`
`Hewley ’s
`
`Condensed Chemical
`
`Dictionary
`
`TWELFTH EDITION
`
`Revised by
`
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`
`
`
`. WENDT LIBRARY
`F ENGINEERING
`
`wuscrwsw
`'mo
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`UNIV
`MADISO
`
`.
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`VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY
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`Copyright © 1993 by Van Nostrand Reinhold
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92- [3951
`ISBN 0—442—0i 131—8
`
`All rights reserved. Certain portions of this work © 1930, 1920. 1929 by The Chemical Catalog C0,, Inc., and
`1937, 1931, {9'3"}, 1971. 1966, 1956, 1950 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. No part oftltis work covered by the copyright
`hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic. or mechanical. including pho-
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`Library of.Congi-e3s .'Qatal'o'gingcian'ubliceition Data
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`Condensed ghflnicaldictionftny,9;:i
`..
`I-Iawlojr'skoiiden‘séd chétniéiil”dictionary—12m edJ revised by
`Richard J. LewisEISr.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0—442—0] 131—8
`1. Chemistry—Dictionaries.
`1]. Lewis, Richard J,,Sr.
`QD5.C5
`2992
`540’ .3—dc20
`
`l. Hewley, Gesstter Goodrich, [905—1983
`[1}. Title.
`
`9248951
`CIP
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`This material may be prolccled by Copyright law [‘lille l? u.s. Code} i
`
`it also may be a drawn metal
`polyethylene}.
`(tungsten. gold) or a metal carbide.
`See fiber.
`
`filament winding. The process of winding fibers
`under tension onto a prepared core. Before or
`during the winding operation, the assembly is
`impregnated with a thermosetting resin. Struc—
`tures of considerable size and strength can be
`made in this way. The fibers used are chiefly
`glass, boron, or srltcon cat bide
`See filament.
`
`(1} An inert mineral powder of rather high
`tiller.
`specific gravity (2.00—4.50) used in plastic prod-
`ucts and rubber mix to provide a certain degree
`of stiffness and hardness and to decrease cost.
`Examples are calcium carbonate {whiting}, ba-
`rytes, blanc fixe, silicates, glass spheres and bub-
`bles, slate flour, soft clays, etc. Fillers have nei—
`ther reinforcing nor coloring properties, and the
`term should not be applied to materials that do,
`i.e., reinforcing agents or pigments. Fillers are
`similar to extenders and diluents in their cost-re-
`ducing function; exact littes of distinction be—
`tween these terms are difficult, ifnot impossible,
`to draw. Use of filters and extenders in plastics
`has increased in recent years due to shortages of
`basic materials.
`{2) The cross or transverse thread in a fabric or
`orher textile structure.
`
`{3) A metal or alloy used in brazing and solder—
`ing to effect union of the metals being joined.
`See also diluent, extender, reinforcing agent.
`
`film. An extremely thin continuous sheet of a
`substance which may or may not be in contact
`with a substrate. There is no precise upper limit
`of thickness, but a reasonable assumption is
`0.010 inch. The protective value of any film de~
`pends on its being 100% continuous, i.e., with-
`out holes or cracks, since it must form an effi—
`cient barrier to molecules of atmospheric water
`vapor, oxygen, etc. A long—chain fatty acid or
`alcohol on water produces a film whose “thick—
`ness’ is the length of one molecule (approxi-
`mately 200 A) The fatty acid molecules are ori—
`ented with the radical end in the water. Such
`films are good evaporation barriers and have
`been successfully imposed on glass. Soap bub-
`pics are elastic films about one micron thick and
`have considerable strength.
`Film-forming agents (drying oils) are essential
`in paints and lacquers. Oxide films formed auto-
`matically on the surface of aluminum protect it
`from corrosion. Thin metallic oxide films are
`widely used in electronic and semiconducting de—
`vices. Electro—deposited metals (chromium, cop—
`per, nickel) are conventionally (and perhaps il-
`logically) called coatings.
`The term “film” is also applied to sheets of
`
`52]
`
`"FILTROL"
`
`cellophane, polyethylene, polyvinylidene chlo—
`ride, etc., used for wrapping and packaging of
`food products, meats, and poultry (especially
`shrink films which are stretched before applica~
`tion). These function as a moisture vapor bar~
`rier. Plastic films are also used as slip surfaces in
`concrete structures such as air strips, ice rinks,
`and highways. Photographic film is made from
`cellulose acetate.
`
`filter. See filtration: leaf, filter; baghouse.
`
`filter aid. See filter media, filtration.
`
`filter alum. See aluminum sulfate.
`
`filter medium. Almost any water—insoluble po-
`rous material having a reasonable degree of ri-
`gidity can serve as a filter. Sand is used in simple
`large—scale water filtration,
`the voids between
`the grains providing the porosity. [n industrial
`operations, cotton duck, woven wire cloth,
`nylon cloth, and glass cloth are used. For labo-
`ratory work, Whatrnan filter paper, diatom“
`ceous earth, and CIOsely packed glass fibers are
`standard materials. Plastics membranes con—
`taining over a million pores per square inch are
`used in bacteriological filtration.
`See also filtration; screen.
`
`filler sand. _ Sand used to separate sediment and
`SIISpended matter from water.
`
`separating sus—
`filtration. The operation of
`pended solids l't'on‘t a liquid (or gas} by forcing
`the mixture through a porous barrier (see filter
`media}. The construction and operation of the
`many kinds of industrial filtration equipment
`are too detailed to permit description. The mOst
`widely used types may be classified as follows:
`(1} gravity filters. used largely for water purifi—
`cation and consisting of thick beds of sand and
`gravel which retain the flocculated impurities as
`the water passes through, (2) pressure filters of
`platerand-frame or shell~antl—leal‘ construction
`which utilize filter cloths of coarse fabric as a
`separating medium, [3) vacuum or suction filters
`of the rotating drum or disk type. used on thick
`sludges and slurries. (4} edge filters, (5) clarifica-
`tion filters, (6] bag filters (dust collectors). Gel
`filtration is a chromatographic technique in~
`volving separation at the molecalar level. For
`bacteriological
`filtration, membranes having
`over a million pores per square inch are used,
`e. g., collodion or synthetic film Some types of
`viruses will pass through such membranes and
`are thus known as filterable viruses.
`Sec baghouse.
`
`“Filtrol” U-‘r'l't‘mfl. TM for acid—activated clays
`used as decolorizing adsorbents and catalysis.
`
`