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`United States Patent
`(12)
`US 7,372,826 B2
`(10) Patent No.:
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`
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`Dahodet al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`May13, 2008
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`US007372826B2
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`5,634,196 A *
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`5,717,830 A *
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`5,838,748 A *
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`5/1997 Alford oc ceseseeeenees 455/18
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`2/1998 Sigler et al.
`455/426.1
`...
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`11/1998 Nguyen oe 375/370
`.
`(Continued)
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`
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`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`EP
`
`
`0 650 284
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`4/1995
`
`(Continued)
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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`Schulzrinne, H. “The Session Initiation Protocol,” http://www.cs.
`
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`
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`columbia.edu/ucoms6181/slides/11/sip_long/.pdf, May 2001.
`
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`
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`Advanced communications features are provided in a mobile
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`communications network having at least one mobile switch-
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`ing center and at least one mobile station subsystem. The
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`mobile switching center and mobile station subsystem each
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`communicate signaling messages according to a mobile
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`signaling protocol. An indication is recetved that a half-
`duplex mobile communications session is to be initiated
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`between a first mobile station subsystem and a second
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`mobile station subsystem. The first and second mobile
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`station subsystems include full-duplex communications
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`apparatus for use in full-duplex mobile communications
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`sessions. The half-duplex mobile communications session
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`relies on thefirst and second mobile station subsystems, and
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`all ofthe reliance is only on the full-duplex communications
`apparatus. Mobile communications telephone calls are
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`established with the first mobile station subsystem and the
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`second mobile station subsystem. Oneofthe first and second
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`mobile station subsystems is selected as a voice signal
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`source in the half-duplex communications session.
`
`(Continued)
`.
`.
`.
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`Primary Examiner—Joseph Feild
`
`
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`Assistant Examiner—Inder Pal Mehra
`
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`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Wilmer Cutler Pickering
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`Hale and Dorr LLP
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`(54) PROVIDING ADVANCED
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`COMMUNICATIONS FEATURES
`
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`(75)
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`Inventors: Ashraf M. Dahod, Andover, MA (US);
`MichaelSilva, East Sandwich, MA
`
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`(US); Peter Higgins, Sandwich, MA
`
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`(US); Rajat Ghai, West Yarmouth, MA
`
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`(US); John DePietro, Brewster, MA
`
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`(US); Nick Lopez, Sleepy Hollow, IL
`
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`
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`(US); Paul Shieh, Westborough, MA
`
`(US)
`
`:
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`.
`
`
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
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`(73) Assignee: MAUS) Corp., Tewksbury,
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`(*) Notice:
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
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`
`
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`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
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`
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`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
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`
`(21) Appl. No.: 10/210,897
`
`
`
`Aug. 1, 2002
`
`
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`
`
`
`US 2004/0022208 Al
`Feb. 5, 2004
`
`Int. Cl
`
`
`
`(2006.01)
`H040 7100
`,
`.
`.
`.
`(52)
`UWS. Cd errr eeioetenets
`
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`°
`,
`,
`,
`°
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`
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................ 370/312,
`
`
`
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`370/328, 335, 342, 352-353, 359, 356, 432,
`
`
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`
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`370/441, 466, 349, 390, 401, 338, 389; 455/524,
`
`
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`
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`455/542,560, 404.1, 412.1, 412.2, 414.1,
`
`
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`455/517, 520; 705/26, 27; 379/8801, 88.03,
`
`
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`
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`379/88.04, 88.16, 265.01, 265.02; 709/207,
`f
`weear 238
`lication
`file
`let
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`
`
`
`
`ie
`ce application
`tor complete search
`iustory.
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`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 1
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`
`
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`
`2003/0128696 Al*
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`
`
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
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`Page 2
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`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 2
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 2
`
`

`

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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13
`, 2008
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`Sheet 1 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`LVYdOldd
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`sla
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`TANB
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`cOL
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`q
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 3
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`i1lIIt
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 3
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`U.S. Patent
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`May13, 2008
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`Sheet 2 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`FIG. 2
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`PRIOR ART
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 4
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 4
`
`

`

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`U.S. Patent
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`May13, 2008
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`Sheet 3 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2 FIG.3A SOFTSWITCH
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 5
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 5
`
`

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`Sheet 4 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`OLV
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`May 13
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`cOr
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 6
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 6
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`

`

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`U.S. Patent
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`May13, 2008
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`Sheet 5 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`525
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`USER
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`cS
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`USER
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`co
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`PTTDIRECTORY
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`FIG.4
`
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`530
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`517
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`515
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 7
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 7
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`

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`U.S. Patent
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`May13, 2008
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`Sheet 6 of 13
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`INDICATE THAT A PTT SESSION SHOULD COMMENCE
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`REFER TO PTT DIRECTORY
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`ESTABLISH VOICE CONNECTION TO INITIATOR MS
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`AND INTENDED RECIPIENT MS
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`[2020
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`CLOSE VOICE CONNECTIONS
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`FIG. 5
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`[2260
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`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 8
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 8
`
`

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`Sheet 7 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`x wa
`ot
`O=
`29
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`=b 23%)|=
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`© wv
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`RSW
`oO
`2
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`—
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`oO
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`0
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`cO
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`USER[4MS|-BTs|-4Bsc
`USER[+Ms|+BTs|-|Bsc
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`812
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`810
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`FIG.6
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`822
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`820
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 9
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 9
`
`

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`CAUSE INSTANT TEXT MESSAGETO BE DELIVERED
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`TO ANOTHER IMG
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`3060
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`EXTRACT RECORDING FROM INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE
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`3070
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`PLAY BACK RECORDING
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`3080
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`FIG. 7
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 10
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 10
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`

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`Sheet 9 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`SUBSCRIBER
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`IMG
`(ST-16)
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`THE SUBSCRIBER DIALS '1-800-888-VIM1'
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`“ENTER 1 TO CREATE A NEW GROUP, ENTER 2 TO RECORD A MESSAGE, OR 3|ACCESSING
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`TO OBTAIN STATUS FROM A PREVIOUS VIM SESSION"
`YSTEM
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`[Ja a
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`DEFINING
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`ANEW
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`VG.
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`—_
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`SUBSRIBER ENTERS1
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`"PLEASE ENTER EACH NUMBER FOLLOWED BY THE # KEY, WHEN
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`FINISHED PLEASE PRESS THE STAR KEY.”
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`THE SUBSCRIBER ENTERS EACH NUMBER AND ENDS WITH THE STAR KEY
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`THE SYSTEM WOULD THEN PLAY BACK THE NUMBERS FOLLOWED BY
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`"TO ACCEPT PRESS 1, TO CHANGE PRESS 2”
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`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS1
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`“IF YOU WISH TO RECORD A MESSAGE, START RECORDING AT THE TONE,
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`OTHERWISE STAY ON THE LINE FOR MORE OPTIONS. ONCE YOU'VE COMPLETED
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`RECORDING, YOU MAY HANG-UP TO SEND YOUR MESSAGE."
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`"AT THE TONE START RECORDING YOUR MESSAGE, HANG-UP WHENFINISHED" THE SUBSCRIBER RECORDS THE MESSAGE AND HANGS-UP
`
`oh
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`THE SUBSCRIBER DIALS '1-800-888-VIM1'
`"ENTER 1 TO CREATEA NEWGROUP, ENTER 2 TO RECORD A MESSAGE
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`OR 3 TO OBTAIN STATUS FROM A PREVIOUSVIM SESSION"
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`OPTIONAL
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`RETRIAL
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`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS3
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`THE SYSTEM PLAYS OUT THE RECEIVE STATUS
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`FOR EACH MEMBER OF THE \
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`FIG. 8
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 11
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`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS THE VIM GROUD ID
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`
`THE SYSTEM STARTS PLACING OUT-BOUND CALLS TO
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 11
`
`

`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`
`May13, 2008
`
`
`
`
`Sheet 10 of 13
`
`
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 12
`
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 12
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`
`May13, 2008
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 13
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 13
`
`
`

`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`May 13
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`
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`
`
`372,826 B2
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 14
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 14
`
`
`
`
`
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`

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`May13, 2008
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`Sheet 13 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 15
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 15
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`
`1
`PROVIDING ADVANCED
`
`
`COMMUNICATIONS FEATURES
`
`
`BACKGROUND
`
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`2
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`Thus, CDMA modulation spectrally spreads a narrowband
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`information signal over a broad bandwidth by multiplex
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`modulation, using a codeword to identify various signals
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`sharing the same frequency channel. Recognition of the
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`transmitted signal takes place by selecting the spectrally-
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`coded signals using the appropriate codeword.In contrast to
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`the narrowband channels of approximately 30 kHz used in
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`FDMA and TDMA modulation techniques, a CDMA system
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`generally employs a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz
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`or greater.
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`Typically, the mobile communication systems described
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`above are arranged hierarchically such that a geographical
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`“coverage area” is partitioned into a number of smaller
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`geographical areas called “cells.” Referring to FIG. 1, each
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`is preferably served by a Base Transceiver Station
`cell
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`(“BTS”) 102a. Several BTS 102a-n are centrally adminis-
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`tered via fixed links 104a-n by a Base Station Controller
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`(“BSC”) 106a. The BTSs and BSC are sometimes collec-
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`tively referred to as the Base Station Subsystem (“BS”) 107.
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`Several BSCs 106-2 may be centrally administered by a
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`Mobile Switching Center (‘MSC’) 110 via fixed links
`108a-n.
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`MSC 110 acts as a local switching exchange (with addi-
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`tional features to handle mobility management require-
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`ments, discussed below) and communicates with the phone
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`network (“PSTN”) 120 through trunk groups. U.S. mobile
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`networks include a home MSC and a serving MSC. The
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`home MSC is the MSC corresponding to the exchange
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`associated with a Mobile Subscriber (also referred to above
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`as a mobilestation or “MS”); this association is based on the
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`phone number, such as the area code, of the MS. Examples
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`of an MS include a hand-held device such as a mobile phone,
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`a PDA,a 2-way pager, or a laptop computer, or Mobile Unit
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`Equipment, such as a mobile unit attached to a refrigerator
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`van or a rail car, a container, or a trailer.
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`The home MSCis responsible for a Home Location
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`Register (““HLR”) 118 discussed below. The serving MSC,
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`on the other hand, is the exchange used to connect the MS
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`call to the PSTN. Consequently, sometimes the home MSC
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`and serving MSC functions are served by the sameentity,
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`but other times they are not (such as when the MSis
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`roaming). Typically, a Visiting Location Register (“VLR”)
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`116 is co-located with the MSC 110 anda logically singular
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`HLR is used in the mobile network (a logically singular
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`HLR maybe physically distributed but is treated as a single
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`entity). As will be explained below, the HLR and VLR are
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`used for storing subscriber information and profiles.
`Radio channels 112 are associated with the entire cover-
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`age area. As described above, the radio channels are parti-
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`tioned into groups of channels allocated to individualcells.
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`The channels are used to carry signaling information to
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`establish call connections and related arrangements, and to
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`carry voice or data information once a call connection is
`established.
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`Mobile network signaling has at
`least two significant
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`aspects. One aspect involves the signaling between an MS
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`and the rest of the network. In the case of 2G (“2G”is the
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`industry term used for “second generation”) and later tech-
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`nology, this signaling concerns access methods used by the
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`MS(such as TDMA or CDMA),pertaining to, for example,
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`assignment of radio channels and authentication. A second
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`aspect involves the signaling among the various entities in
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`the mobile network, such as the signaling among the MSCs,
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`BSCs, VLRs, and HLRs. This second part is sometimes
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`referred to as the Mobile Application Part (“‘MAP”’) espe-
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`cially when used in the context of Signaling System No. 7
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`(“SS7”). SS7 is a common channel signaling system by
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 16
`
`
`
`me 5
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`20
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`This invention relates to providing advanced communi-
`cations features.
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`Wireless telecommunication systems are able to provide
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`wireless versions of information services traditionally pro-
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`vided by land-line or copper wire systems. Examples of
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`wireless communications applications include Advanced
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`Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) analog cellular service and
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`Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Advanced
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`Mobile Phone Service (AMPS-D)digital cellular service in
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`North America, and Group Speciale Mobile (GSM)cellular
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`service in Europe.
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`Although the particular application may vary, the com-
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`ponents of a wireless communication system are generally
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`similar, as described in more detail below. For example, a
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`wireless communication system usually includes a radio
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`terminal or mobile station, a radio base station, a switch or
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`network control device, often referred to as a mobile tele-
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`phoneswitching office (MTSO), and a network to which the
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`wireless communications system provides access, such as
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`the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
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`The various wireless communication applications use any
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`of multiple modulation techniques for transmitting informa-
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`tion to efficiently utilize the available frequency spectrum.
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`For example, frequency division multiple access (FDMA),
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`time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division
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`multiple access modulation techniques are used to build
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`high-capacity multiple access systems. Telecommunication
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`systems designed to communicate with many mobile sta-
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`tions occupying a commonradio spectrum are referred to as
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`multiple access systems.
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`For example, in an FDMA analog cellular system, such as
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`an AMPSanalog cellular radio system, the available fre-
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`quency spectrum is divided into a large numberof radio
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`channels, e.g., pairs of transmit and receive carrier frequen-
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`cies, each of which corresponds to a message transmission
`channel. The bandwidth of each transmit and receive fre-
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`quency channel is narrowband, generally 25-30 kHz. Thus,
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`the FDMA system permits information to be transmitted in
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`a bandwidth comparable to the bandwidth ofthe transmitted
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`information, such as a voice signal. The cellular service area
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`in the FDMA system is generally divided into multiple cells,
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`each cell having a set of frequency channels selected so as
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`to help reduce co-channel interference between cells.
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`Frequency division is often combined with time division
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`so that transmission circuits are distinguished in both the
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`frequency and time domain,e.g., in a FD/TDMAsystem.In
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`a digital FD/TDMA (commonly referred to as TDMA)
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`cellular system, a narrowband frequency channel is refor-
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`matted as a digital transmission path whichis divided into a
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`numberof time slots. The data signals from different calls
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`are interleaved into assigned time slots and sent out with a
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`correspondingly higher bit rate, the time slot assigned to
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`each mobile station being periodically repeated. Although
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`the TDMA bandwidth may be somewhat larger than the
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`FDMA bandwidth, a bandwidth of approximately 30 kHz is
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`generally used for AMPS-D digital TDMA cellular systems.
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`Another approach to cellular multiple access modulation
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`is CDMA. CDMA is a spread spectrum technique for
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`transmitting information over a wireless communication
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`system in which the bandwidth occupied by the transmitted
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`signal is significantly greater than the bandwidth required by
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`the baseband information signal (e.g.,
`the voice signal).
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`40
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`45
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`55
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`60
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`65
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 16
`
`

`

`
`3
`
`
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`which elements of the telephone network exchange infor-
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`mation, in the form of messages.
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`The various forms of signaling (as well as the data and
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`voice communication) are transmitted and received in accor-
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`dance with various standards. For example, the Electronics
`
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`Industries Association (“EIA”) and Telecommunications
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`Industry Association (“TIA”) help define many U.S. stan-
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`dards, such as IS-41, which is a MAPstandard. Analogously,
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`the CCITT and ITU help define international standards, such
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`as GSM-MAP, which is an international MAP standard.
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`Information about these standards is well known and may be
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`found from the relevant organizing bodies as well as in the
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`literature, see, e.g., Bosse, SIGNALING IN TELECOM-
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`MUNICATIONS NETWORKS(Wiley 1998).
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`To deliver a call from an MS 114, a user dials the number
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`and presses “send”on a cell phone or other MS. The MS 114
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`sends the dialed numberindicating the service requested to
`the MSC 110 via the BS 107. The MSC 110 checks with an
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`associated VLR 116 (described below) to determine whether
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`the MS 114 is allowed the requested service. The serving
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`MSCroutes the call to the local exchange ofthe dialed user
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`on the PSTN 120. The local exchangealerts the called user
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`terminal, and an answerback signal is routed back to the MS
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`114 through the serving MSC 110 which then completes the
`25
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`speech path to the MS. Once the setup is completed the call
`
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`may proceed.
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`To deliver a call to an MS 114, (assuming that the call
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`originates from the PSTN 120) the PSTN userdials the MS’s
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`30
`associated phone number. At least according to U.S. stan-
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`dards, the PSTN 120 routes the call to the MS’s home MSC
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`(which may or may not be the MSC serving the MS). The
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`MSC then interrogates the HLR 118 to determine which
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`MSCis currently serving the MS. This also acts to inform
`
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`
`
`35
`the serving MSCthata call is forthcoming. The home MSC
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`then routes the call to the serving MSC. The serving MSC
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`pages the MSvia the appropriate BS. The MS responds and
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`the appropriate signaling links are set up.
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`During a call, the BS 107 and MS 114 may cooperate to
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`change channels or BTSs 102,
`if needed, for example,
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`because of signal conditions. These changes are known as
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`“handoffs,” and they involve their own types of known
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`messages and signaling.
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`One aspect of MAP involves “mobility management.”
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`Different BSs and MSCs may be needed and usedto serve
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`an MS, as the MS 114 roamsto different locations. Mobility
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`management helps to ensure that the serving MSC has the
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`subscriber profile and other information the MSC needs to
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`service (and bill) calls correctly. To this end, MSCs use VLR
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`116 and HLR 118. The HLRis used to store andretrieve the
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`mobile identification number (“MIN”), the electronic serial
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`number (“ESN”), MS status, and the MSservice profile,
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`among other things. The VLR stores similar information in
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`addition to storing an MSCidentification that identifies the
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`home MSC. In addition, under appropriate MAPprotocols,
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`location update procedures(or registration notifications) are
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`performed so that the home MSCof a Mobile Subscriber can
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`locate its users. These procedures are used when an MS
`roams from one location to another or when an MSis
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`powered on andregisters itself to access the network. For
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`example, a location update procedure may proceed with the
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`MS 114 sending a location update request to the VLR 116
`via the BS 107 and MSC 110. The VLR 116 sends a location
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`update message to the HLR 118 serving the MS 114, and the
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`subscriber profile is downloaded from the HLR 118 to the
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`VLR 116. The MS 114 is sent an acknowledgement of a
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`successful location update. The HLR 118 requests the VLR
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`(if any) that previously held profile data to delete the data
`related to the relocated MS 114.
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`FIG. 2 shows in more detail the signaling and usertraffic
`interfaces between a BS 107 and an MSC 110 in a CDMA
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`mobile network. The BS 107 communicates signaling infor-
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`mation using an SS7-based interface for controlling voice
`and data circuits known as the “A1”interface. An interface
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`known as “A2”carries user traffic (such as voice signals)
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`between the switch component 204 of the MSC and the BS
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`107. An interface known as “A5”is used to provide a path
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`for usertraffic for circuit-switched data calls (as opposed to
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`voice calls) between the source BS and the MSC. Informa-
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`tion about one or more of Al, A2, A5 may be found in
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`CDMA Internetworking—Deploying the Open-A Interface,
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`Su-Lin Low, Ron Schneider, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN
`0-13-088922-9.
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`Mobile communications providers are supplying newer
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`services, e.g., “data calls” to the Internet. For at least some
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`of these services, MSCsare not cost effective because they
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`were primarily designed for voice calls. Integration of new
`services into the MSCis difficult or infeasible because of the
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`proprietary and closed designs used by many MSC software
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`architectures. That is, the software logic necessary to pro-
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`vide the services is not easy to add to the MSC 110. Often,
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`a switch adjunct
`is used to provide such services. For
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`example, an Inter-Working Function (““TWF”’) is an adjunct
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`to route a data call
`to the Internet. Either approach—
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`integrating functionality into the MSC or adding a trunk-side
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`adjunct—involves the MSC in the delivery of service.
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`Integrating new services via MSC design changesor through
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`trunk-side adjuncts can increase network congestion at the
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`MSC and consume costly MSC resources.
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`Data calls typically make use of the Internet, which is an
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`example of a packet-switching medium.A packet-switching
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`medium operates as follows. A sequence of data is to be sent
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`from onehost to another over a network. The data sequence
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`is segmented into one or more packets, each with a header
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`containing control information, and each packet is routed
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`through the network. A commontype of packet switching is
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`datagram service, which offers little or no guarantees with
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`respect to delivery. Packets that may belong together logi-
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`cally at a higher level are not associated with each other at
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`the network level. A packet mayarriveat the receiver before
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`another packet sent earlier by the sender, may arrive in a
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`damagedstate (in which case it may be discarded), may be
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`delayed arbitrarily (notwithstanding an expiration mecha-
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`nism that may causeit to be discarded), may be duplicated,
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`and may belost.
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`With respect to the Internet, multicast communication
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`refers to the transmission of identical data packets to
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`selected, multiple destinations on an Internet Protocol net-
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`work. (In contrast, broadcast communication refers to the
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`indiscriminate transmission of data packets to all destina-
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`tions, and unicast communication refers to the transmission
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`of data packets to a single destination.)
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`Eachparticipant in a multicast receives information trans-
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`mitted by any other participant
`in the multicast. Users
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`connected to the network who are notparticipants in a
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`particular multicast do not receive the information transmit-
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`ted by the participants of the multicast. In this way, the
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`multicast communication uses only the network components
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`(e.g., switches and trunks) actually needed for the multicast
`transmission.
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`In multicast processing, when a potential participant
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`(“host”) is directed to join a particular IP multicast group,
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`the host sends a “request to join” message to the nearest
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`multicast-capable router to request to join the multicast
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 17
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 17
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`to this group. For
`group and receive information sent
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`example, a host A sends a message to join multicast group
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`Y, and a host B sends a message to join multicast group X.
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`A router R propagates the request up to the multicast source
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`if the data path is not already in place.
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`Upon receiving an IP packet for group X, for example, the
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`router R maps an IP multicast group address into an Ethernet
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`multicast address, and sends the resultant Ethernet packet to
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`the appropr