U.S. Patent No. 8,724,622
`
`AppleInc.
`APL1112
`
`Apple Inc.
`APL1112
`U.S. Patent No. 8,724,622
`
`001
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending.
`ISBN 1-57231-743-4
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`123456789 QMQOM 210987
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`A CIPcatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information aboutinternational editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Website at
`mspress.microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered wademarks of
`Apple Computer, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. DirectInput, DirectX,
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIXare registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual
`J++ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec-
`tive owners.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`002
`
`002
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`

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`————————— .
`
`application binary
`
`interface
`
`call.
`rter-
`
`Lan-
`968
`AL is
`that
`syn-
`‘ible
`
`age-
`
`acol
`rork
`ions
`om-
`
`an
`2 or
`also
`
`fare
`
`‘ure
`
`pl=
`ven,
`
`dod
`vith
`IGS
`first
`was
`
`intosh computer to sharefiles with another on the
`long cited as a shortcoming of the Macintosh com-
`same network. See also file server, Mac OS.
`pared with IBM PCs and compatibles. This feature,
`applet \a‘plot\ 7. A small piece of code that can be
`along with other layout changes and the addition
`transported over the Internet and executed on the
`of new keysandlights, makes the Apple Extended
`recipient’s machine. The term is especially used to
`Keyboard quite similar
`in form to the IBM
`refer to such programs as they are embeddedin
`enhanced keyboard. See the illustration. See also
`line as objects in HTML documents on the World
`enhanced keyboard,
`Wide Web.
`Apple H \ap'l td6\ . The second computer
`AppleTalk \ap’l tak’\ 2. An inexpensive local
`introduced by the Apple Computer Corporation,in
`area network developed by Apple that can be
`April 1977. The Apple II featured 4K dynamic
`used by Apple and non-Apple computers to
`RAM, expandable to 48K (with 16K chips), and
`communicate and share resources such as print-
`used the 6502 microprocessor. The Apple TI was
`ers and file servers. Non-Apple computers must
`the first computer to offer a TVvideo adapter as
`be equipped with AppleTalk hardware andsuit-
`an optionalalternative to a color computer moni-
`able software. The network uses a layered set of
`tor. It also featured sound and eight expansion
`protocols similar
`to the ISO/OSI model and
`slots, See also 6502,
`transfers information in the form of packets
`Apple key \ap1 ké\ 7. A key on Apple keyboards
`called frames. AppleTalk supports connections
`labeled with an outline of the Apple logo (3. On
`to other AppleTalk networks through devices
`the Apple Extended Keyboard,this key is the same
`known as bridges, and it supports connections
`as the Commandkey, which functionssimilarly to
`to dissimilar networks through devices called
`the Control key on IBM and compatible key-
`gateways. See also bridge, frame (definition 2),
`boards, It is generally used in conjunction with a
`gateway.
`character key as a shortcut to making menu selec-
`application \a‘plo-ka’shon\ 7. A program de-
`tions or starting a macto.
`signedtoassist in the performance ofa specific task,
`Apple Macintosh \ap"| mak’on-tosh\ 7. See Mac-
`intosh.
`such as word processing, accounting, or inventory
`management. Compareutility.
`Apple Newton \apl nG6‘tan\ x. See Newton.
`application binary interface \a-ple-ka’shon br-
`AppleScript \ap‘-skript\ 1. A script
`language
`nar-é in‘tor-fas, bf nar-€\
`7. A set of instructions
`used with Macintosh computers running under the
`that specifies how an executablefile interacts with
`System 7 operating system to execute commands
`the hardware and how information is stored. Acro-
`and automate functions. See also script.
`nym: ABI (A’B-I), Compare application program-
`AppleShare \ap‘i-shar\ 1. File server software
`that works with the Mac OS and allows one Mac-
`ming interface.
`
`
`
`
`Apple Extended Keybourd.
`
`
`
`003
`
`003
`
`

`

`
`
` arithmetic expression
`
`article.
`
`Arrow keys
`
`(when Num Lockis off)
`
`the military. ARPANET wasthe network from which
`arithmetic expression \frith-metik eks-presh-
`the Internet evolved. See also Internet, MILNET.
`an\ 7. A series of elements, including data labels
`ARP request \arp” ra-kwest’, A-R-P“\ . Short for
`and constants as well as numbers, that are joined
`by arithmetic operators, such as + and —, and can
`Address Resolution Protocol request. An ARP
`packet containing the Internet address of a host
`be calculated to produce a value.
`computer. The receiving computer responds with
`
`arithmetic \r-ith-metik—lojiklogic unit
`
`or passes
`along the
`corresponding Ethernet
`yoonit\ m. A component of a microprocessor
`address. See also ARP, Ethernet, IP address, packet.
`chip used for arithmetic, comparative, and logical
`array \or-4°\ 1. In programming,a list of data val-
`functions. Acronym: ALU (A°L-U’). See also gate
`(definition 1).
`ues, all of the same type, any element of which
`can be referenced by an expression consisting of
`arithmetic operation \o-rith*mo-tik op-or-a‘shan,
`the array name followed by an indexing expres-
`4r-ith-metik\ #. Any of the standard calculations
`sion. Arrays are part of the fundamentals of data
`performed in
`arithmetic—addition,
`subtraction,
`structures, which, in turn, are a major fundamental
`multiplication, or division. The term is also used in
`of computer programming. See also array element,
`reference to negative numbers andabsolute values.
`index, record!, vector,
`arithmetic operator \ar-ith-metik op“or-a-tar\ 7.
`array element \ar-a° el’a-mant\ 7. A data value in
`An operator that performs an arithmetic operation:
`an array.
`+,—-, x, or /. An arithmetic operator usually takes
`1”. A group of
`array processor \ar-d° pros e-sar\
`one or two arguments. See also argument, binary,
`interconnected,
`identical processors operating
`logical operator, operator (definition 1), unary.
`synchronously, often under the control of a central
`.arj
`\dot'A-R-J"\ n. The DOS file extension used
`processor.
`with archive files created with the ARJ compres-
`arrow key \4r°6 k@-\ 7. Any of four keys labeled
`sion program.
`with arrows pointing up, down, left, and right,
`-army.mil \dot-dir’mé-dot-mil’, dot-armé-dot-M-I-
`used to move the cursor vertically or horizontally
`L‘*\ . On the Internet,
`the major geographic
`on the display screen or,
`in some programs, to
`domain specifying that an address belongs to the
`extend the highlight. See theillustration.
`United States Army.
`ARP \AR-P’, arp\ #. Acronymfor Address Resolu-
`tion Protocol. A TCP/IP protocol for determining
`the hardware address (or physical address) of a
`node on a local area network connected to the
`Internet, when only the IP address (or logical
`address) is known. An ARP request is sent to the
`network, and the node that has the IP address
`respondswith its hardware address. Although ARP
`technically refers only to finding the hardware
`address, and RARP (for Reversed ARP)refers to the
`reverse procedure, ARP is commonly used for
`both senses. See also IP address, TCP/IP.
`ARPANET \iir’pa-net’, ATR-P°-A-NE-T’\
`77. A large
`wide area networkcreated in the 1960s by the U.S.
`Department
`of Defense Advanced Research
`Projects Agency (ARPA, renamed DARPA in the
`1970s)
`for
`the free exchange of
`information
`between universities and research organizations,
`although the military also used this network for
`communications. In the 1980s MILNET, a separate
`network, was spun off from ARPANET for use by
`
`Arrow keys
`Arrow key. When Num Lockis off, the arrow keys
`on the number keypad can be used.
`
`article \Ar‘ta-kal\ 7. A message that appears in an
`Internet newsgroup. Also called post. See also
`newsgroup,
`
`004
`
`004
`
`

`

`.fidonet.org
`
`file format
`
`to manage disk space usedforfile storage. Files on
`-fidonet.org \dot-ff d6-net-dot-6rg*\_ m. On the
`a disk are stored, as space allows,
`in fixed-size
`Internet,
`the major domain specifying that an
`address is located on Fidonet.
`groups of bytes (characters)
`rather than from
`field \féld\ 7.1. A location in a record in which a
`beginning to end as contiguousstrings of text or
`numbers. A single file can thus be scattered in
`particular type of data is stored, For example,
`pieces over many separate storage areas. A file
`EMPLOYEE-RECORD might contain fields to store
`allocation table maps available disk storage space
`Last-Name, First-Name, Address, City, State, Zip-
`so that it can mark flawed segments that should
`Code, Hire-Date, Current-Salary, Title, Department,
`not be used and can find and link the pieces of a
`and so on. Individual fields are characterized by
`file. In MS-DOS, the file allocation table is com-
`their maximumlength and the type of data (for
`monly knownas the FAT. See also FATfile system.
`example, alphabetic, numeric, or financial) that can
`be placed in them. The facility for creating these
`file attribute \fil” atra-byGot\ m.
`A_
`restrictive
`specifications usually is contained in the data def-
`label attachedtoafile that describes and regulates
`inition language (DDL). In relational database man-
`its use—for example, hidden, system, read-only,
`agement systems, fields are called columns. 2. A
`archive, and so forth. In MS-DOS, this information
`space in an on-screen form where the user can
`is stored as part of thefile’s directory entry.
`enter a specific item of information.
`file backup \fil° bak“up\ 7. See backup.
`field-effect transistor \féld°a-fekt tranz-i’star\ 7.
`file compression \fil° kam-presh’an\ 7. The pro-
`See FET.
`cess of reducing the size of a file for transmission
`field-programmable logic array \{éld° prd-gram-
`or storage. See also data compression.
`file control block \fil° kan-tral blok\ 7. A small
`a-bl lojik ar-a"\ 7. An integrated circuit containing
`an array of logic circuits in which the connections
`block of memory temporarily.assigned by a com-
`between the individual circuits, and thus the logic
`puter’s operating system to hold information about
`functions of the array, can be programmed after
`an opened file. A file control block typically con-
`manufacture, typically at the time ofinstallation in
`tains such information as thefile’s identification,
`the field. Programming can be performed only
`its location on disk, and a pointer that marks the
`once,
`typically by passing high current through
`user’s current (or last) position in the file. Acro-
`fusible links on the chip. Acronym: FPLA (F°P-L-
`nym: FCB (FC-B’).
`file conversion \fil” kan-var'zhan\ m. The pro-
`A’). Also called PLA, programmable logic array.
`field separator \{éld° sep’ar-a-tar\
`nm. Any charac-
`cess oftransforming the data in a file from onefor-
`ter that separates one field of data from another.
`mat to another without altering its contents—for
`See also delimiter, field (definition 1).
`example, converting a file from a word processor's
`FIFO \fif6, FI-F-O’\ 1. Seefirst in, first out.
`format to its ASCII equivalent.
`file extension \fil° eks-tenshan\ 7. See extension
`fifth-generation
`computer \fifthjen-ar-a shon
`(definition 1).
`kam-py60‘tar\ , See computer.
`7.
`form’\
`fifth normal form \fifth’ n6rmal
`file extent \fil° eks-tent\ 7. See extent.
`file format \fil° for mat\ ». The structure of a file
`Abbreviated 5NF. See normal form (definition 1).
`file \fil\ #2. A complete, named collection ofinfor-
`that defines the wayit is stored and laid out on the
`mation, such as a program,a set of data used by a
`screen or in print. The format can befairly simple
`and common, as are files stored as “plain” ASCII
`program, or a user-created document. A file is the
`basic unit of storage that enables a computer to
`text, or it can be quite complex and include vari-
`distinguish one set of information from another. A
`ous types of control instructions and codes used
`file is the “glue” that binds a conglomeration of
`by programs, printers, and other devices. Exam-
`instructions, numbers, words, or images into a
`ples include RTF (Rich Text Format), DCA (Docu-
`ment Content Architecture), PICT, DIF (Data
`coherent unit
`that a user can retrieve, change,
`delete, save, or send to an output device.
`Interchange Format), DXF, TIFF (Tagged Image
`file allocation table \fil‘ al-o-k@shan t@°bl\ m. A
`File Format), and EPSF (Encapsulated PostScript
`Format).
`table or list maintained by some operating systems
`
`an
`
`1D.
`heal
`
`005
`
`005
`
`

`

`local loop
`
`local loop \I@°kal 160p“\ 7. A telephone connec-
`tion that runs fromthe subscriber to the local tele-
`phone exchange.
`7”. In multipro-
`local memory \|G°kal mem‘or-é\
`cessor systems, the memory on the same card or
`high-speed bus as a particular processor. Typi-
`cally, memory that is local to one processor cannot
`be accessed by another without some formof per-
`mission.
`local newsgroups \|G°kal nd0zgrd0ps\ n. News-
`groups that are targeted toward a geographically
`limited area such as a city or educational institu-
`tion. Posts to these newsgroups contain informa-
`tion that is specific to the area, concerning such
`topics as events, meetings, and sales. See also
`newsgroup.
`local reboot \l6°kal rébdot\ 7. A reboot of the
`machine that one is directly working on, rather
`than a remote host. See also reboot.
`LocalTalk \|6‘kal-ték’\ #. An inexpensive cabling
`scheme used by AppleTalk networks to connect
`Apple Macintosh computers, printers, and other
`peripheral devices. See also AppleTalk.
`local variable \IG° kal var’é-o-bl\ n. A program
`variable whose scopeis limited to a given block of
`code, usually a subroutine. See also scope (defini-
`tion 1). Compare global variable.
`location \|6-ka’shan’\
`». See address
`tion 1).
`lock \lok\ 7. 1. A software security feature that
`requires a key or dongle in order for the applica-
`tion to run correctly. See aiso dongle. 2. A mech-
`anical device on some removable storage medium
`(for example, the write-protect notch on a floppy
`disk) that prevents the contents from being over-
`written, See also write-protect notch.
`locked file \lokd fil’\ 7. 1. A file on which one or
`more of the usual types of manipulative operation
`cannot be performed—typically, one that cannot
`be altered by additions or deletions. 2. A file that
`cannot be deleted or moved or whose name can-
`not be changed.
`locked volume \lokd’ vol’yGdm\ 7. On the Apple
`Macintosh, a volume(storage device, such asa disk)
`that cannot be written to. The volumecan be locked
`either physically or through software.
`lockout \lok“out\ 7. The act of denying access to
`a given resource (file, memorylocation, I/O port),
`
`(defini-
`
`!
`
`usually to ensure that only one program at a time
`uses that resource.
`lock up \lok” up\ ». A condition in which pro-
`cessing appears to be completely suspended and
`in which the program in control ofthe system will
`accept no input. See also crash!,
`log \log\ 7.1. A record of transactions oractivities
`that take place on a computersystem. 2. See loga-
`rithm.
`
`logarithm \log‘ar-idh°am\ . Abbreviated log. In
`mathematics, the power to which a base must be
`raised to equal a given number. For example, for
`the base 10, the logarithmof 16 is (approximately)
`1.2041 because 10!-2°4! equals (approximately) 16,
`Both natural logarithms (to the base e, which js
`approximately 2.71828) and common logarithms
`(to the base 10) are used in programming. Lan-
`guages such as C and Basic include functions for
`calculating natural logarithms.
`the assertions,
`logic \lojik\ ». In programming,
`assumptions, and operations that define what a
`given program does. Defining the logic of a pro-
`gram is often the first step in developing the
`program's source code. See also formallogic.
`logical \loj‘a-kal\ adj. 1. Based on true and false
`alternatives as opposed toarithmetic calculation of
`numeric values. For example, a logical expression
`is one that, when evaluated, has a single outcome,
`either true orfalse. See also Boolean algebra. Com-
`pare fuzzy logic. 2. Of or pertaining to a concep-
`tual piece of equipment or frame of reference,
`regardless of how it may be realized physically.
`Compare physical.
`om. Any
`logical decision \|oja-kal da-sizh’an\
`decision that can have one of two outcomes(true/
`false, yes/no, and so on). Compare fuzzy logic.
`logical device \loja-kal da-vis"\
`mn. A device
`named by the logic of a software system, regard-
`less of its physical relationship to the system. For
`example, a single floppy disk drive can simulta-
`neously be, to the MS-DOS operating system, both
`logical drive A and drive B.
`logical drive \loja-kal driv’\ 1. See logical device.
`logical error \loja-kal 4r‘ar\ 1. See logic error.
`logical expression \loj a-kal eks-presh“an\ n, See
`Boolean expression.
`logical file \loj‘o-kal fil'\ 7. A file as seen from a
`conceptual standpoint, without reference to and as
`
`006
`
`006
`
`