THE PENGUIN
`
`DICTIONARY OF
`
`
`
`Electronics
`
`VALERIE ILLINGWORTH
`
`THiRD EDiTiCfiN
`
`EDITED BY
`
`'
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`IPR2017-01819
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`Polaris Ex. 2004
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`

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`The Penguin Dictionary of
`E L E C T R O N I C S
`
`Editor: Valerie Illingworth
`for Market House Books
`
`THIRD EDITION
`
`PENGUIN BOOKS
`
`IPR2017—o1819'
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
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`IPR2017-01819
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`
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`"Fa.amp“1,
`
`PENGUIN BOOKS
`
`Published by the Penguin Group
`Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 STZ, England
`Penguin Putnam Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
`-
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B
`Penguin Books India (P) Ltd, 11, Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 7 110 017, India
`Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, Private Bag 102902, NSMC, Auckland, New Zealand
`Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 5 Watkins Street, Denver Ext 4, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa
`Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`
`First edition 1979
`Second edition 1988
`Third edition 1998
`
`3 C
`
`opyright © Market House Books Ltd, 1979, I988, 1998
`All rights reserved
`
`Typeset in 8.5/105 pt Times New Roman PS
`Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc
`
`_
`
`Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject
`to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
`re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s
`prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in
`which it is published and without a similar condition including this
`condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
`
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`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`

`

`‘l
`
`5
`
`adder
`
`active volt-amperes Syns. active component, in-phase component of the volt—amperes.
`The product of the voltage and the >active current or of the current and the >active
`voltage. It is equal to the real power in watts. »reactive volt-amperes.
`
`activity The ratio of the peak value of the oscillations in a >piezoelectric crystal to the
`peak value of the exciting voltage.
`
`actuacting transfer function >feedback control loop.
`
`actuator A device that is used to convert an electrical signal into the appropriate me—
`chanical energy. It is a special case of a >transducer.
`
`parameter
`adjustment
`
`
`
`
`
`Adaptive control system
`
`controller
`
`parameters
`
`
`setpoint
`
`controller
`
`
`control
`signal
`
`adaptive control system A >control system in which the controller has adjustable
`>parameters and a mechanism for adjusting the parameters. The controller becomes
`nonlinear because of the parameter adjustment mechanism. An adaptive control system
`can be modelled as a system having two loops (see diagram), One loop is a normal
`>feedback with the process and the controller. The other loop is the parameter
`adjustment loop, which is often slower than the normal feedback loop.
`
`adaptive equalizer >equalization.
`
`ADC Abbrev. for analogue—to-digital converter.
`
`ADCCP Abbrev. for advance data communication control procedure. In communica-
`tions, a type of >pr0tocol developed by the American National Standards Institute. It
`works at the bit level within a message: particular bits in the message are used to in-
`dicate which bits are the message, which bits are the sender and recipient identifiers,
`and which bits are concerned with error handling.
`
`Adcock direction finder Syn. Adcock antenna. A radio direction finder consisting of
`a number of spaced vertical >antennas. The errors due to the horizontally polarized
`components of the received waves are effectively eliminated as such components have
`only a minimal effect on the observed bearings.
`
`adder A circuit in a >computer that performs mathematical addition. Afull adder con-
`tains several identical sections each of which add the corresponding >bits of the two
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`Polaris Ex. 2004
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`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
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`

`

`additive synthesis
`
`6
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`numbers to be added together with a carry digit from the preceding section and pro-
`duce an output corresponding to the sum of the bits and a carry digit for the next
`section.
`A half-adder is a circuit that adds two bits only and produces two outputs; the out-
`puts must be suitably combined in another half—adder in order to produce the correct
`outputs for all possible combinations of inputs.
`If two numbers each consisting of x bits are to be added, a hill adder circuit requires
`2x inputs to x identical sections and (x + 1) outputs in order to perform the addition.
`
`additive synthesis >synthesis.
`
`address 1. A number that identifies a unique location in computer >memory. Memo—
`ries may be word-addressable or byte—addressable depending on the nature of the small-
`est addressable unit of store. 2. A number that identifies a particular input/output
`channel through which the >centra1 processing unit of a computer communicates with
`its peripheral devices.
`
`address bus A special-purpose computer >bus that carries only >address information.
`The size of the address bus will specify the memory space that is addressable: n ad-
`dress lines will allow 2" memory locations to be individually identified.
`
`addressing mode The way in which the >address of a particular >memory location
`is produced in a computer system. These can include >direct addressing, >indirect
`addressing, >relative addressing, and >indexed addressing modes. Addressing modes
`are specified for individual processors; the specification is part of the computer ar-
`chitect’s task.
`
`admittance Symbol: Y; unit: Siemens. The reciprocal of >impedance. It is a complex
`quantity given by
`
`Y=G+jB
`
`where G is the >conductance, B the >susceptance, and j = V—l. Since impedance, Z,
`is given by
`
`Z = R + jX,
`
`where R and X are the resistance and reactance, respectively, then
`
`Y: 1/2 =1/(R +jX)
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`= (R ~jX)/(R2 + X2)
`
`-
`
`admittance gap A gap in the wall of a >cavity resonator that allows it to be excited
`by a source of radiofrequency energy, such as a velocity—modulated electron beam, or
`that allows it to affect such a source.
`
`ADSR Abbrev. for attack decay sustain release.
`
`aerial >antenna.
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`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`IPR2017-01819
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`Polaris Ex. 2004
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`

`

`coulomb
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`104
`
`ficiently long the upper edge of the coil experiences a negligible force due to B. Thus
`the net vertical force, F, is just the force on the lower edge of the coil and is given by
`
`F=Iinx
`
`where I is the current through the coil.
`The value of I is measured using a standard resistance and potentiometer and the
`force F by the change in the balance reading when the current is reversed in direction.
`The value lex measured is the integrated flux density along the lower edge; the value
`at any point can be found if the flux—density distribution is known. If the flux is uni—
`form along the length of the lower edge the value of B is
`
`Ide/x
`
`where x is the length of the lower edge.
`Magnetic flux densities of about 0.5 tesla have been measured using this method
`with an accuracy of a few parts in 100 000.
`
`coulomb Symbol: C. The >SI unit of electric >charge, defined as the charge transported
`through any cross section of a conductor in one second by a constant current of one
`ampere. Charge, Q, can then be given as
`
`Q = In:
`where I is the current.
`
`coulombmeter Syn. coulometer. An instrument that measures electric charge by the
`amount of material deposited electrochemically: the mass of a given element liberated
`from a solution of its ions during electrolysis by one coulomb is the electrochemical
`equivalent.
`
`Coulomb’s law The mutual force, E between two electrostatic point charges, ql and
`q2, that results from the interaction of the electrostatic fields surrounding them is
`given by
`
`F = q1q2/4TE8r2
`
`where r is the distance between the charges and a the >permittivity of the medium.
`Coulomb’s law thus relates electrical and mechanical phenomena. »Ampere’s law.
`coulometer >coulombmeter.
`
`counter 1. A device that detects and counts individual events, such as charged parti—
`cles. The term is applied to the detector and to the instrument itself. A single event is
`converted into a pulse, and these pulses are then electronically counted. 2. Syn. digi-
`tal counter. Any electronic circuit that counts electronic pulses.
`In both cases, the average rate of occurrence of events counted is the count rate.
`The counter lag time is the delay between the primary event and the occurrence of the
`count The resolving time is the minimum time between the occurrence of successive
`primary events that can be successfully counted.
`
`|PR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`
`IPR2017-01819
`NVIDIA v. Polaris
`Polaris Ex. 2004
`
`