis at the focus area. (’564 patent, 8:48-51, 12:12-26, 14:33-35, 14:40-49,
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`15:5-10, Fig. 13). The user can scroll the second set of cards along the second axis,
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`and select the card displayed in the focus area. (’564 patent, 12:20-22, 14:48-52).
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`P. 6
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`’564 patent, Fig. 13
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`9.
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`User interfaces that allow a user to navigate through options displayed along
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`two perpendicular axes that intersect at a selectable focus area—in which the options
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`displayed on one axis represent results of the option displayed in the focus area of
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`the other axis—were well known by August of 2001. Moreover, using filter
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`techniques, such as comparing filtering criteria to attributes of options, to limit the
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`number of options displayed in an electronic program guide was also well known by
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`then. Therefore, as explained below, the claims of the ’564 patent describe a
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`P. 7
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`predictable combination of conventional and well-known techniques, according to
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`their known functionalities, as would have been understood in 2001.
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`BERNHARDSON
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`10. Bernhardson discloses a graphical user interface including a horizontal scroll
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`bar H and a vertical scroll bar V. (Bernhardson, 3:51-55). “The scroll bars intersect
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`in a focus region 16 in the lower left corner” of the user interface. (Bernhardson,
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`3:55-57). Each scroll bar includes a plurality of scroll bar elements (“elements”)
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`“that can be scrolled successively through the focus region.” (Bernhardson, 2:11-
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`12). In Fig. 3, Bernhardson discloses elements V0-V6, which can be scrolled
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`vertically into the focus region 16 using the “up” or “down” scroll buttons of a
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`remote control. (Bernhardson, 3:63-67). Similarly, Bernhardson discloses elements
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`H0-H6, which can be horizontally scrolled into the focus region 16 using the “left”
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`or “right” scroll buttons. (Bernhardson, 4:6-10).
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`P. 8
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`11.
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`“[W]hen elements of the [horizontal] scroll bar are scrolled individually into
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`the focus region [16],” the elements “of the [vertical] scroll bar signify content
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`sources which are” grouped into the horizontal element. (Bernhardson, 2:6-24).
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`Bernhardson also provides that the user can scroll the vertical elements into the focus
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`region 16 so that the user can make the user’s ultimate selection. (Bernhardson, 4:47-
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`51).
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`12.
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`In Bernhardson, the option included in each horizontal element H may be
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`“programmed content data,”
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`(Bernhardson, 6:36-37), such as cartoons
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`(Bernhardson, Fig. 4C (H1)), but can also be different option types, such as games
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`and the Internet (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C (H2, H3)).
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`ROBARTS
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`13. Robarts discloses software “which enables creation of queries to facilitate
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`simple and complex searches” on an electronic program guide. (Robarts, 19:11-12).
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`The software can be implemented in an interactive television or a set-top box.
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`(Robarts, 14:2-4, 24:20-23). For example, the interactive television is connected to
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`P. 9
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`an EPG database 72, which stores program information received from a content
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`provider. (Robarts, 27:7-9, 34:3-5, Fig. 5). This program information is stored as a
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`data structure encompassing various items, each of which includes several data fields
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`90. (Robarts, 26:1-3, Fig. 4).
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`14. The software provides the viewer with a user interface 170, which has a
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`scrollable grid displaying the program information obtained from the EPG database
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`72. (Robarts, 22:6-7, 31:18-21, Fig. 6). The user interface allows the user to scroll
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`through the program information, and select a desired program to watch. (Robarts,
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`33:12-15). In addition, the user interface discloses several “predefined query
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`buttons.” (Robarts, 36:3). “The queries function as a filter which sifts through the
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`programming information and returns only those items which satisfy the
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`parameters.” (Robarts, 40:22-24). For example, “[a]ctivation of these query buttons
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`trigger a query of the EPG database 72 to identify programs satisfying the predefined
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`query parameters.” (Robarts, 36:4-5). For example, by activating the “comedies”
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`query button 206 shown in Fig. 6, “a query of the EPG database 72 for all comedy
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`programs” is initiated. (Robarts, 36:16-18).
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`P. 10
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`15. The viewer can create various viewer-defined queries. (Robarts, 38:9-10). For
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`example, the viewer can select various search parameters, such as a program genre,
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`and “based on these parameters, the [software] constructs a query and searches the
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`EPG database 72 to locate programs satisfying the query.” (Robarts, 38:16-17).
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`Also, the software monitors a viewer’s viewing habits, and “automatically develops
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`queries for identifying programs that the viewer would likely watch.” (Robarts,
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`19:23-24).
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`SCHEIN
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`16. Schein discloses a system for displaying a program guide on a television
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`screen. (Schein, 1:12-15). The program guide shows program schedule information
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`in a grid, which “lists the channels in a vertical column … and the [show] times in a
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`horizontal row.” (Schein, 4:17, 4:25-27, Fig. 1).
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`P. 11
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`17. The viewer can scroll through the grid using a remote control device. (Schein,
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`3:59-63, 4:17-24). For example, each click on a scroll button on the program guide
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`scrolls the program guide one half-hour to the left or right to display earlier or later
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`programs. (Schein, 11:54-58). “A click-and-hold scrolls a half-hour every half-
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`second, accelerating over time as the user continues to hold, coming to a stop upon
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`letting up.” (Schein, 11:58-60).
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`YOUMAN
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`18. Youman discloses an electronic program schedule system which receives
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`schedule information for television programs. (Youman, 4:64-67). The system has a
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`user interface which allows the user to filter the program schedule information by
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`category of the programs. (Youman, 17:5-9, 17:11-15). For example, the user
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`P. 12
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`interface has “a ‘Category Listing’ mode in which program schedule information is
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`displayed and categorized by program content.” (Youman, 17:5-9). Youman also
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`discloses that a “revised or replacement” version of the “application software which
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`controls the program schedule system” can “be downloaded directly from the
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`software developer to the user site through the cable or other transmission system.”
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`(Youman, 8:32-40).
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`TORNQVIST
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`19. Tornqvist discloses a method and arrangements for “scrollable cross point
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`navigation in a user interface” used to select an option. (Tornqvist, 3:4-6). The “cross
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`point navigation” system allows a user of appliances such as “digital TV set-top
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`boxes” to navigate and select different types of services in “an easy way without
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`disturbing the actual viewing experience of the user.” (Tornqvist, 5:26-30).
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`20. User-selectable options in the interface are organized into “one or more
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`levels,” in a “tree-like manner with any branch of the tree constituting a further
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`level.” (Tornqvist, 9:5-6, 9:22-23). The user-selectable options at “a first level are
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`very general” categories. (Tornqvist, 9:8).
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`21. At least two “bars”—e.g., a vertical bar and a horizontal bar—are provided
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`for scrollable cross point navigation. (Tornqvist, 7:25-29). One of the bars displays
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`user-selectable options at one level and the other bar displays user-selectable options
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`at a higher or lower level. (Tornqvist, 12:7-9, Figs. 2a and 2b). A user may scroll
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`P. 13
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`through the options of all the levels (e.g., the first level, second level, third level,
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`etc.) by navigating back and forth between the vertical and horizontal bars.
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`(Tornqvist, 9:27-10:5).
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`22.
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`“Scrolling is accomplished by feeding or ‘zapping’ up and down or left or
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`right” to move objects—representing user-selectable options at each level—to a
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`fixed “focus” area. (Tornqvist, 4:14-15; Figs. 2a, 2b). Objects on each bar are
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`“displayed in sequence” through “scroll action” by actuating function commands
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`such as “left, right, up, down, and OK or like confirmation.” (Tornqvist, 4:22-26).
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`23. When a user scrolls the vertical bar up or down to place one of the objects
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`from the vertical bar (e.g., one of objects A-G) into the fixed “focus area,” the
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`horizontal bar displays objects (e.g. objects F0-F5) corresponding to the object from
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`the vertical bar in the fixed focus area (e.g. object F). (Tornqvist, 7:24-27, 7:32-36).
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`P. 14
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`When the user scrolls the horizontal bar left or right to place one of the objects from
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`the horizontal bar (e.g., one of objects F0-F5) into the fixed “focus area,” the vertical
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`bar displays objects (e.g. objects F2:0-F2:5) corresponding to the object from the
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`horizontal bar (e.g. object F2). (Tornqvist, 7:24-27, 7:32-36).
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`THE COMBINATION OF BERNHARDSON AND ROBARTS
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`Claim 1
`24. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent describes a “method for navigating options
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`within a user interface.” Bernhardson, for example, discloses a method for
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`navigating “a graphical user interface which may be used to select content sources.”
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`(Bernhardson, 2:3-5). The “content sources” are displayed as elements and they refer
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`to options. (Bernhardson, 4:12-21).
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`P. 15
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`25. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent describes “providing a first set of cards, each
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`card graphically representing a single available option from one of a plurality
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`of option types.”
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`26. For example, Bernhardson discloses a set of cards as graphical user interface
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`elements, each of which includes “individual object fields in which information
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`concerning sources of program content can be displayed.” (Bernhardson, 3:59-62).
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`In Bernhardson’s user interface, the vertical elements are displayed as “two-
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`dimensional rectangular displays,” and the horizontal elements are displayed as
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`“three-dimensional rectangular blocks.” (Bernhardson, 3:59-62, 4:3-6). Each of
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`these elements facilitates interaction with a television option. For example, selection
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`of a horizontal element results in the display of a set of vertical elements that
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`correspond to the selected horizontal element, and selection of a vertical element
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`results in the display of the corresponding option, such as a television channel (e.g.
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`a news channel, a cartoon channel), as well as other types of options, e.g., a game,
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`an Internet website. (Bernhardson, 4:12-19, 4:47-51, Figs. 3, 4A, 4B, 4C). The ‘564
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`patent states that a card “may be a container of all of the attributes, actions, and/or
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`states needed to facilitate interaction with the option represented thereby.” (’564
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`patent, 3:51-59). Therefore, because Bernhardson’s elements graphically represent
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`information about the source of programs (or other types of options) and facilitate
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`interaction with the programs (or options), they disclose a plurality of options.
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`P. 16
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`27. Moreover, these elements describe different option types. Bernhardson
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`provides that its user interface can be used in a variety of applications such as a home
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`computer, a gaming device, or a vending machine. (Bernhardson, 6:30-34). For
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`example, in Fig. 4C, Bernhardson discloses elements for displaying cartoon
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`channels, games, and Internet websites. (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C). More specifically,
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`Bernhardson discloses that “it is desirable to provide a system which can bookmark
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`individual web sites and pages that are of interest to the user,” (Bernhardson, 1:23-
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`25), and thus, Bernhardson’ disclosure of an element pertaining to “an Internet news
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`site” describes a website. (Bernhardson, 4:39-47, 1:23-25). Therefore, because
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`Bernhardson discloses elements pertaining to various types of options, e.g., cartoon
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`channels, games, and Internet websites, Bernhardson discloses elements that
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`represent options from among a plurality of option types.
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`28. Robarts also discloses cards that represent a plurality of options. Robarts
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`discloses software in connection with an EPG database 72, which stores program
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`information received from a content provider. (Robarts, 27:7-9, 34:3-5). The
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`software provides the viewer with a user interface 170, which has a scrollable grid
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`displaying the program information obtained from the EPG database 72. (Robarts,
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`22:6-7, 31:18-21). This program information is stored as a data structure
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`encompassing various items, each item including several data fields 90. (Robarts,
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`26:1-2, Fig. 4). According to the ’564 patent, a card can be a data structure. (’564
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`P. 17
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`patent, 3:51-59). Therefore, by disclosing the program information as a data
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`structure, Robarts discloses a first set of cards each representing an option.
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`29. Robarts also discloses different option types for the cards. In Fig. 14, Robarts
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`displays a query from the EPG database 72 for retrieval of television program
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`information and a query from the web cache for retrieval of web sites. (Robarts,
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`45:22-46:2). Robarts further discloses that its filtering techniques can be used for
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`different option types: movies, games, financial records, communications records,
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`software, and document files. (Robarts, 52:8-11). Therefore, by disclosing various
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`types of options for which the user can filter and display in the user interface, such
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`as television programs and websites, Robarts also discloses a plurality of option
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`types.
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`30. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent further describes “providing a user interface
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`including a focus area intersected by a first axis.” Bernhardson, for example,
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`discloses a graphical user interface which displays a horizontal bar H and a vertical
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`bar V, and the focus region 16 at the point where these two bars intersect.
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`(Bernhardson, 3:50-57, Fig. 3). The horizontal bar H corresponds to the claimed first
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`axis, and the focus region 16 corresponds to the claimed focus area.
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`31. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent further describes “displaying a set of cards
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`representing filters along the first axis, each filter corresponding to a respective
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`one of the plurality of option types.” Bernhardson discloses horizontal elements
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`P. 18
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`H0-H5 along the horizontal scroll bar H, and these elements represent filters that
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`correspond to different option types. (Bernhardson, 3:67-4:3). The horizontal
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`elements correspond to vertical elements. (Bernhardson, 4:12-19). Once triggered,
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`each horizontal element can filter various television programs as well as other type
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`of options, and display the filtered options on the vertical scroll bar. (Bernhardson,
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`4:39-47, 6:34-37). For example, Fig. 3 discloses a filter H3 for Internet websites and
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`a filter H2 for sports channels. (Bernhardson, Fig. 3). Similarly, Fig. 4C discloses a
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`filter H1 for cartoon channels, a filter H2 for games, and a filter H3 for Internet
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`websites. (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C).
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`32. Similarly, as discussed below in ¶¶ 36-38, Robarts discloses various filters,
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`and these filters pertain to different option types, e.g., in Fig. 14, Robarts discloses
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`a filter 282 for television programs, and a filter 292 for Internet web sites. (Robarts,
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`45:16-18, 45:22-46:2).
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`33. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent further describes “receiving a selection of a filter
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`in response to a user scrolling the set of filter cards along the first axis to align
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`a corresponding filter card with the focus area.” Bernhardson discloses that the
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`user can scroll the horizontal and vertical elements through the focus region 16 using
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`scroll buttons 17, 18, 21, and 22 provided on the infrared controller 4. (Bernhardson,
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`3:27-29, 3:64-67, 4:6-10). For example, as illustrated in Fig. 3, the user can scroll
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`the horizontal element H1 (which includes news) into the focus region 16.
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`P. 19
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`(Bernhardson, 4:3-10, 4:27-30). When a horizontal element is scrolled into the focus
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`region, the vertical elements associated with the horizontal element populate the
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`vertical bar. (Bernhardson, 2:12-18, 1:49-52, 6:50-58). For example, Bernhardson
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`discloses in Fig. 4C that if the horizontal element H1 “Son-cartoons” is in the focus
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`region, various elements representing cartoon channels will be displayed on the
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`vertical axis. (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C).
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`34. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent further describes “filtering the first set of cards
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`according to the selected filter to produce a second set of cards, the second set
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`of cards only including cards representing the type of option corresponding to
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`the selected filter.” Bernhardson discloses that in response to scrolling a horizontal
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`element into the focus region, elements that correspond to the horizontal element
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`will be displayed on the vertical bar. (Bernhardson, 2:12-18, 1:49-52, 6:50-58).
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`Bernhardson also discloses that the displayed vertical elements are “associated with”
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`the horizontal bar element. (Bernhardson, 4:30-35). Therefore, by displaying only
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`the associated vertical elements, Bernhardson discloses filtering the displayed
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`vertical elements based on the selection of the corresponding horizontal element.
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`35. Bernhardson also discloses that the options displayed on the vertical axis are
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`all of the same type of option corresponding to the selected filter on the horizontal
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`axis. For example, in Figure 4C, when the horizontal element H1 “Son-cartoons” is
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`in the focus area, the interface displays only vertical elements that represent cartoon
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`P. 20
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`channels on the vertical axis, as opposed to other option types, such as games or
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`Internet websites. (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C).
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`36. Additionally, Robarts discloses filtering cards according to option type.
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`Robarts discloses software in an interactive television system for filtering
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`information. (Robarts, 14:5-7). An interactive television is provided with an EPG
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`database 72, which stores program information as a data structure encompassing
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`various items, each item including several data fields 90. (Robarts, 27:7-9, 34:3-5,
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`26:1-3). These data fields 90 can contain information such as titles, actor names, the
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`scheduled time of the program, the network name, and the like. (Robarts, 26:3-5,
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`Fig. 4).
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`37. The software provides a user interface 170, which has a scrollable grid
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`displaying the program information obtained from the EPG database 72. (Robarts,
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`32:14, 22:6-7, 31:18-21). The user interface includes several “predefined query
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`buttons.” (Robarts, 36:3). “Activation of these query buttons trigger a query of the
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`EPG database 72 to identify programs satisfying the predefined query parameters.”
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`(Robarts, 36:4-5). For example, activating the “comedies” query button 206
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`“initiates a query of the EPG database 72 for all comedy programs”. (Robarts, 36:16-
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`17). Additionally, the user can create various user-defined queries. (Robarts, 38:9-
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`10). These queries are not limited to television programs, and they can pertain to
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`various types of options, e.g., games, educational materials, communications
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`records, software, etc. (Robarts, 52:8-11).
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`38. Figure 9 displays “a diagrammatic illustration of how a query filters the
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`program database … to identify programs satisfying the parameters of the query.”
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`(Robarts, 22:10-11). The viewer has defined “a science fiction (Sci-Fi) query”
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`including a science fiction parameter. (Robarts, 41:3-4). Once the query is triggered,
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`the software filters the programs provided in the database to “a short list of Sci-Fi
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`programs” including only the programs with a science fiction genre, and displays
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`the short list in the user interface. (Robarts, 41:5-9). Because the queries of Robarts
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`cause display of options only related to each specific query parameter, Robarts
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`discloses filtering cards representing the type of option corresponding to the selected
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`filter.
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`39. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent further describes “displaying at least a subset of
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`the second set of cards along a second axis that is perpendicular to the first axis,
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`one card being displayable within the focus area.” Bernhardson discloses
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`displaying on the vertical scroll bar those vertical elements that correspond to the
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`selected horizontal element. (Bernhardson, 4:12-19). For example, as disclosed in
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`Fig. 3, the user can scroll the horizontal element H1 (which includes news content)
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`into the focus region 16. (Bernhardson, 4:3-10, 4:27-30). When the horizontal
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`element H1 is scrolled into the focus region 16, “the vertical … elements are
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`populated with details concerning content sources that the father has selected to form
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`a group associated with ‘news’ for the horizontal element H1.” (Bernhardson, 4:31-
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`35). Similarly, in Fig. 4C, when the horizontal element H1 “Son-cartoons” is in the
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`focus area, the interface displays only vertical elements that represent cartoon
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`channels on the vertical axis. (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C). Once the selected vertical
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`elements are displayed, “the user can then operate the vertical scrolling keys 17, 18
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`on the controller 4 to scroll the vertical scroll bar V so as to move one of the vertical
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`scroll bar elements V into the focus region 16.” (Bernhardson, 4:36-39). Therefore,
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`Bernhardson discloses displaying the vertical elements along the vertical axis
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`perpendicular to the horizontal axis, with one vertical element displayable within the
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`focus region.
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`40. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent further describes “receiving a selection of a
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`second filter in response to a user scrolling the set of filter cards along the first
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`axis to align a second corresponding filter card with the focus area.”
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`Bernhardson discloses receiving a selection of a second horizontal element after
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`selection of a first horizontal element. Specifically, the user can scroll a second
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`horizontal element into the focus region, which results in the corresponding set of
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`vertical elements being displayed along the vertical axis. (Bernhardson, 2:12-18,
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`1:49-52, 6:50-58).
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`41. For example, in Fig. 4B, the element H1 (“Mother-shopping”) is displayed in
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`the focus region 16, which results in various shopping channels being displayed on
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`the vertical axis. (Bernhardson, 5:15-21, Fig. 4B). When the user scrolls a second
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`horizontal element H3 (“Mother-fashion”) into the focus region 16, various program
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`information related to fashion are displayed along the vertical axis. (Bernhardson,
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`4:19-22, 5:21-26). Further, the second filter can be of a different option type than
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`the first selected filter. For example, “Son-games” or “Son-Internet” can be selected
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`as the second filter (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C).
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`42. Claim 1 of the ’564 patent further describes “filtering the first set of cards
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`to produce a third set of cards wherein each of the cards in the third set differs
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`in type from each of the cards in the second set.” Bernhardson discloses that in
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`response to selection of a horizontal element, the elements that correspond to that
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`horizontal element will be displayed on the vertical bar. (Bernhardson, 2:12-18,
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`1:49-52, 6:50-58). Bernhardson also discloses that the displayed vertical bar
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`elements are “associated with” the horizontal bar element. (Bernhardson, 4:30-35).
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`Therefore, by displaying only the associated vertical elements, Bernhardson filters
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`the displayed vertical elements based on the horizontal element in the focus region.
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`43. Bernhardson also discloses that the elements displayed along the vertical axis
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`in response to the selection of one horizontal element can be of a different option
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`type than the elements displayed along the vertical axis in response to the selection
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`of another horizontal element. For example, Bernhardson discloses horizontal
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`elements pertaining to television programs, e.g., “Son-cartoons.” (Bernhardson, Fig.
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`4C). When the user selects this element, various cartoon channels are displayed
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`along the vertical axis. (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C). Bernhardson also discloses other
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`horizontal elements pertaining to other option types, e.g., “Son-games” and “Son-
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`Internet.” (Bernhardson, Fig. 4C). Just as Bernhardson explains with reference to
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`selection of different horizontal elements in Fig. 4B (Bernhardson, 5:15-26), if the
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`user selects one of these other horizontal elements in Fig. 4C, such as “Son-games,”
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`various options corresponding to that