Hawley’s
`
`Condensed Chemical
`
`Dictionary
`
`TWELFTH EDITION
`
`Revised by
`
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`
`
`
`VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY
`es New York
`
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`Copyright © 1993 by Van Nostrand Reinhold
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-18951
`ISBN 0-442-01131-8
`
`All rights reserved. Certain portions of this work © 1930, 1920, 1919 by The Chemical Catalog Co., Inc., and
`1987, 1981, 1977, 1971, 1966, 1956, 1950 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. No partof this work covered by the copyright
`hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic,electronic, or mechanical, including pho-
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`publisher.
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`
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`
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`Librafy of:Congress Cataloging¢in-Publication Data
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`Condensed chemicaldictionary...) °. ;.
`Hawley’scondensed chemicaldictionary.—12th ed./revised by
`Richard J. Lewis}Sr.
`p-
`cm.
`ISBN 0-442-01131-8
`1. Hawley, Gessner Goodrich, 1905-1983
`1. Chemistry—Dictionaries.
`Il. Lewis, Richard J.,Sr. U1. Title.
`QDS.Cs
`1992
`540° .3—de20
`
`92-1895]
`CIP
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`This material may be protected by Copyright law(Title 17 U.S. Code} |
`
`It also may be a drawn metal
`polyethylene).
`(tungsten, gold) ora metal carbide.
`See fiber.
`
`filament winding. The process of winding fibers
`under tension onto a prepared core. Before or
`during the winding operation, the assembly is
`impregnated with a thermosetting resin. Struc-
`tures of considerable size and strength can be
`made in this way. The fibers used are chiefly
`glass, boron, or silicon carbide.
`See filament.
`,
`
`521
`
`“FILTROL”
`
`cellophane, polyethylene, polyvinylidene chlo-
`ride, etc., used for wrapping and packaging of
`food products, meats, and poultry (especially
`shrink films which are stretched before applica-
`tion). These function as a moisture vapor bar-
`rier. Plastic films are also usedasslip surfacesin
`concrete structures such as air strips, ice rinks,
`and highways. Photographic film is made from
`cellulose acetate.
`
`filter. See filtration; leaf, filter; baghouse.
`
`filter aid. See filter media, filtration.
`
`filteralum. See aluminum sulfate.
`
`(1) An inert mineral powder of rather high
`filler.
`specific gravity (2.00-4.50) used in plastic prod-
`ucts and rubber mix to provide a certain degree
`of stiffness and hardness and to decrease cost.
`filter medium. Almost any water-insoluble po-
`Examples are calcium carbonate (whiting), ba-
`rous material having a reasonable degree of ri-
`rytes, blanc fixe, silicates, glass spheres and bub-
`gidity can serve asafilter. Sand is used in simple
`bles, slate flour, soft clays, etc. Fillers have nei-
`large-scale water filtration,
`the voids between
`ther reinforcing nor coloring properties, and the
`the grains providing the porosity. In industrial
`term should not be applied to materials that do,
`operations, cotton duck, woven wire cloth,
`i.e., reinforcing agents or pigments. Fillers are
`nylon cloth, and glass cloth are used. For labo-
`similar to extenders and diluents intheir cost-re-
`ratory work, Whatman filter paper, diatoma-
`ducing function; exact lines of distinction be-
`ceous earth, and closely packed glass fibers are
`tween these termsare difficult, if not impossible,
`standard materials. Plastics membranes con-
`to draw. Useof fillers and extenders in plastics
`taining over a million pores per square inch are
`has increased in recent years due to shortages of
`used in bacteriological filtration.
`basic materials.
`Seealso filtration; screen.
`(2) The cross or transverse thread in a fabric or
`other textile structure,
`(3) A metal or alloy used in brazing and solder-
`ing to effect union of the metals being joined.
`See also diluent, extender, reinforcing agent.
`
`film, An extremely thin continuous sheet of a
`substance which may or may not be in contact
`with a substrate. There is no precise upperlimit
`of thickness, but a reasonable assumption is
`0.010 inch. The protective value of any film de-
`pends on its being 100%continuous, i.e., with-
`out holes or cracks, since it must form an effi-
`cient barrier to molecules of atmospheric water
`vapor, oxygen, etc. A long-chain fatty acid or
`alcohol on water producesa film whose ‘‘thick-
`ness’’ is the length of one molecule (approxi-
`mately 200 A). The fatty acid molecules are ori-
`ented with the radical end in the water. Such
`films are good evaporation barriers and have
`been successfully imposed on glass. Soap bub-
`bles are elastic films about one micron thick and
`have considerable strength.
`Film-forming agents (drying oils) are essential
`in paints and lacquers. Oxide films formed auto-
`matically on the surface of aluminum protectit
`from corrosion. Thin metallic oxide films are
`widely used in electronic and semiconducting de-
`vices. Electro-deposited metals (chromium, cop-
`per, nickel) are conventionally (and perhaps il-
`logically) called coatings.
`The term ‘‘film’’ is also applied to sheets of
`
`filtersand. Sand used to separate sediment and
`suspended matter from water.
`
`separating sus-
`filiration. The operation of
`pended solids from a liquid (or gas) by forcing
`the mixture through a porous barrier (see filter
`media}. The construction and operation of the
`many kinds of industrial filtration equipment
`are too detailed to permit description. The most
`widely used types may be classified as follows:
`(1) gravity filters, used largely for water purifi-
`cation and consisting of thick beds of sand and
`gravel which retain the flocculated impurities as
`the water passes through, (2) pressure filters of
`plate-and-frame or shell-and-leaf construction
`whichutilize filter cloths of coarse fabric as a
`separating medium, (3) vacuum or suction filters
`of the rotating drum or disk type, used on thick
`sludges and slurries, (4) edge filters, (5) clarifica-
`tion filters, (6) bag filters (dust collectors). Gel
`filtration is a chromatographic technique in-
`volving separation at the molecular level. For
`bacteriological
`filtration, membranes having
`over a million pores per square inch are used,
`e.g., collodion or synthetic film. Some types of
`viruses will pass through such membranes and
`are thus knownas filterable viruses.
`See baghouse.
`
`“Filtrol’ [Filtrol]. TM for acid-activated clays
`used as decolorizing adsorbents andcatalysts.
`
`