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`United States Patent
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`(12)
`US 7,372,826 B2
`(10) Patent No.:
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`(45) Date of Patent:
`May 13, 2008
`Dahod et al.
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`US007372826B2
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`(54) PROVIDING ADVANCED
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`COMMUNICATIONS FEATURES
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`(75)
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`Inventors: Ashraf M. Dahod, Andover, MA (US);
`Michael Silva, East Sandwich, MA
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`(US); Peter Higgins, Sandwich, MA
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`(US); Rajat Ghai, West Yarmouth, MA
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`(US); John DePietro, Brewster, MA
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`(US); Nick Lopez, Sleepy Hollow, 1L
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`(US); Paul Shieh, Westborough, MA
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`(US)
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`-
`.
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`(73) ASSlgnee' Effigtsyletworks, C01‘p., Tewksbury,
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`( * ) Notice:
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`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
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`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
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`U.S.C. 154(1)) by 0 days.
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`(21) Appl. No.: 10/210,897
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`(22)
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`Filed:
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`Aug. 1, 2002
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`5,634,196 A *
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`5,717,830 A *
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`5,838,748 A *
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`5/1997 Alford ......................... 455/18
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`2/1998 Sigler et al.
`455/426.1
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`11/1998 Nguyen ...................... 375/370
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`.
`(Continued)
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`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`EP
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`0 650 284
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`4/1995
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`(Continued)
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Schulzrinne, H. “The Session Initiation Protocol,” http://www.cs.
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`columbiaedu/ucoms6181/slides/11/sipilong/.pdf, May 2001.
`(Continued)
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`Przmary ExamzneriJoseph Felld
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`Assistant Examinerilnder Pal Mehra
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`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm7Wilmer Cutler Pickering
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`Hale and Dorr LLP
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`(57)
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`ABSTRACT
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`Advanced communications features are provided in a mobile
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`communications network having at least one mobile switch-
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`ing center and at least one mobile station subsystem. The
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`mobile switching center and mobile station subsystem each
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`communicate signaling messages according to a mobile
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`signaling protocol. An indication is received that a half-
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`duplex mobile communications session is to be initiated
`between a first mobile station subsystem and a second
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`mobile station subsystem. The first and second mobile
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`station subsystems include full-duplex communications
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`apparatus for use in full-duplex mobile communications
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`sessions. The half-duplex mobile communications session
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`relies on the first and second mobile station subsystems, and
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`all ofthe reliance is only on the full-duplex communications
`apparatus. Mobile communications telephone calls are
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`established with the first mobile station subsystem and the
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`second mobile station subsystem. One of the first and second
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`mobile station subsystems is selected as a voice signal
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`source in the half-duplex communications session.
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`27 Claims, 13 Drawing Sheets
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`/ 400
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`(65)
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`(51)
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`S
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`(56)
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`Prior Publication Data
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`US 2004/0022208 A1
`Feb. 5’ 2004
`
`Int Cl
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`(2006 01)
`H04Q 7/00
`'
`.
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`(52) us Cl' """"""""""" 3570532889’.3377()é/3:091’747505035516;
`’
`_
`_
`_
`’
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`(58) Field of ClaSSIficatlon Search ................ 370/312,
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`370/328’ 335’ 342’ 3527353’ 355.’ 356’ 432’
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`370M415 466’ 349’ 390’ 401’ 338’ 389’ 455/524’
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`455/542’560’ 404’1’ 4121’ 4122’ 414’1’
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`455/517’ 520’ 705/26’ 27’ 379/83'01’ 88'03’
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`379/8804, 88‘16’ 265‘01’ 265025 709/2075
`f
`11712.9/331’ 238
`fil
`1.
`t'
`1 t
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`ee app 1ca ion
`e or comp e e searc
`ls ory.
`
`
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`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 1
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 1
`
`
`
`
`
`US 7,372,826 B2
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`Page 2
`
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`2001/0046234 A1
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`2002/0078464 A1
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`2002/0085552 A1
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`2002/0086665 A1
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`
`455/517
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`
`
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`
`
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`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`....370/352
`2003/0185202 A1* 10/2003 Maenpaa .....
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2005/0286689 A1* 12/2005 Vuori
`...................... 379/88.22
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`
`
`2006/0002358 A1
`1/2006 Ray et 31.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2006/0140151 A1*
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`................ 370/331
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`EP
`
`W0
`
`W0
`
`W0
`
`W0
`
`W0
`
`W0
`
`W0
`W0
`
`W0
`
`
`W0
`W0
`
`W0
`
`
`
`
`
`0 845 894
`
`WO'98/47298 A2
`
`WOW/22792 AZ
`
`
`WO 01/45335
`
`
`WO 00/47005
`
`WO 00/57601
`
`WO 00/79826 A1
`
`
`
`WO'01/31939 AZ
`WO 01/5636
`
`
`WO'01/76276 A2
`
`
`
`
`WO 02/300“)
`WOW/45440 A1
`
`WOW/054707 AZ
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`“998
`
`
`10/1998
`
`“000
`
`
`”000
`
`
`8/2000
`
`
`”000
`
`12/2000
`
`
`590‘“
`”001
`
`
`10/2001
`
`
`
`“002
`690”
`
`
`79002
`
`
`
`
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Handley, M. et al., “SIP Session Initiation Protocol,” http:///tools.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1etf.org/html/rfc2543, Mar. 1999.
`
`
`* Cited by examiner
`
`
`
`
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 2
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 2
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`9
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`May 13
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`2008
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`Sheet 1 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`.52EOEn— \Va_flw
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`w._.m
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`Nov
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`IlIIlIIIIIIIIIIllIIIIIIIIIIII
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`N‘—
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`w.=m_O_>_
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`aZO_._.<._.m
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 3
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 3
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13, 2008
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`Sheet 2 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`FIG. 2
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`
`PRIOR ART
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 4
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 4
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13, 2008
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`Sheet 3 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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` 44o
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`MAILSERVER
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` SOFTSWITCH A1,A2,A5
` 4158
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`FIG.3A
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 5
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 5
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13
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`Sheet 4 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`wow
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`oh»
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`mm.OE
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 6
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 6
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13, 2008
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`Sheet 5 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`525
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`530
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`USER
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`USER
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`w m
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`PTTDIRECTORY
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`517
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`515
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`FIG.4
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 7
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 7
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13, 2008
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`Sheet 6 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`INDICATE THAT A PTT SESSION SHOULD COMMENCE
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`2°10
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`ESTABLISH VOICE CONNECTION TO INITIATOR MS
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`AND INTENDED RECIPIENT MS
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`REFER TO PTT DIRECTORY
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`TRANSMETTED TO ANOTHER MS
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`2030
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`2035
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`SIGNAL REVERSION TO LISTEN MODE
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`2050
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`HALT TRANSMISSION OF VOICE SIGNAL
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`2°55
`INDICATE THAT PTT SESSION SHOULD TERMINATE
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`CLOSE VOICE CONNECTIONS
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`2060
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`FIG. 5
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 8
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 8
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13, 2008
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`Sheet 7 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`E y;
`CEO
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`$35
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`Z
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`On:
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`l—EUJ
`0')
`Z
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`3
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`on
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`05-?
`25
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`USEREBTS880
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`812
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`810
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`(‘53
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`00
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`0%
`25
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`FIG.6
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`USEREBTSBSC
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`822
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`820
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 9
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 9
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13, 2008
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`Sheet 8 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`SIGNAL START OF RECORDING VOICE MESSAGE
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`DETECT SIGNAL
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`3020
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`ESTABLISH VOICE CALL TO USER'S MS
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`RECORD VOICE MESSAGE
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`3040
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`DERIVE INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE FROM VOICE
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`MESSAGE
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`CAUSE INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE TO BE DELIVERED
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`TO ANOTHER IMG
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`3010
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`3030
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`3050
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`3060
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`EXTRACT RECORDING FROM INSTANT TEXT MESSAGE
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`3070
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`PLAY BACK RECORDING
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`3080
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`FIG. 7
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 10
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 10
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`U.S. Patent
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`May 13, 2008
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`Sheet 9 of 13
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`SUBSCRIBER
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`THE SUBSCRIBER DIALS '1-800—888—VIM1'
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`IMG
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`"ENTER 1 TO CREATE A NEW GROUP, ENTER 2 TO RECORD A MESSA GE, OR 3 ACCESSING
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`TO OBTAIN STATUS FROMA PREVIOUS VIM SESSION"
`SYSTEM
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`—
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`SUBSRIBER ENTERS 1
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`—) - _ —
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`"PLEASE ENTER EA CH NUMBER FOLLOWED BY THE # KEY, WHEN
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`FINISHED PLEASE PRESS THE STAR KEY."
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`THE SUBSCRIBER ENTERS EACH NUMBER AND ENDS WITH THE STAR KEY
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`THE SYSTEM WOULD THEN PLAY BACK THE NUMBERS FOLLOWED BY...
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`"TO ACCEPT PRESS 1, TO CHANGE PRESS 2"
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`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS 1
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`"IF YOU WISH TO RECORD A MESSAGE, START RECORDING AT THE TONE,
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`OTHERWISE STAY ON THE LINE FOR MORE OPTIONS. ONCE YOU’VE COMPLETED
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`
`RECORDING, YOU MAYHANG-UP TO SEND YOUR MESSAGE. "
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`"PLEASE ENTER THE VIM GROUP ID TO RECORD A MESSAGE FOR. "
`
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`
`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS THE VIM GROUD ID
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`
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`"A T THE TONE START RECORDING YOUR MESSAGE. HANG-UP WHEN FINISHED"
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`THE SUBSCRIBER RECORDS THE MESSAGE AND HANGS-UP
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`THE SYSTEM STARTS PLACING OUT—BOUND CALLS TO
`
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`THE MEMBERS OF THE VG.
`
`
`
`— 4-
`
`
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`
`THE SUBSCRIBER DIALS '1-800-888—VIM1'
`
`
`
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`
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`”ENTER I TO CREATEA NEW GROUP, ENTER 2 TO RECORD A MESSAGE,
`
`
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`OR 3 TO OBTAIN STATUS FROM A PREVIOUS VIM SESSION"
`
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`SUBSCRIBER ENTERS 3
`
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`
`THE SYSTEM PLAYS OUT THE RECEIVE STATUS
`
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`FORE HM II; RIF HE ,,
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`OPTIONAL
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`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 11
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 11
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 12
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 13
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 13
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 14
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 15
`
`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 15
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`US 7,372,826 B2
`
`1
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`PROVIDING ADVANCED
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`COMMUNICATIONS FEATURES
`
`
`BACKGROUND
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`2
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`Thus, CDMA modulation spectrally spreads a narrowband
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`information signal over a broad bandwidth by multiplex
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`modulation, using a codeword to identify various signals
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`sharing the same frequency channel. Recognition of the
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`transmitted signal takes place by selecting the spectrally-
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`coded signals using the appropriate codeword. In contrast to
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`the narrowband channels of approximately 30 kHz used in
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`FDMA and TDMA modulation techniques, a CDMA system
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`generally employs a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHZ
`or greater.
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`Typically, the mobile communication systems described
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`above are arranged hierarchically such that a geographical
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`“coverage area” is partitioned into a number of smaller
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`geographical areas called “cells.” Referring to FIG. 1, each
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`is preferably served by a Base Transceiver Station
`cell
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`(“BTS”) 102a. Several BTS 10211-11 are centrally adminis-
`tered via fixed links 10411-11 by a Base Station Controller
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`(“BSC”) 10611. The BTSs and BSC are sometimes collec-
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`tively referred to as the Base Station Subsystem (“BS”) 107.
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`Several BSCs 106b-n may be centrally administered by a
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`Mobile Switching Center (“MSC”) 110 via fixed links
`10811-11.
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`MSC 110 acts as a local switching exchange (with addi-
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`tional features to handle mobility management require-
`ments, discussed below) and communicates with the phone
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`network (“PSTN”) 120 through trunk groups. U.S. mobile
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`networks include a home MSC and a serving MSC. The
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`home MSC is the MSC corresponding to the exchange
`associated with a Mobile Subscriber (also referred to above
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`as a mobile station or “MS”); this association is based on the
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`phone number, such as the area code, of the MS. Examples
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`of an MS include a hand-held device such as a mobile phone,
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`a PDA, a 2-way pager, or a laptop computer, or Mobile Unit
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`Equipment, such as a mobile unit attached to a refrigerator
`van or a rail car, a container, or a trailer.
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`The home MSC is responsible for a Home Location
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`Register (“HLR”) 118 discussed below. The serving MSC,
`on the other hand, is the exchange used to connect the MS
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`call to the PSTN. Consequently, sometimes the home MSC
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`and serving MSC functions are served by the same entity,
`but other times they are not (such as when the MS is
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`roaming). Typically, a Visiting Location Register (“VLR”)
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`116 is co-located with the MSC 110 and a logically singular
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`HLR is used in the mobile network (a logically singular
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`HLR may be physically distributed but is treated as a single
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`entity). As will be explained below, the HLR and VLR are
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`used for storing subscriber information and profiles.
`Radio channels 112 are associated with the entire cover-
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`age area. As described above, the radio channels are parti-
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`tioned into groups of channels allocated to individual cells.
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`The channels are used to carry signaling information to
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`establish call connections and related arrangements, and to
`carry voice or data information once a call connection is
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`established.
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`least two significant
`Mobile network signaling has at
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`aspects. One aspect involves the signaling between an MS
`and the rest of the network. In the case of 2G (“2G” is the
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`industry term used for “second generation”) and later tech-
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`nology, this signaling concerns access methods used by the
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`MS (such as TDMA or CDMA), pertaining to, for example,
`assignment of radio channels and authentication. A second
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`aspect involves the signaling among the various entities in
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`the mobile network, such as the signaling among the MSCs,
`BSCs, VLRs, and HLRs. This second part is sometimes
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`referred to as the Mobile Application Part (“MAP”) espe-
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`cially when used in the context of Signaling System No. 7
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`(“SS7”). SS7 is a common channel signaling system by
`Samsung v. Uniloc, |PR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 16
`
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`15
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`20
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`This invention relates to providing advanced communi-
`cations features.
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`Wireless telecommunication systems are able to provide
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`wireless versions of information services traditionally pro-
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`vided by land-line or copper wire systems. Examples of 10
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`wireless communications applications include Advanced
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`Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) analog cellular service and
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`Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Advanced
`Mobile Phone Service (AMPS-D) digital cellular service in
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`North America, and Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) cellular
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`service in Europe.
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`Although the particular application may vary, the com-
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`ponents of a wireless communication system are generally
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`similar, as described in more detail below. For example, a
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`wireless communication system usually includes a radio
`terminal or mobile station, a radio base station, a switch or
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`network control device, often referred to as a mobile tele-
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`phone switching office (MTSO), and a network to which the
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`wireless communications system provides access, such as
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`the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
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`The various wireless communication applications use any
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`of multiple modulation techniques for transmitting informa-
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`tion to efficiently utilize the available frequency spectrum.
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`For example, frequency division multiple access (FDMA),
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`time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division
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`multiple access modulation techniques are used to build
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`high-capacity multiple access systems. Telecommunication
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`systems designed to communicate with many mobile sta-
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`tions occupying a common radio spectrum are referred to as
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`multiple access systems.
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`For example, in an FDMA analog cellular system, such as
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`an AMPS analog cellular radio system, the available fre-
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`quency spectrum is divided into a large number of radio
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`channels, e.g., pairs of transmit and receive carrier frequen-
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`cies, each of which corresponds to a message transmission
`channel. The bandwidth of each transmit and receive fre-
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`quency channel is narrowband, generally 25-30 kHz. Thus,
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`the FDMA system permits information to be transmitted in
`a bandwidth comparable to the bandwidth of the transmitted
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`information, such as a voice signal. The cellular service area
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`in the FDMA system is generally divided into multiple cells,
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`each cell having a set of frequency channels selected so as
`to help reduce co-channel interference between cells.
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`Frequency division is often combined with time division
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`so that transmission circuits are distinguished in both the
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`frequency and time domain, e.g., in a FD/TDMA system. In
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`a digital FD/TDMA (commonly referred to as TDMA)
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`cellular system, a narrowband frequency channel is refor-
`matted as a digital transmission path which is divided into a
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`number of time slots. The data signals from different calls
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`are interleaved into assigned time slots and sent out with a
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`correspondingly higher bit rate, the time slot assigned to
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`each mobile station being periodically repeated. Although
`the TDMA bandwidth may be somewhat larger than the
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`FDMA bandwidth, a bandwidth of approximately 30 kHz is
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`generally used for AMPS-D digital TDMA cellular systems.
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`Another approach to cellular multiple access modulation
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`is CDMA. CDMA is a spread spectrum technique for
`transmitting information over a wireless communication
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`system in which the bandwidth occupied by the transmitted
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`signal is significantly greater than the bandwidth required by
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`the baseband information signal (e.g.,
`the voice signal).
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`40
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`45
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`55
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`65
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`Samsung v. Uniloc, IPR2017-1797
`Uniloc's Exhibit 2002, page 16
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`US 7,372,826 B2
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`3
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`which elements of the telephone network exchange infor-
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`mation, in the form of messages.
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`The various forms of signaling (as well as the data and
`voice communication) are transmitted and received in accor-
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`dance with various standards. For example, the Electronics
`Industries Association (“EIA”) and Telecommunications
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`Industry Association (“TIA”) help define many US. stan-
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`dards, such as IS-4l, which is a MAP standard. Analogously,
`the CCITT and ITU help define international standards, such
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`as GSM-MAP, which is an international MAP standard.
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`Information about these standards is well known and may be
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`found from the relevant organizing bodies as well as in the
`literature, see, e.g., Bosse, SIGNALING IN TELECOM-
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`MUNICATIONS NETWORKS (Wiley 1998).
`15
`To deliver a call from an MS 114, a user dials the number
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`and presses “send” on a cell phone or other MS. The MS 114
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`sends the dialed number indicating the service requested to
`the MSC 110 via the BS 107. The MSC 110 checks with an
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`associated VLR 116 (described below) to determine whether
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`the MS 114 is allowed the requested service. The serving
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`MSC routes the call to the local exchange of the dialed user
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`on the PSTN 120. The local exchange alerts the called user
`terminal, and an answer back signal is routed back to the MS
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`114 through the serving MSC 110 which then completes the
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`speech path to the MS. Once the setup is completed the call
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`may proceed.
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`To deliver a call to an MS 114, (assuming that the call
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`originates from the PSTN 120) the PSTN user dials the MS’s
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`associated phone number. At least according to US. stan-
`dards, the PSTN 120 routes the call to the MS’s home MSC
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`(which may or may not be the MSC serving the MS). The
`MSC then interrogates the HLR 118 to determine which
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`MSC is currently serving the MS. This also acts to inform
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`the serving MSC that a call is forthcoming. The home MSC
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`then routes the call to the serving MSC. The serving MSC
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`pages the MS via the appropriate BS. The MS responds and
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`the appropriate signaling links are set up.
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`During a call, the BS 107 and MS 114 may cooperate to
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`change channels or BTSs 102,
`if needed, for example,
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`because of signal conditions. These changes are known as
`“handolfs,” and they involve their own types of known
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`messages and signaling.
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`One aspect of MAP involves “mobility management.”
`Different BSs and MSCs may be needed and used to serve
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`an MS, as the MS 114 roams to different locations. Mobility
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`management helps to ensure that the serving MSC has the
`subscriber profile and other information the MSC needs to
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`service (and bill) calls correctly. To this end, MSCs use VLR
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`116 and HLR 118. The HLR is used to store and retrieve the
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`mobile identification number (“MIN”), the electronic serial
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`number (“ESN”), MS status, and the MS service profile,
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`among other things. The VLR stores similar information in
`addition to storing an MSC identification that identifies the
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`home MSC. In addition, under appropriate MAP protocols,
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`location update procedures (or registration notifications) are
`performed so that the home MSC of a Mobile Subscriber can
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`locate its users. These procedures are used when an MS
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`roams from one location to another or when an MS is
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`powered on and registers itself to access the network. For
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`example, a location update procedure may proceed with the
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`MS 114 sending a location update request to the VLR 116
`via the BS 107 and MSC 110. The VLR 116 sends a location
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`update message to the HLR 118 serving the MS 114, and the
`subscriber profile is downloaded from the HLR 118 to the
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`VLR 116. The MS 114 is sent an acknowledgement of a
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`successful location update. The HLR 118 requests the VLR
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`(if any) that previously held profile data to delete the data
`related to the relocated MS 114.
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`FIG. 2 shows in more detail the signaling and user traffic
`interfaces between a BS 107 and an MSC 110 in a CDMA
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`mobile network. The BS 107 communicates signaling infor-
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`mation using an SS7-based interface for controlling voice
`and data circuits known as the “A1” interface. An interface
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`known as “A2” carries user traffic (such as voice signals)
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`between the switch component 204 of the MSC and the BS
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`107. An interface known as “A5” is used to provide a path
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`for user traffic for circuit-switched data calls (as opposed to
`voice calls) between the source BS and the MSC. Informa-
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`tion about one or more of A1, A2, A5 may be found in
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`CDMA IntemetworkingiDeploying the Open-A Interface,
`Su-Lin Low, Ron Schneider, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN
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`0-13-088922-9.
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`Mobile communications providers are supplying newer
`services, e.g., “data calls” to the Internet. For at least some
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`of these services, MSCs are not cost effective because they
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`were primarily designed for voice calls. Integration of new
`services into the MSC is difficult or infeasible because of the
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`proprietary and closed designs used by many MSC software
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`architectures. That is, the software logic necessary to pro-
`vide the services is not easy to add to the MSC 110. Often,
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`a switch adjunct
`is used to provide such services. For
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`example, an Inter-Working Function (“IWF”) is an adjunct
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`to route a data call
`to the Internet. Either approachi
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`integrating functionality into the MSC or adding a trunk-side
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`adjunctiinvolves the MSC in the delivery of service.
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`Integrating new services via MSC design changes or through
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`trunk-side adjuncts can increase network congestion at the
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`MSC and consume costly MSC resources.
`Data calls typically make use of the Internet, which is an
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`example of a packet-switching medium. A packet-switching
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`medium operates as follows. A sequence of data is to be sent
`from one host to another over a network. The data sequence
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`is segmented into one or more packets, each with a header
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`containing control information, and each packet is routed
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`through the network. A common type of packet switching is
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`datagram service, which offers little or no guarantees with
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`respect to delivery. Packets that may belong together logi-
`cally at a higher level are not associated with each other at
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`the network level. A packet may arrive at the receiver before
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`another packet sent earlier by the sender, may arrive in a
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`damaged state (in which case it may be discarded), may be
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`delayed arbitrarily (notwithstanding an expiration mecha-
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`nism that may cause it to be discarded), may be duplicated,
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`and may be lost.
`With respect to the Internet, multicast communication
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`refers to the transmission of identical data packets to
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`selected, multiple destinations on an Internet Protocol net-
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`work. (In contrast, broadcast communication refers to the
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`indiscriminate transmission of data packets to all destina-
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`tions, and unicast communication refers to the transmission
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`of data packets to a single destination.)
`Each participant in a multicast receives information trans-
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`mitted by any other participant
`in the multicast. Users
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`connected to the network who are not participants in a
`particular multicast do not receive the information transmit-
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`ted by the participants of the multicast. In this way, the
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`multicast communication uses only the network components
`(e.g., switches and trunks) actually needed for the multicast
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`transmissi