ueloe ao ere iy)
`
`DICTIONARY OF
`
`
`
`Electronics
`
`VALERIE ILLINGWORTH
`
`THIRD EDITION
`
`EDITED BY
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`

`

`The Penguin Dictionary of
`ELECTRONICS
`
`Editor: Valerie Illingworth
`for Market House Books
`
`THIRD EDITION
`
`PENGUIN BOOKS
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIAv. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`

`

`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIAv. Polaris
`
`PENGUIN BOOKS
`
`Published by the Penguin Group
`Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England
`Penguin Putnam Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
`:
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B
`Penguin BooksIndia (P) Ltd, 11, Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi — 110 017, India
`Penguin Books (NZ)Ltd, Private Bag 102902, NSMC, Auckland, New Zealand
`Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 5 Watkins Street, Denver Ext 4, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa
`Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`
`First edition 1979
`Secondedition 1988
`Third edition 1998
`
`3 C
`
`opyright © Market House Books Ltd, 1979, 1988, 1998
`All rights reserved
`
`Typesetin 8.5/10.5 pt Times New Roman PS
`Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc
`
`z
`
`Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject
`to the condition thatit shall not, by wayoftrade or otherwise, belent,
`re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s
`prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than thatin
`whichit is published and withouta similar condition including this
`condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
`
`we
`
`ares
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`

`

`5
`
`adder
`
`active volt-amperes Syns. active component, in-phase componentofthe volt-amperes.
`The product of the voltage and the »active current or of the current and the >active
`voltage.It is equal to the real power in watts. »reactive volt-amperes.
`
`activity The ratio of the peak value of the oscillations in a >piezoelectric crystal to the
`peak valueof the exciting voltage.
`
`actuacting transfer function >feedback control loop.
`
`actuator A devicethat is used to convert an electrical signal into the appropriate me-
`chanical energy. It is a special case of a >transducer.
`
`parameter
`adjustment
`
`setpoint
`
`controller
`
`parameters
`
`
`output
`controller
`
`control
`signal
`
`
`
`
`
`Adaptive control system
`
`adaptive control system A >control system in which the controller has adjustable
`>parameters and a mechanism for adjusting the parameters. The controller becomes
`nonlinear because of the parameter adjustment mechanism. An adaptive control system
`can be modelled as a system having two loops (see diagram). One loop is a normal
`>feedback with the process and the controller. The other loop is the parameter
`adjustment loop, whichis often slower than the normal feedback loop.
`
`adaptive equalizer >equalization.
`
`ADCAbbrev.for analogue-to-digital converter.
`
`ADCCPAbbrev.for advance data communication control procedure. In communica-
`tions, a type of >protocol developed by the American National StandardsInstitute.It
`works at the bit level within a message: particular bits in the message are used toin-
`dicate which bits are the message, whichbits are the sender and recipient identifiers,
`and whichbits are concerned with error handling.
`
`Adcock direction finder Syn. Adcock antenna. A radio direction finder consisting of
`a numberof spaced vertical »antennas. The errors due to the horizontally polarized
`componentsofthe received wavesare effectively eliminated as such components have
`only a minimaleffect on the observed bearings.
`
`adderA circuit in a »computerthat performs mathematical addition. Afull adder con-
`tains several identical sections each of which add the corresponding »>bits of the twoIPR2017-01819
`NVIDIAv. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`

`

`additive synthesis
`
`6
`
`numbers to be added together with a carry digit from the preceding section and pro-
`duce an output corresponding to the sum of the bits and a carry digit for the next
`section.
`A half-adderis a circuit that adds twobits only and produces two outputs; the out-
`puts must be suitably combined in another half-adder in order to produce the correct
`outputs for all possible combinations of inputs.
`If two numberseach consisting of x bits are to be added,a full adder circuit requires
`2x inputs to x identical sections and (x + 1) outputs in order to perform the addition.
`additive synthesis >synthesis.
`address 1. A numberthat identifies a unique location in computer >memory. Memo-
`ries may be word-addressable or byte-addressable depending on the nature of the small-
`est addressable unit of store. 2. A numberthat identifies a particular input/output
`channel through which the >central processing unit of a computer communicates with
`its peripheral devices.
`address bus A special-purpose computer >busthat carries only >address information.
`The size of the address bus will specify the memory space thatis addressable: n ad-
`dress lines will allow 2” memory locationsto be individually identified.
`addressing mode The way in which the >address of a particular >memory location
`is produced in a computer system. These can include »direct addressing, >indirect
`addressing, >relative addressing, and >indexed addressing modes. Addressing modes
`are specified for individual processors; the specification is part of the computer ar-
`chitect’s task.
`admittance Symbol: Y; unit: siemens. The reciprocal of »impedance.It is a complex
`quantity given by
`
`Y=G+jB
`where G is the >conductance, B the >susceptance,and j = \-1. Since impedance, Z,
`is given by
`
`Z=R+jx,
`where R and X arethe resistance and reactance, respectively, then
`
`Y=1/Z=1(R+jX)
`
`= (R - jX)/(R° + X’)
`
`:
`
`admittance gap A gap in the wall of a >cavity resonator that allows it to be excited
`by a sourceof radiofrequency energy, such as a velocity-modulated electron beam, or
`that allowsit to affect such a source.
`
`ADSRAbbrev. for attack decay sustain release.
`
`aerial >antenna.
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIAv. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`

`

`coulomb
`
`104
`
`ficiently long the upper edge ofthe coil experiences a negligible force due to B. Thus
`the net vertical force, F, is just the force on the lower edgeofthe coil and is given by
`F = IJBdx
`
`where J is the current throughthecoil.
`The value of J is measured using a standard resistance and potentiometer and the
`force F by the changein the balance reading when the currentis reversed in direction.
`Thevalue JBdx measuredis the integrated flux density along the lower edge;the value
`at any point can be foundif the flux-density distribution is known.If the flux is uni-
`form along the length of the loweredge the valueof B is
`
`[Bdx/x
`
`wherex is the length of the loweredge.
`Magnetic flux densities of about 0.5 tesla have been measured using this method
`with an accuracyof a few parts in 100 000.
`
`coulomb Symbol: C. The >SI unit of electric >charge,defined as the charge transported
`through any cross section of a conductor in one second bya constantcurrent of one
`ampere. Charge, Q, can then be given as
`Q=Sldt
`where / is the current.
`
`coulombmeter Syn. coulometer. An instrument that measureselectric charge by the
`amountof material deposited electrochemically: the mass of a given element liberated
`from a solution ofits ions during electrolysis by one coulombis the electrochemical
`equivalent.
`
`Coulomb’s law The mutual force, F, between twoelectrostatic point charges, g, and
`2, that results from the interaction of the electrostatic fields surrounding them is
`given by
`
`F = q\qo/4ner?
`
`the permittivity of the medium.
`where r is the distance between the charges and €
`Coulomb’s law thusrelates electrical and mechanical phenomena. »Ampere’s law.
`coulometer >coulombmeter.
`
`counter 1. A device that detects and counts individual events, such as chargedparti-
`cles. The term is applied to the detector andto the instrumentitself. A single eventis
`converted into a pulse, and these pulses are then electronically counted. 2. Syn. digi-
`tal counter. Any electronic circuit that counts electronic pulses.
`In both cases, the average rate of occurrence of events counted is the countrate.
`The counter lag time is the delay between the primary event and the occurrenceof the
`count. The resolving time is the minimum time betweenthe occurrence of successive
`primary events that can be successfully counted.
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIAv. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`