US007372826B2
`
`United States Patent
`
`(12)
`(10) Patent No.:
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`Dahod et al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`May 13, 2008
`
`(54) PROVIDING ADVANCED
`COMMUNICATIONS FEATURES
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Ashraf M. Dahod, Andover, MA (US);
`Michael Silva, East Sandwich, MA
`(US); Peter Higgins, Sandwich, MA
`(US); Rajat Ghai, West Yarmouth, MA
`(US); John DePietro, Brewster, MA
`(US); Nick Lopez, Sleepy Hollow, 1L
`(US); Paul Shieh, Westborough, MA
`(US)
`
`-
`.
`(73) ASSlgnee' Effigtsyletworks, C01‘p., Tewksbury,
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(1)) by 0 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 10/210,897
`
`5,634,196 A *
`5,717,830 A *
`5,838,748 A *
`
`5/1997 Alford ......................... 455/18
`2/1998 Sigler et al.
`455/426.1
`
`11/1998 Nguyen ...................... 375/370
`
`.
`(Continued)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`EP
`
`0 650 284
`
`4/1995
`(Continued)
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Schulzrinne, H. “The Session Initiation Protocol,” http://www.cs.
`columbiaedu/ucoms6181/slides/11/sipilong/.pdf, May 2001.
`(Continued)
`.
`.
`.
`Przmary ExamzneriJoseph Felld
`Assistant Examinerilnder Pal Mehra
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm7Wilmer Cutler Pickering
`Hale and Dorr LLP
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Aug. 1, 2002
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`Feb. 5’ 2004
`
`US 2004/0022208 A1
`Int Cl
`(2006 01)
`H04Q 7/00
`'
`.
`.
`.
`(52) us Cl' """"""""""" 3570532889’.3377()é/3:091’747505035516;
`_
`_
`_
`’
`’
`(58) Field of ClaSSIficatlon Search ................ 370/312,
`370/328’ 335’ 342’ 3527353’ 355.’ 356’ 432’
`370M415 466’ 349’ 390’ 401’ 338’ 389’ 455/524’
`455/542’560’ 404’1’ 4121’ 4122’ 414’1’
`455/517’ 520’ 705/26’ 27’ 379/83'01’ 88'03’
`379/8804, 88‘16’ 265‘01’ 265025 709/2075
`1.
`t'
`fil
`f
`1 t
`11712.9/331’ 238
`ee app 1ca ion
`e or comp e e searc
`ls ory.
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(51)
`
`S
`
`(56)
`
`Advanced communications features are provided in a mobile
`communications network having at least one mobile switch-
`ing center and at least one mobile station subsystem. The
`mobile switching center and mobile station subsystem each
`communicate signaling messages according to a mobile
`signaling protocol. An indication is received that a half-
`duplex mobile communications session is to be initiated
`between a first mobile station subsystem and a second
`mobile station subsystem. The first and second mobile
`station subsystems include full-duplex communications
`apparatus for use in full-duplex mobile communications
`sessions. The half-duplex mobile communications session
`relies on the first and second mobile station subsystems, and
`all ofthe reliance is only on the full-duplex communications
`apparatus. Mobile communications telephone calls are
`established with the first mobile station subsystem and the
`second mobile station subsystem. One of the first and second
`mobile station subsystems is selected as a voice signal
`source in the half-duplex communications session.
`
`4,677,656 A *
`5,513,181 A *
`
`................ 455/403
`6/1987 Burke et al.
`4/1996 Bresalier et al.
`............ 370/465
`
`27 Claims, 13 Drawing Sheets
`
`/ 400
`
`
`
`SOFTSWITCH
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 1
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 1
`
`

`

`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`Page 2
`
`US. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`8/2000 Sweetetal~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 455/4261
`6,112,083 A *
`455/556.1
`6,128,509 A * 10/2000 Veijola et a1.
`
`~- 709/227
`6,131,121 A * 10/2000 Mattaway etal.
`........
`6,298,058 131* 10/2001 Maheretal.
`370/390
`
`4/2002 Fumarolo et al.
`.
`6,366,782 B1 *
`455/457
`6/2002 Nilsson .........
`.. 455/563
`6,400,967 131*
`
`.. 455/563
`6,449,496 B1*
`9/2002 Beith et al.
`6,477,150 B1* 11/2002 Maggenti et al.
`.
`.. 370/312
`
`5/2003 Schneider ......
`6,570,871 B1*
`370/356
`. 370/260
`6,606,305 B1*
`8/2003 Boyle et al.
`
`. 370/236
`6,754,180 B1*
`6/2004 Christie ......
`6/2006 Yu et al. ..................... 370/335
`7,058,036 B1*
`2001/0046234 A1
`11/2001 Agrawal et al.
`2002/0075805 A1
`6/2002 Gupta et 31.
`2002/0075814 A1
`6/2002 Desai et al.
`2002/0075875 A1
`6/2002 DraVida et al.
`2002/0077136 A1
`6/2002 Maggenti et al.
`2002/0078464 A1
`6/2002 DraVida et al.
`2002/0085552 A1
`7/2002 Tandon
`2002/0085589 A1
`7/2002 DraVida et a1.
`2002/0086665 A1
`7/2002 Maggenti et a1.
`455/517
`2003/0017836 A1*
`1/2003 Vishwanathan et 31~
`2003/0063590 A1*
`4/2003 Mohan et al.
`.............. 370/338
`2003/0088421 A1*
`5/2003 Maes et al.
`2003/0128696 A1*
`7/2003 Wengrovitz et al.
`
`........ 370/352
`
`8/2003 McCarty etal.
`........... 379/67.1
`2003/0156688 A1*
`....370/352
`2003/0185202 A1* 10/2003 Maenpaa .....
`
`...................... 379/88.22
`2005/0286689 A1* 12/2005 Vuori
`2006/0002358 A1
`1/2006 Ray et 31.
`2006/0140151 A1*
`6/2006 Dantu etal.
`
`................ 370/331
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`EP
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`W0
`
`0 845 894
`WO'98/47298 A2
`WOW/22792 AZ
`WO 01/45335
`WO 00/47005
`WO 00/57601
`WO 00/79826 A1
`WO'01/31939 AZ
`WO 01/5636
`WO'01/76276 A2
`WO 02/300“)
`WOW/45440 A1
`WOW/054707 AZ
`
`“998
`10/1998
`“000
`”000
`8/2000
`”000
`12/2000
`590‘“
`”001
`10/2001
`“002
`690”
`79002
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Handley, M. et al., “SIP Session Initiation Protocol,” http:///tools.
`1etf.org/html/rfc2543, Mar. 1999.
`
`* Cited by examiner
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 2
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 2
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13
`
`9
`
`2008
`
`Sheet 1 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`.52EOEn— \Va_flw
`
`w._.m
`
`Nov
`
`IlIIlIIIIIIIIIIllIIIIIIIIIIII
`
`.
`
`N‘—
`P.
`
`w.=m_O_>_
`
`aZO_._.<._.m
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 3
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 3
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 2 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`
`
`FIG. 2
`PRIOR ART
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 4
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 4
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 3 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
` 44o
`
`MAILSERVER
`
` SOFTSWITCH A1,A2,A5
` 4158
`
`
`
`FIG.3A
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 5
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 5
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13
`
`, 2008
`
`Sheet 4 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`wow
`
`oh»
`
`mm.OE
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 6
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 6
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 5 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`USER
`
`USER
`
`530
`
`525
`
`FIG.4
`
`w m
`
`PTTDIRECTORY
`
`517
`
`515
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 7
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 7
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 6 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`INDICATE THAT A PTT SESSION SHOULD COMMENCE
`
`2°10
`
`ESTABLISH VOICE CONNECTION TO INITIATOR MS
`AND INTENDED RECIPIENT MS
`
`REFER TO PTT DIRECTORY
`
`2020
`
`2015
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2030
`
`2035
`
`TRANSMETTED TO ANOTHER MS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SIGNAL REVERSION TO LISTEN MODE
`
`
`
`
`2045
`
`2050
`
`
`
`
`2°55
`
`HALT TRANSMISSION OF VOICE SIGNAL
`
`
`
`INDICATE THAT PTT SESSION SHOULD TERMINATE
`
`CLOSE VOICE CONNECTIONS
`
`2060
`
`FIG. 5
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 8
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 8
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 7 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`On:
`
`E y;
`CEO
`$35
`
`Z
`
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`
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`25
`
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`
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`
`810
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`
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`
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`
`FIG.6
`
`USEREBTSBSC
`
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`
`820
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 9
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 9
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 8 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`SIGNAL START OF RECORDING VOICE MESSAGE
`
`
`
`DETECT SIGNAL
`
`
`
`3020
`
`
`
`ESTABLISH VOICE CALL TO USER'S MS
`
`
`
`
`
`RECORD VOICE MESSAGE
`
`
`
`3040
`
`
`
`DERIVE INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE FROM VOICE
`
`MESSAGE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CAUSE INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE TO BE DELIVERED
`
`TO ANOTHER IMG
`
`
`
`EXTRACT RECORDING FROM INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE
`
`
`
`
`
`3010
`
`
`
`
`
`3030
`
`3050
`
`
`
`
`
`3060
`
`3070
`
`PLAY BACK RECORDING
`
`3080
`
`FIG. 7
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 10
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 10
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 9 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`SUBSCRIBER
`
`THE SUBSCRIBER DIALS '1-800—888—VIM1'
`
`IMG
`(ST-16)
`
`"ENTER 1 TO CREATE A NEW GROUP, ENTER 2 TO RECORD A MESSA GE, OR 3 ACCESSING
`TO OBTAIN STATUS FROMA PREVIOUS VIM SESSION"
`SYSTEM
`
`—
`
`SUBSRIBER ENTERS 1
`
`—) - _ —
`
`"PLEASE ENTER EA CH NUMBER FOLLOWED BY THE # KEY, WHEN
`FINISHED PLEASE PRESS THE STAR KEY."
`
`THE SUBSCRIBER ENTERS EACH NUMBER AND ENDS WITH THE STAR KEY
`
`THE SYSTEM WOULD THEN PLAY BACK THE NUMBERS FOLLOWED BY...
`"TO ACCEPT PRESS 1, TO CHANGE PRESS 2"
`
`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS 1
`
`
`
`"IF YOU WISH TO RECORD A MESSAGE, START RECORDING AT THE TONE,
`OTHERWISE STAY ON THE LINE FOR MORE OPTIONS. ONCE YOU’VE COMPLETED
`RECORDING, YOU MAYHANG-UP TO SEND YOUR MESSAGE. "
`
`"PLEASE ENTER THE VIM GROUP ID TO RECORD A MESSAGE FOR. "
`
`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS THE VIM GROUD ID
`
`"A T THE TONE START RECORDING YOUR MESSAGE. HANG-UP WHEN FINISHED"
`
`THE SUBSCRIBER RECORDS THE MESSAGE AND HANGS-UP
`
`THE SYSTEM STARTS PLACING OUT—BOUND CALLS TO
`THE MEMBERS OF THE VG.
`
`— 4-
`
`THE SUBSCRIBER DIALS '1-800-888—VIM1'
`”ENTER I TO CREATEA NEW GROUP, ENTER 2 TO RECORD A MESSAGE,
`OR 3 TO OBTAIN STATUS FROM A PREVIOUS VIM SESSION"
`
`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS 3
`
`THE SYSTEM PLAYS OUT THE RECEIVE STATUS
`FORE HM II; RIF HE ,,
`
`FIG. 8
`
`DEFINING
`A NEW
`VG
`
`RECORD
`AND PLAY
`
`OUT A
`MESSAGE
`
`- —
`
`OPTIONAL
`RETQEIISAL
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 11
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 11
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 12
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 12
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 11 0f 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 13
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 13
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`2008
`
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 14
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`May 13, 2008
`
`Sheet 13 of 13
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 15
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 15
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`2
`
`1
`PROVIDING ADVANCED
`COMMUNICATIONS FEATURES
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`This invention relates to providing advanced communi-
`cations features.
`
`Wireless telecommunication systems are able to provide
`wireless versions of information services traditionally pro-
`vided by land-line or copper wire systems. Examples of 10
`wireless communications applications include Advanced
`Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) analog cellular service and
`Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Advanced
`Mobile Phone Service (AMPS-D) digital cellular service in
`North America, and Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) cellular
`service in Europe.
`Although the particular application may vary, the com-
`ponents of a wireless communication system are generally
`similar, as described in more detail below. For example, a
`wireless communication system usually includes a radio
`terminal or mobile station, a radio base station, a switch or
`network control device, often referred to as a mobile tele-
`phone switching office (MTSO), and a network to which the
`wireless communications system provides access, such as
`the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
`The various wireless communication applications use any
`of multiple modulation techniques for transmitting informa-
`tion to efficiently utilize the available frequency spectrum.
`For example, frequency division multiple access (FDMA),
`time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division
`multiple access modulation techniques are used to build
`high-capacity multiple access systems. Telecommunication
`systems designed to communicate with many mobile sta-
`tions occupying a common radio spectrum are referred to as
`multiple access systems.
`For example, in an FDMA analog cellular system, such as
`an AMPS analog cellular radio system, the available fre-
`quency spectrum is divided into a large number of radio
`channels, e.g., pairs of transmit and receive carrier frequen-
`cies, each of which corresponds to a message transmission
`channel. The bandwidth of each transmit and receive fre-
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`quency channel is narrowband, generally 25-30 kHz. Thus,
`the FDMA system permits information to be transmitted in
`a bandwidth comparable to the bandwidth of the transmitted
`information, such as a voice signal. The cellular service area
`in the FDMA system is generally divided into multiple cells,
`each cell having a set of frequency channels selected so as
`to help reduce co-channel interference between cells.
`Frequency division is often combined with time division
`so that transmission circuits are distinguished in both the
`frequency and time domain, e.g., in a FD/TDMA system. In
`a digital FD/TDMA (commonly referred to as TDMA)
`cellular system, a narrowband frequency channel is refor-
`matted as a digital transmission path which is divided into a
`number of time slots. The data signals from different calls
`are interleaved into assigned time slots and sent out with a
`correspondingly higher bit rate, the time slot assigned to
`each mobile station being periodically repeated. Although
`the TDMA bandwidth may be somewhat larger than the
`FDMA bandwidth, a bandwidth of approximately 30 kHz is
`generally used for AMPS-D digital TDMA cellular systems.
`Another approach to cellular multiple access modulation
`is CDMA. CDMA is a spread spectrum technique for
`transmitting information over a wireless communication
`system in which the bandwidth occupied by the transmitted
`signal is significantly greater than the bandwidth required by
`the baseband information signal (e.g.,
`the voice signal).
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`Thus, CDMA modulation spectrally spreads a narrowband
`information signal over a broad bandwidth by multiplex
`modulation, using a codeword to identify various signals
`sharing the same frequency channel. Recognition of the
`transmitted signal takes place by selecting the spectrally-
`coded signals using the appropriate codeword. In contrast to
`the narrowband channels of approximately 30 kHz used in
`FDMA and TDMA modulation techniques, a CDMA system
`generally employs a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHZ
`or greater.
`Typically, the mobile communication systems described
`above are arranged hierarchically such that a geographical
`“coverage area” is partitioned into a number of smaller
`geographical areas called “cells.” Referring to FIG. 1, each
`cell
`is preferably served by a Base Transceiver Station
`(“BTS”) 102a. Several BTS 10211-11 are centrally adminis-
`tered via fixed links 10411-11 by a Base Station Controller
`(“BSC”) 10611. The BTSs and BSC are sometimes collec-
`tively referred to as the Base Station Subsystem (“BS”) 107.
`Several BSCs 106b-n may be centrally administered by a
`Mobile Switching Center (“MSC”) 110 via fixed links
`10811-11.
`
`MSC 110 acts as a local switching exchange (with addi-
`tional features to handle mobility management require-
`ments, discussed below) and communicates with the phone
`network (“PSTN”) 120 through trunk groups. U.S. mobile
`networks include a home MSC and a serving MSC. The
`home MSC is the MSC corresponding to the exchange
`associated with a Mobile Subscriber (also referred to above
`as a mobile station or “MS”); this association is based on the
`phone number, such as the area code, of the MS. Examples
`of an MS include a hand-held device such as a mobile phone,
`a PDA, a 2-way pager, or a laptop computer, or Mobile Unit
`Equipment, such as a mobile unit attached to a refrigerator
`van or a rail car, a container, or a trailer.
`The home MSC is responsible for a Home Location
`Register (“HLR”) 118 discussed below. The serving MSC,
`on the other hand, is the exchange used to connect the MS
`call to the PSTN. Consequently, sometimes the home MSC
`and serving MSC functions are served by the same entity,
`but other times they are not (such as when the MS is
`roaming). Typically, a Visiting Location Register (“VLR”)
`116 is co-located with the MSC 110 and a logically singular
`HLR is used in the mobile network (a logically singular
`HLR may be physically distributed but is treated as a single
`entity). As will be explained below, the HLR and VLR are
`used for storing subscriber information and profiles.
`Radio channels 112 are associated with the entire cover-
`
`age area. As described above, the radio channels are parti-
`tioned into groups of channels allocated to individual cells.
`The channels are used to carry signaling information to
`establish call connections and related arrangements, and to
`carry voice or data information once a call connection is
`established.
`
`least two significant
`Mobile network signaling has at
`aspects. One aspect involves the signaling between an MS
`and the rest of the network. In the case of 2G (“2G” is the
`industry term used for “second generation”) and later tech-
`nology, this signaling concerns access methods used by the
`MS (such as TDMA or CDMA), pertaining to, for example,
`assignment of radio channels and authentication. A second
`aspect involves the signaling among the various entities in
`the mobile network, such as the signaling among the MSCs,
`BSCs, VLRs, and HLRs. This second part is sometimes
`referred to as the Mobile Application Part (“MAP”) espe-
`cially when used in the context of Signaling System No. 7
`(“SS7”). SS7 is a common channel signaling system by
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 16
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 16
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`3
`which elements of the telephone network exchange infor-
`mation, in the form of messages.
`The various forms of signaling (as well as the data and
`voice communication) are transmitted and received in accor-
`dance with various standards. For example, the Electronics
`Industries Association (“EIA”) and Telecommunications
`Industry Association (“TIA”) help define many US. stan-
`dards, such as IS-4l, which is a MAP standard. Analogously,
`the CCITT and ITU help define international standards, such
`as GSM-MAP, which is an international MAP standard.
`Information about these standards is well known and may be
`found from the relevant organizing bodies as well as in the
`literature, see, e.g., Bosse, SIGNALING IN TELECOM-
`MUNICATIONS NETWORKS (Wiley 1998).
`To deliver a call from an MS 114, a user dials the number
`and presses “send” on a cell phone or other MS. The MS 114
`sends the dialed number indicating the service requested to
`the MSC 110 via the BS 107. The MSC 110 checks with an
`
`associated VLR 116 (described below) to determine whether
`the MS 114 is allowed the requested service. The serving
`MSC routes the call to the local exchange of the dialed user
`on the PSTN 120. The local exchange alerts the called user
`terminal, and an answer back signal is routed back to the MS
`114 through the serving MSC 110 which then completes the
`speech path to the MS. Once the setup is completed the call
`may proceed.
`To deliver a call to an MS 114, (assuming that the call
`originates from the PSTN 120) the PSTN user dials the MS’s
`associated phone number. At least according to US. stan-
`dards, the PSTN 120 routes the call to the MS’s home MSC
`(which may or may not be the MSC serving the MS). The
`MSC then interrogates the HLR 118 to determine which
`MSC is currently serving the MS. This also acts to inform
`the serving MSC that a call is forthcoming. The home MSC
`then routes the call to the serving MSC. The serving MSC
`pages the MS via the appropriate BS. The MS responds and
`the appropriate signaling links are set up.
`During a call, the BS 107 and MS 114 may cooperate to
`change channels or BTSs 102,
`if needed, for example,
`because of signal conditions. These changes are known as
`“handolfs,” and they involve their own types of known
`messages and signaling.
`One aspect of MAP involves “mobility management.”
`Different BSs and MSCs may be needed and used to serve
`an MS, as the MS 114 roams to different locations. Mobility
`management helps to ensure that the serving MSC has the
`subscriber profile and other information the MSC needs to
`service (and bill) calls correctly. To this end, MSCs use VLR
`116 and HLR 118. The HLR is used to store and retrieve the
`
`mobile identification number (“MIN”), the electronic serial
`number (“ESN”), MS status, and the MS service profile,
`among other things. The VLR stores similar information in
`addition to storing an MSC identification that identifies the
`home MSC. In addition, under appropriate MAP protocols,
`location update procedures (or registration notifications) are
`performed so that the home MSC of a Mobile Subscriber can
`locate its users. These procedures are used when an MS
`roams from one location to another or when an MS is
`
`powered on and registers itself to access the network. For
`example, a location update procedure may proceed with the
`MS 114 sending a location update request to the VLR 116
`via the BS 107 and MSC 110. The VLR 116 sends a location
`
`update message to the HLR 118 serving the MS 114, and the
`subscriber profile is downloaded from the HLR 118 to the
`VLR 116. The MS 114 is sent an acknowledgement of a
`successful location update. The HLR 118 requests the VLR
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`(if any) that previously held profile data to delete the data
`related to the relocated MS 114.
`
`FIG. 2 shows in more detail the signaling and user traffic
`interfaces between a BS 107 and an MSC 110 in a CDMA
`
`mobile network. The BS 107 communicates signaling infor-
`mation using an SS7-based interface for controlling voice
`and data circuits known as the “A1” interface. An interface
`
`known as “A2” carries user traffic (such as voice signals)
`between the switch component 204 of the MSC and the BS
`107. An interface known as “A5” is used to provide a path
`for user traffic for circuit-switched data calls (as opposed to
`voice calls) between the source BS and the MSC. Informa-
`tion about one or more of A1, A2, A5 may be found in
`CDMA IntemetworkingiDeploying the Open-A Interface,
`Su-Lin Low, Ron Schneider, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN
`0-13-088922-9.
`
`Mobile communications providers are supplying newer
`services, e.g., “data calls” to the Internet. For at least some
`of these services, MSCs are not cost effective because they
`were primarily designed for voice calls. Integration of new
`services into the MSC is difficult or infeasible because of the
`
`proprietary and closed designs used by many MSC software
`architectures. That is, the software logic necessary to pro-
`vide the services is not easy to add to the MSC 110. Often,
`a switch adjunct
`is used to provide such services. For
`example, an Inter-Working Function (“IWF”) is an adjunct
`to route a data call
`to the Internet. Either approachi
`integrating functionality into the MSC or adding a trunk-side
`adjunctiinvolves the MSC in the delivery of service.
`Integrating new services via MSC design changes or through
`trunk-side adjuncts can increase network congestion at the
`MSC and consume costly MSC resources.
`Data calls typically make use of the Internet, which is an
`example of a packet-switching medium. A packet-switching
`medium operates as follows. A sequence of data is to be sent
`from one host to another over a network. The data sequence
`is segmented into one or more packets, each with a header
`containing control information, and each packet is routed
`through the network. A common type of packet switching is
`datagram service, which offers little or no guarantees with
`respect to delivery. Packets that may belong together logi-
`cally at a higher level are not associated with each other at
`the network level. A packet may arrive at the receiver before
`another packet sent earlier by the sender, may arrive in a
`damaged state (in which case it may be discarded), may be
`delayed arbitrarily (notwithstanding an expiration mecha-
`nism that may cause it to be discarded), may be duplicated,
`and may be lost.
`With respect to the Internet, multicast communication
`refers to the transmission of identical data packets to
`selected, multiple destinations on an Internet Protocol net-
`work. (In contrast, broadcast communication refers to the
`indiscriminate transmission of data packets to all destina-
`tions, and unicast communication refers to the transmission
`of data packets to a single destination.)
`Each participant in a multicast receives information trans-
`mitted by any other participant
`in the multicast. Users
`connected to the network who are not participants in a
`particular multicast do not receive the information transmit-
`ted by the participants of the multicast. In this way, the
`multicast communication uses only the network components
`(e.g., switches and trunks) actually needed for the multicast
`transmission.
`
`In multicast processing, when a potential participant
`(“host”) is directed to join a particular IP multicast group,
`the host sends a “request to join” message to the nearest
`multicast-capable router to request to join the multicast
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017- 1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 17
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1798
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 17
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`5
`to this group. For
`group and receive information sent
`example, a host A sends a message to join multicast group
`Y, and a host B sends a message to join multicast group X.
`A router R propagates the request up to the multicast source
`if the data path is not already in place.
`Upon receiving an IP packet for group X, for example, the
`router R maps an IP multicast group address into an Ethernet
`multicast address, and sends the resultant Ethernet packet to
`the appropriate switch or switches.
`According to the Internet Group Management Protocol
`(“IGMP”), a host’s membership in a multicast group expires
`when the router does not receive a periodic membership
`report from the host.
`With respect to interaction among MSs, a Nextel service
`(known as Nextel Direct Connect®, using Specialized
`Mobile Radio technology, and described at http://www.nex-
`tel .com/phone_services/directconnect. shtml) having two
`versions has been proposed for special connection calls
`among MSs. Both versions of the special connection calls
`require special-purpose MSs. In the first version, a one to
`one conversation is allowed between two mobile telephone
`subscribers, e.g., A and B. When A wishes to have special
`connection communication with B, A enters B’s private
`identification number, holds down a push to talk (“PTT”)
`button, waits for an audible alert signifying that B is ready
`to receive, and starts speaking. To listen, Areleases the PTT
`button. If B wishes to speak, B holds down the PTT button
`and waits for an audible confirmation that A is ready to
`receive. The service allows a subscriber to choose private
`identification numbers from scrollable lists displayed on
`mobile telephone handsets or to search a list of pre-stored
`names of subscribers.
`
`In the second version, conversations are allowed among
`members of a pre-defined group of subscribers, known as a
`Talkgroup, which is identified by a number. The mobile
`telephone handset may allow Talkgroup numbers to be
`searched through the control surface of the handset. In order
`to place a group call, the initiating subscriber, e.g., A, locates
`a Talkgroup number in the handset, holds down the PTT
`button, and, upon receiving an audible confirmation such as
`a chirp, can start speaking. All of the other Talkgroup
`members on the group call can only listen while A is holding
`down the PTT button. If A releases the PTT button, another
`member on the group call may hold down the PTT button,
`acquire control signaled by the audible confirmation, and
`start speaking.
`Technology on the Internet includes instant text messag-
`ing (IM), which lets users receive text messages moments
`after the messages are sent. IM provides a way to chat with
`friends and also provides a useful tool for business. IM
`provides the convenience of electronic mail (e-mail) and the
`immediacy of a telephone call. The text messages arrive in
`real time (or nearly so) because both parties are constantly
`connected to the network. Recipients receive messages as
`fast as the data can travel across the Internet. (E-mail is less
`immediate. E-mail technology sends messages to a server
`that stores the items until the messages are downloaded by
`the recipient’s e-mail software.) When a user logs on to an
`IM service, the software lets a server know that the user is
`available to receive messages. To send a message to some-
`one else, the user begins by selecting that person’s name,
`usually from a contact list the user has built. The user then
`enters the message and clicks a “Send” button. A data packet
`is sent that contains address information for the recipient, the
`message, and data identifying the sender. Depending on the
`particular service, the server either directly relays the mes-
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`sage to the recipient or facilitates a direct connection
`between the user and the recipient.
`An IM service typically uses one of three mechanisms to
`transport messages: a centralized network, a peer-to-peer
`connection, or a combination of both a centralized network
`and a peer-to-peer connection. In the case of a centralized
`network (used by, e.g., MSN Messenger), users are con-
`nected to each other through a series of servers that are
`linked to form a large network. When a user sends a
`message, servers locate the recipient’s computer station and
`route the message through the network until the message
`reaches its destination.
`
`According to the peer-to-peer approach (used by, e.g.,
`ICQ), a central server keeps track of which users are online
`and the users’ unique Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. (An
`IP address identifies a computer, which allows the computer
`to send and receive data via the Internet.) After a user logs
`on,
`the server provides the user’s computer with the IP
`addresses of each other user on the user’s contact list who is
`
`currently logged on. When the user creates a message to
`send to another user, the user’s computer sends the message
`directly to the recipient’s computer, without involving the
`server. Messages traverse only the network portion between
`the sender’s and recipient’s computers, which speeds trans-
`fers by helping to avoid network traffic.
`America Online, Inc. (AOL) supplies AOL Instant Mes-
`senger (AIM) which combines the centralized and peer-to-
`peer methods. When a user sends a text message,
`the
`message travels along AOL’ s centralized network. However,
`when the user sends a file, the users’ computers establish a
`peer-to-peer connection.
`In another variation of Internet technology, at least one
`wireless Internet system has been proposed that provides
`reliable access to tens of megahertz of bandwidth across a
`wide geographic area, using local wireless transceiver tech-
`nology (e. g., in a nanocell system). In contrast to the cellular
`wireless voice system, which relies on tens or hundreds of
`cells in a region, the local wireless transceiver system relies
`on thousands or tens of thousands of transceivers in the
`
`region. In such a system, each transceiver may cover, e.g.,
`0.05 square kilometers, which is about one-hundredth the
`coverage of a conventional cell. High spatial reuse of the
`radio frequency (RF) spectrum allows the local wireless
`transceiver system to accommodate many more active
`devices at a given data rate than a conventional cell system.