MODERN
`DICTIONARY
`of
`
`I
`
`SIXTH EDITION
`
`Page 1 of 11
`
`Samsung Exhibit 1016
`
`

`

`Rudolf F. Graf is an author whose name is familiar to engi(cid:173)
`neers, technicians, do-it-yourselfers, and hobbyists. His many
`books and articles on mechanics, electricity, electronics and
`automotives have a well-deserved reputation for making com(cid:173)
`plex technology easily understandable and enjoyable. Mr. Graf
`is a graduate electronics engineer and received his MBA at New
`York University. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a licensed
`amateur radio operator, and holder of a first-class radiotele(cid:173)
`phone operator's license. He has been in the electronics industry
`for more than 35 years.
`
`Page 2 of 11
`
`

`

`I
`
`Rudolf Graf
`
`, Inc.
`4300 WEST 62ND ST. INDIANAPOUS, INDIANA 46268 USA
`
`Page 3 of 11
`
`

`

`1962, 1963, 1968, 1972, 1977, and 1984
`Copyright
`by Rudolf F. Graf
`
`SIXTH EDITION
`FIRST PRINTING-1984
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be
`reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by
`any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, record(cid:173)
`ing, or otherwise, without written permission from the pub(cid:173)
`lisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use
`of the information contained herein. While every precaution
`has been Dl!lil~w ~~•lf!Utr
`lisher assumes no
`Neither is any liability
`the use of the informa
`
`International Standard Book Number: 0-672-22041-5
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 83-51223
`
`Edited by: Charlie Buffington and Jack Davis
`Illustrated by: T.R. Emrick
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`Page 4 of 11
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`

`

`I
`
`baffle plate-balanc ed c irc u it
`
`shielding device designed to reduce the
`effect of stray light on an optical system.
`b affle plate-A metal plate inserted into
`a waveguide to reduce the cross-sectional
`area for wave-co nversion purposes.
`bail-A loop of wire used to prevent per(cid:173)
`;manent separation of two or more parts
`assembled together-e.g., the bail hold(cid:173)
`ing dust-caps on round connectors.
`Bakelite - A trademark of the Bakelite
`Corp. for its line of plastic and resins.
`Formerly, the term applied only ro its
`phenolic compound used as an insulating
`material in the construction of radio
`parts .
`b ake-ou t
`an unscaled
`Subjecting
`-
`(hy brid ) ci rcuit package to an elevated
`temperature to bake out moisture and un(cid:173)
`wanted gases prior to fi nal sealing .
`balance -
`I. T he effect of blending the
`volume of vario us sounds coming over
`different microphones in order to present
`them in correct proportion. 2. The mainte(cid:173)
`nance of equal average volume from both
`speake r systems of a stereo installation . 3.
`Relative volume, as between different
`voices or instruments bass and treble, or
`left and right stereo channels. 4. Either a
`condition of sy mmetry in an electrical
`circuit, such as a Wheatstone bridge, or
`the condition of zero output from a device
`when properly energi zed. In the latter
`sense, depending upon the nature of the
`excitation , two ge neral categories of bal(cid:173)
`ance may be encountered: for de excita(cid:173)
`tion , resiHive balance; for ac excitation ,
`resistive and/ or reactive balance.
`balance control- I. On a stereo amplifi(cid:173)
`er, a differential gai n control used to vary
`the volume of one speake r system rel ative
`to the other without affecting the overall
`volume
`level. As
`t he volume of one
`speaker increases and t he other decreases,
`the sound appears to shift from left to
`cente r to right, or vice versa. 2. A variable
`
`resistor used to compensate for any slight
`loss of signal in the r ight or left channel of
`a stereo amplifier. To some extent, this
`control can compensate for unbalanced
`speakers and be used for adjustment
`when the listener is not in an equidistant
`position between the two loudspeakers. 3.
`A va riable component, such as a potenti(cid:173)
`ometer or variable capacitor, used to bal(cid:173)
`ance bridges, null circuits, or phase
`speakers.
`balanced- l . Electrically alike and sym(cid:173)
`to ground . 2.
`metrical with
`respect
`Arra nged to provide balance between cer(cid:173)
`tain sets of terminals.
`balanced ampli fier - An amplifier cir(cid:173)
`cuit with two identical signal branches,
`connected to operate in phase opposition
`and wi th their input and output connec(cid:173)
`tions each balanced to ground; for exam(cid:173)
`ple, a push-pull amplifier (sec below).
`balanced armature - An armat ure
`which is approximately in equilibrium
`with respect to both static and d ynamic
`forces.
`balanced- armature unit -The dr iving
`unit used in magnetic speakers, consisting
`of an iron arma ture pivoted between the
`poles of a permanent magnet and sur(cid:173)
`rounded by coils carrying the audio-fre(cid:173)
`quency current. Variations in t he audio(cid:173)
`frcqucnc y current ca use correspond ing
`changes in the armat ure magnetism and
`corresponding moveme nts of the arma(cid:173)
`ture with res pcct to the poles of the per(cid:173)
`mane nt magnet.
`balanced bridge - A bridge circuit with
`its components adjusted so t hat it has an
`output voltage of zero.
`balanced circuit -
`I. A circuit with two
`sides electricall y alike and symmetrical to
`reference point, usuall y
`a common
`ground. 2. A ci rcuit terminated by a net(cid:173)
`work that has infinite impedance losses.
`3. A circu it te rminated by a network
`
`Balarrced push -pull am p lifier.
`
`78
`
`ba lanced c onverter-balanced-wire circuit
`
`which (1) t he im pedance centers of the
`tank circuits arc at ground potential and
`(2) the voltages bet ween either end and
`the centers arc equal in magnitude and
`opposite in phase.
`balanced output-A 3-conductor output
`(as from a microphone) in which the sig(cid:173)
`nal voltage alternates above and belo w a
`third neutral circuit. This symmetrical ar(cid:173)
`to cancel any hum
`rangement
`tends
`picked up by long lengths of intercon(cid:173)
`necting cable.
`1. A
`balanced o utput t r ansformer -
`push-pull output
`transformer with a
`center-tapped primary winding. 2. An
`output transformer with a grounded cen(cid:173)
`ter tap on its secondary winding.
`balanced probe -A probe, used with an
`electronic voltmeter or oscilloscope,
`which has a balanced inp ut and (usuall y)
`a single-ended output.
`balanced telephone line - A telephone
`line which is floa ted wi th respect to
`groun d so that the impedance measured
`from either side of the line to ground is
`equal to that of the other side to ground.
`balanced termination-For a system or
`netwo rk having two output terminals, a
`load presenting the same impedance to
`gro und for each output terminal.
`balanced transm ission line -A trans(cid:173)
`mission line having equal conductor re(cid:173)
`sistances per unit length and equal imped(cid:173)
`ances from each conductor to earth and to
`other electrical circuits.
`balanced voltages - Also called push(cid:173)
`pull voltages. On the two conductors of a
`line , vol tages
`(relative
`to
`balanced
`ground) which arc equal in magnitude
`and opposite in polarity at every point
`along the line.
`balanced-wire circuit - A circuit with
`two sides electrically alike and symmetri(cid:173)
`to gro und and other conductors.
`cal
`Commonly refers to a circuit t he two
`sides of which differ only by chance .
`
`" """" impedance balances that of the
`''"' . 1 ""ii ting in negligible return losses .
`t 1\ , 1n.:uit whose electrical midpoint is
`1•1 "'"'dc·J , as op posed to the single-ended
`, •I • 1111 , which has one side grounded . 5. A
`1>11ilrd bridge circuit . 6. Telephone circuit
`'" wl1i ch the two conductors are electri(cid:173)
`• ii Iv ha lanced
`to each other and to
`p 11 111u d.
`l•ulu nccd converter-See Balun.
`1 .. 1luuced currents - Also called push-
`1•11 11 currents. In the two conductors of a
`l•nlJ111ccd line, currents which arc equal in
`"'" "" and opposite in direction at every
`1••11 111 along the line.
`1 .. 1la 11ccd detector -A demodulator for
`l><·q11cncy-mod ulation systems . In one
`ln1111 , the output consists of t he rectified
`.l ilkrcncc of the two voltages produced
`.1• ,..," two resonant circuits, one circuit
`"" " 1~ tuned slightly above the carrier fre(cid:173)
`'l"l' ncy and the other slightly below.
`t ••• ianced line-A line or circuit utilizing
`1 wo identical conductors. Each conductor
`'" operated so that the voltages on them at
`.11 1y transverse plane are equal in magni(cid:173)
`' >1 dc and opposite in polarity with respect
`10 ground. Thus , the currents on the line
`.11 c equal in magni t ude and opposite in
`direction. A balanced line is preferred
`where minimum noise and crosstalk arc
`de, ired.
`ha lanced-line system - A system con(cid:173)
`"'"t ing of a ge nerator, balanced line, and
`load adjusted so that rhe voltages of the
`1 wo cond uctors at all transverse planes
`arc equal in magnitude and opposite in
`polarity with respect to ground .
`hala nced low-pass filter - A low-pass
`fi lter designed to be used with a balanced
`line.
`ha lanced m ag ne tic switch-A magnetic
`'witch that is operated by a balanced
`magne tic field in such a man ne r as to re(cid:173)
`sis t defeat with an external magnet. It
`signals an alarm when it detects either an
`in crease or decrease in magnetic field
`strength.
`halanced m ethod - A met hod of meas(cid:173)
`urement in which the reading is taken at
`ze ro. lt may be a visual or audible read(cid:173)
`ing, and in the latter case the null is the
`no-sound setti ng.
`balanced modulator - An amplitude
`modulator in which the control grids of
`two tubes arc connected for parallel opera(cid:173)
`tion, and the screen grids and plates for
`push-p ull operation. After mod ulation,
`the output contains the rwo sidebands
`without the carrier.
`balanced network-I. A hybrid network
`in which the im pedances of the opposite
`branches arc equal. 2. A network in which
`the corresponding series impedance cle(cid:173)
`ments arc identical and symmetrical wit h
`res pect to ground .
`balanced oscillator - Any oscillator in
`
`Page 5 of 11
`
`

`

`balancer-ba lli stocardiograph
`
`balancer-In a direction finder , that por(cid:173)
`tion used for improving the sharpness of
`the direction indication. It balances out
`the capacitance effect between the loop
`and ground .
`balance stripe-A magnetic sound stripe
`placed on the edge of a motion-picture
`film opposite the main stripe; it provides
`mechanical balance for the film.
`balance-to-unbalance transformer-A
`device for matching a pair of lines, bal(cid:173)
`anced with respect to earth, to a pair of
`lines not balanced with respect to earth .
`See also Balun.
`balancing network- !. An electrical net (cid:173)
`work designed for use in a circuit in such
`a wav that two branches of the circuit are
`made substantially conjugate (i .e., such
`that an electromotive force inserted into
`one branch produces no current in the
`other). 2. Electronic circuitry used to
`match two-wire to four-wire facilities,
`sometimes called a hybrid. Balancing is
`necessary to maximize power transfer and
`minimize echo .
`balancing unit - An antenna-matching
`device used to permit efficient coupling
`of a transmitter or receive r having an
`unbalanced output circuit to an antenna
`hav ing a balanced transmission line. 2. A
`device for converting balanced to unbal(cid:173)
`anced transmission lines , and vice versa,
`by placing suitable discontinuities at the
`junction between the lines instead of
`using lumped components.
`ball -
`In face bonding, a method of pro(cid:173)
`viding chips with contact.
`ballast-A device used with an electron(cid:173)
`ic-discharge lamp to obtain the neces sa ry
`circuit conditions (voltage, current, and
`waveform) for starting and ope rating.
`ballasting-An IC design technique that
`prevents current hogging.
`ballast lamp-A lamp which maintains a
`nearly constant current by increasing its
`resistance as the current increases .
`ballast resistor-A special type of resis(cid:173)
`tor used to compensate for fluctuations in
`alternating-current power-line voltage. It
`is usually connected in series with the
`power supply to a receiver or amplifier.
`The resistance of a ballast resistor in(cid:173)
`creases rapidly with increases in current
`through it, thereby tending to maintain
`an esse ntially constant current despite
`variations in the line voltage.
`ballast tube -A current-controlling re(cid:173)
`sistance device designed to maintain a
`substantially constant current over a spec(cid:173)
`ified range of variations in the applied
`voltage to a series circuit.
`ball bond- I . A type of th ermocompres (cid:173)
`sion bond in which a gold wire is flame(cid:173)
`cut to produce a ball-shaped end which is
`then bonded to a metal pad by pressure
`and heat . 2. A bond formed when a ball(cid:173)
`shaped end
`interconnecting wire
`is
`
`80
`
`ti 1
`
`ballistocardiography-band-gap energy
`
`deformed by thermocompression against
`a metallized pad. The bond is also called a
`nail-head bond from the appearance of
`the flattened ball.
`ball bondi ng - A bonding technique that
`uses a capillary tube to feed the bonding
`wire . The end of the wire is heated and
`melts , thus forming a large ball. The
`capillary and ball are then positioned on
`the contact area and the capillary is
`lowered. This forms a large bond. The
`capillary is then removed and a flame is
`applied, severing the wire and forming a
`new ball.
`
`~~~~~~
`GOLD
`WIRE
`
`ALL
`
`BONDE
`CAPILLARY ~
`\
`
`HYDROGEN
`FLAME
`
`WITHDRAWING
`TH E TOOi.
`
`~il~:l%\
`
`Ball bonding.
`
`ballistic galvanometer-An instrument
`that indicates the effect of a sudden rush
`of electrical energy, such as the discharge
`current of a capacitor.
`ballistic-missile early-warning system
`- An elect ronic system for providing
`detection and early warning of attack by
`enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles.
`Abbreviated BMEWS.
`ballistics - A general term used to de(cid:173)
`scribe the dynami c characteristics of a
`meter movement-most notably, response
`time, damping, and overshoot.
`ballistic trajectory-In the trajectory of
`a missile, the curve traced after the pro(cid:173)
`pulsive force is cut off and the body of the
`missile is acted upon only by gravity,
`aerodynamic drag, and wind.
`balli stocardiog ram-A waveform of the
`impulse imparted to or incurred by the
`body as a result of the displacement of
`blood upon each heartbeat. The period of
`the cycle of this waveform is the time
`interval between heartbeats. Typically
`taken in one of two ways-by measuring
`the seismic disturbance imparted to the
`table upon which the patient is lying
`supine, or by measuring the deflection of
`a heavy metal bar placed across the
`patient's ankles while he is lying supine.
`ballistocardiograph - An
`instrument
`used to record the movements imparted
`to the body by the beating of the heart.
`
`'"'ll" locardiography - T he recording
`"'"I interp retation of the movements
`'"'l"'n cd to the body by the beating of the
`111 '"' and the movement of the blood .
`h .. lop - Contraction of balopticon, an
`• l'l'""tt us for the projection of opaque
`in conjuction wi th a television
`1111 .q•,cs
`' 11111cra.
`liidopl icon-See Balop.
`h11l1111 -1. Also called balanced converter
`'" " bazooka." An acronym from BAL(cid:173)
`•11" nl to UNb alanced. A device used for
`111a1d1ing an unbalanced coaxial transmis(cid:173)
`"'"" li ne to a balanced two-wire system.
`l J,ua lly a transformer designed to
`!
`'"•"Pt 75-ohm unbalanced input (coaxial
`• 11l1k) and deliver the signal at 300-ohm
`l11tl:111ccd (twin lead). Usable in the con(cid:173)
`,.,. ,"' sense, and sometimes necessary for
`111"1..:hing a tuner with 300-ohm balanced
`11111c11 na terminals to a 75-ohm coaxial
`luu· .
`l•ion:ina jack - A jack that accepts a
`l11111ana plug . Generally designed
`for
`11. 11 1cl mounting.
`hona na p lug - A plug with a banana(cid:173)
`·, liapcd spring-metal tip and with elon-
`1:11 1 ~cl springs to provide a low-resistance
`• "mpression fit.
`l. Any range of frequencies which
`l• 1111tl -
`1 ... , hetwcen two defined limits. 2. A
`1:1 oup of radio channels assigned by the
`l·t :(:to a particular type of radio service.
`1ny low freq.
`(vlf) 10- 30 kH2
`low l'req.
`(If) 30- 300 kHz
`
`medium freq .
`high freq.
`very high freq.
`ultrahigh freq.
`superhigh freq.
`
`(m f) 300-3000 kHz
`(hf) 3-30 MHz
`(vhf)30-300 MHz
`(uhf)3 00-3000 MHz
`(s hf) 3000-30,000
`MHz
`
`extremely high
`(ehf)30-300 GHz
`freq.
`3. A group of tracks or channels on a
`magnetic drum in an electronic computer.
`(Sec also Track, 2.) 4 . In instrumentation,
`a range of values that represents the scope
`of operation of an instrument.
`bandage-Rubber ribbon, about 4 inches
`wide, used as a temporary moisture pro(cid:173)
`tection for a splice in telephone or coaxial
`cable.
`band center -The geometric mean be(cid:173)
`tween the limits of a band of frequencies.
`banded cable - Two or more cables
`banded
`together
`by
`stai nless-s teel
`strappi ng .
`I. Also called
`band-elimination filter -
`band-stop filter . A wave filter with a
`sing le-atten uation band, neither of the
`cutoff frequencies being zero or infinite.
`T he filter passes frequencies on either
`side of this band. 2. A filter that attenu(cid:173)
`ates frequencies within its rejection band,
`but passes frequencies above and below
`this band. See illustration below .
`band gap - The energy difference be(cid:173)
`tween the conduction band and the val(cid:173)
`ence band in a material.
`band-gap energy - The difference in
`
`"' ~
`"' ;;;
`w
`"'
`..-----1~ ...
`"' ...
`
`!:.
`
`FREQUENCY -
`
`Band-elimination filte r s.
`
`Page 6 of 11
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`

`

`ACTNE
`REGSON
`
`N
`
`Eu:2
`l‘.‘Em
`Eu.
`a:
`g
`E.1
`W
`
`a
`~~~~~~r>
`
`DISTANCE
`
`IMPA TT diode.
`
`produced by a combination of impact ava~
`lanche breakdown and charge—carrier
`transit-time effects. Avalanche break—
`down occurs when the electric field across
`the diode is high enough for the charge
`carriers (holes or
`elei‘kt/rons)
`to create
`electron-hole pairs.
`irh the diode
`mounted in an appropriate cavity,
`the
`field patterns and drift distance permit
`microwave oscillations or amplification
`3. A semiconductor microwave diode
`that, when its junction is biased onto ava—
`lanche, exhibits a negative resistance over
`a
`frequency range determined by the
`transit time of charge carriers through the
`depletion region.
`IMPATT oscillator —— An oscillator in
`which the active element is an IMPATT
`diode operating in a negative resistance
`mode. Dc to rf conversion efficiencies are
`normally less than 20 percent. Present
`devices operate above 5 GHz.
`impedance— L The total opposition (i.e.,
`resistance and reactaoce) a circuit offers
`to the flow of alternating current at a
`given frequency; the ratio of the potential
`difference across a circuit or element of a
`circuit to the current through the circuit
`or element. It is measured in ohms, and
`its reciprocal is called admittance. Sym—
`bol: Z. 2.The combination of resistance
`and reactancc. 3. Combined opposition to
`current resulting from resistance, capaci—
`tance, and inductance. 4. The sinusoidal
`terminal voltage of a circuit divided by
`the current through it. ’5. A speaker’s re—
`sistance to an alternating current, which
`varies with frequency. A speaker‘s rated
`impedance is usually the value measured
`at 400 Hz. 6. The opposition to alternat—
`ing current in a circuit, generally catego—
`rized as either high or low, and measured
`in ohms.
`impedance angle—Angle of the imped—
`ance vector with respectrto the resistance
`vector. Represents the phase angle be-
`tween voltage and current.
`
`the intermediate fre-
`impedance at
`quency —— In a mixer semiconductor
`diode,
`the impedance measured at
`the
`output terminals of a mixer circuit when
`the device is driven by a local oscillator
`under specified conditions.
`impedance bridge—«A device for measur—
`ing the combined resistance and reactance
`of a component part of a circuit.
`impedance characteristic —A graph of
`impedance versus frequency of a circuit
`or component.
`in which its
`impedance coil —— A coil
`inductive reactance is used to hinder the
`flow of alternating current in or between
`circuits.
`impedance compensator—l. An electric
`network used with a line or another net—
`work to give the impedance of the combi—
`nation a certain characteristic over a de—
`sired frequency range. 2. A circuit which
`ensures that
`a
`transmission line is
`a
`proper electrical load for its communicat—
`ing devices. It is connected in parallel
`with the devices,
`impedance coupling ——A method of cou—
`pling using an impedance as the coupling
`device, common to both the primary and
`secondary circuits. This type of coupling
`is usually limited to audio systems, where
`high gain and limited bandpass
`are
`required.
`impedance drop—The vector sum of the
`resistance drop and the reactance drop.
`(For transformers, the resistance drop,
`the reactance drop, and the impedance
`drop are, respectively, the sum of the
`primary and secondary drops reduced to
`the same terms. They are usually ex-
`pressed in percent of the secondary—
`terminal voltage.)
`impedance ground ——An earth connec-
`tion made through an impedance of
`predetermined value usually chosen to
`limit
`the current of a short‘circuit
`to
`ground.
`impedance irregularities -- Breaks or
`abrupt changes which occur in an imped-
`ance—frequency curve when unlike sec—
`tions of a transmission line are joined to—
`gether or when there are irregularities on
`the line.
`impedance match - The condition in
`which the impedance of a component or
`circuit is equal to the internal impedance
`of the source, or the surge impedance of a
`transmission line, thereby giving maxi-
`mum transfer of energy from sources to
`load, minimum reflection3 and minimum
`distortion,
`impedance matching —— l. The connec-
`tion across a source impedance of another
`impedance having the same magnitude
`and phase angle. If the source is a trans
`mission line, reflection is thereby avoided.
`2. The process of adjusting the imped—
`ances of a load and of its power source so
`
`Page 7 of 11
`
`Page 7 of 11
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`

`

`test possible transfer of power. 3. Making
`the impedance of a terminating device
`equal to the impedance of the circuit to
`which it is connected in order to achieve
`optimum signal transfer.
`impedance-matching transformer—“A
`transformer used to match the impedance
`ofa source and load.
`impedance plethysmograph H An in»
`strument used to detect
`the increased
`blood volume in the tissues of the body
`during a contraction of the heart. See also
`Electrical—Impedance Cephalography and
`Finger Plethysrnograph.
`impedance transformer~A transform-
`er that transfers maximum energy from
`one circuit to another.
`impedance triangle—«A diagram consist-
`ing ofa right triangle. The sides are pro-
`portional to the resistance and reactance
`in an ac circuit, with the hypotenuse
`representing the impedance.
`imperfect dielectric w A dielectric in
`which part of the energy required to
`establish its electric field is converted into
`heat
`instead of being returned to. the
`electric system when the field is removed.
`imperfection—in a crystalline solid, any
`deviation in structure from an ideal crys-
`tal (one which is perfectly periodic in
`structure and contains no foreign atoms).
`implantable pacemaker ~'A miniature
`pulse generator
`surgically
`implanted
`beneath the skin and provided with out-
`put
`leads that connect directly to the
`heart muscle. The electrodes may contact
`either the outer wail of the heart muscle
`(myocardial electrodes) or the inner sur—
`face of the heart chamber {endocardi-ac
`electrodes).
`-
`implied AND.- ““AISO called dot AND or
`wired KND. Pi logic element in which the
`combined outputs are true if and only if
`all outputs are true. (Sometimes improp—
`erly called dot OR or wired 0R.)
`implied ORwAlso called wired OR. A logic
`element in which the combined outputs are
`true if one or more of the outputs are true.
`implode "The inward bursting of a pic-
`ture tube due to its high vacuum.
`impregnant— l. A substance, usually a
`liquid, used to saturate the paper dielec—
`tric of a capacitor and replace the air be-
`tween its fibers, thereby increasing the di—
`electric
`strength and
`the
`dielectric
`constant of the capacitor. 2. A substance
`intended to replace the air as dielectric
`between the electrodes of a capacitor.
`impregnatewl. To fill voids and air spa—
`ces (of a capacitor or transfdrmer) with a
`material having good insulating proper-
`ties commonly called an impregnant. 2.
`To fill the voids and interstices of a mate-
`rial with a compound. This does not
`imply complete fill or complete coating of
`the surfaces by a hole-free film.
`
`permeated with an electric grade varnish
`or other protective material
`them from mechanized vibration, han—
`dling, a fungus, and moisture.
`impregnating—“Complete filling of even
`the smallest voids in a component or
`closely packed assembly of parts. Low-
`viscosity compounds, usually liquids, are
`used. The process is frequently accom-
`plished by a vacuum process where all air
`is
`removed
`before
`introducing
`impregnating material. ‘l‘ypical examples
`of impregnating are the filling of capaci-
`tors or transformer windings.
`impregnation—1. The process of coating
`the insides of coils and closely packed elec—
`tronic assemblies by dipping them into a
`liquid and letting it solidify. 2. The proc-
`ess of completely filling all interstices or a
`part or assembly with a thin liquid, elec—
`trically insulating material. The process is
`best accomplished by first removing all
`air (creating a vacuum), then introducing
`the impregnant, and finally applying
`atmospheric or elevated pressures
`completely force~fill the system.
`impressed voltagew'lhe voltage applied
`to a circuit or device.
`improvement thresholdaA characteris~
`tic of fm radio receivers which determines
`the minimum rt” signal power required to
`overcome the inherent thermal noise. For
`increasing values of rf power above this
`point, an improvement of signal~to~noise
`ratio is obtained.
`impulse—l. A pulse that begins and code
`within so short a time that it may be
`regarded mathematically as infinitesimal.
`The change produced in the medium,
`however, is generally of a finite amount.
`2. A current surge-of unidirectional polar-
`ity. See also Pulse.
`impulse bandwidth ~The area divided
`by the height of the voltage-response
`selectivity as a function of frequency. It is
`used in the calculation of broadband
`interference.
`impulse-driven clock—An electric clock
`in which the hands are moved forward at
`regular
`intervals by current
`from a master clock.
`impulse excitation ~— Also called shock
`excitation.
`l. A method of producing
`oscillatory current in which the duration
`of the impressed voltage is relatively short
`compared with that of the current pro-
`duced.‘ 2. The sudden application of a
`momentary steep-wavefront voltage to a
`resonant circuit; resulting in a damped
`oscillation.
`impulse frequency ~— The number of
`pulse periods per second generated by the
`dial‘pulse springs in a telephone as they
`rapidly open and close in response to the
`dialing of a digit.
`impulse generator~ 1. Also called surge
`
`Page 8 of 11
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`Page 8 of 11
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`525
`
`isolated amplifier-isoplo:mar
`
`isolated amplifier-A differential ampli(cid:173)
`fier in which the input-signal lines are
`conductively isolated from the output(cid:173)
`signal lines and chassis ground.
`isolated i/o module -A module which
`has each input or output electrically iso(cid:173)
`lated from every other input or output on
`that module, i.e., to say, each input or
`output has a separate return wire.
`isolating diode-A diode that passes sig(cid:173)
`nals in one direction through a circuit but
`blocks signals and voltages in the opposite
`direction.
`isolating switch-A switch intended for
`isolating an electric circuit from
`the
`source of power. It has no interrupting
`rating and is intended to be operated only
`after the circuit has been opened by some
`other means.
`isolation -1. Electrical or acoustical sep(cid:173)
`aration between two locations. 2. The
`technique for producing a high electrical
`resistance between an integrated-circuit
`component and the substrate in which it
`is formed. 3. A reduction in the ability of
`a system to respond to an excitation or to
`generate an excitation.
`!. An amplifier
`isolation amplifier -
`which is used to minimize the interaction
`between the circuitry which precedes and
`that which follows. Also called buffer am(cid:173)
`plifier. 2. An amplifier designed to have a
`galvanic discontinuity between its input
`and output pins. This discontinuity
`(called an isolation barrier) must have
`high breakdown voltage, low de leakage
`(high barrier resistance), and low ac leak(cid:173)
`age (low barrier capacitance). Three-port
`isolation amplifiers have an additional
`isolation barrier between the power(cid:173)
`supply connection and the signal connec(cid:173)
`tions which allows the user to connect
`power in common with eithet the amplifi(cid:173)
`er's input or its output. Isolation amplifi(cid:173)
`ers generally serve the following func(cid:173)
`tions not achievable with op or instru(cid:173)
`mentation amps: sensing small signals in
`the presence of very high ( l 0 volts) or
`unknown common-mode voltages; pro(cid:173)
`tecting patients undergoing medical mon(cid:173)
`itoring or diagnostic measurements; and
`completely breaking ground loops. The
`isolation amplifier, as well as offering iso(cid:173)
`lation, increases accuracy because of its
`floating input. In contrast to the instru(cid:173)
`mentation amplifier, it not only elimi(cid:173)
`nates ground loop errors but further
`reduces the total system error, because its
`isolation-mode rejection ratio is generally
`one or two orders of magnitude higher
`than the common-mode rejection of an in(cid:173)
`strumentation amplifier. 3. An amplifier
`with input circuitry and output circuitry
`the effects of
`designed
`to eliminate
`changes made at either on the other. 4. An
`amplifier that has an input circuit that is
`galvanically (no ohmic connection) iso-
`
`lated from the output stage and the power
`supply terminals. This isolation is pro(cid:173)
`vided by magnetic, optical, or mechanical
`coupling techniques. Isolation amplifiers
`are used in applications that require accu(cid:173)
`rate and safe measurement of de and low(cid:173)
`frequency signals. 5. A circuit that ampli(cid:173)
`fies a signal without needing a galvanic
`path between its input and output termi(cid:173)
`nal. The circuit can be used to protect
`individuals and equipment from high volt(cid:173)
`ages and to break ground loops in meas(cid:173)
`urement systems. The high resistance and
`low capacitance of the isolation region
`permit little current leakage across its
`barrier and it withstands a specified high
`voltage without breakdowns or arcs.
`isolation harrier -
`Isolation
`See
`Amplifier.
`isolation diffusion -1. A technique for
`separation of the individual components
`within a monolithic silicon n structure; p
`diffused isolation zones are used to form
`pn junctions that act as reverse-biased
`diodes. The transistors are double dif(cid:173)
`fused; that is, they are processed by two
`diffusion steps after the isolation diffu(cid:173)
`sion. 2. In monolithic integrated circuit
`technology, the diffusion step which gen(cid:173)
`erates back-to-back junctions to isolate
`active devices from one another.
`isolation network - A network inserted
`into a circuit or transmission line to pre(cid:173)
`vent interaction between circuits on each
`side of the insertion point.
`isolation transformer - A transformer
`designed to provide magnetic coupling
`(flux coupling) between one or more pairs
`of isolated circuits, without introducing
`significant coupling of any other kind be(cid:173)
`tween them-i.e., without introducing
`either significant conductive (ohmic) or
`significant
`electrostatic
`(capacitive)
`coupling.
`isolator ferrite - A microwave device
`which allows rf energy to pass through in
`one direction with very little loss but
`absorbs rf power in the other direction.
`isolith -An integrated circuit of compo(cid:173)
`nents formed on a single silicon slice, but
`with the various components intercon(cid:173)
`nected by beam leads and with circuit
`parts isolated by removal of the silicon
`between them.
`isomer-One of two or more substances
`composed of molecules having the same
`kinds of atoms in the same proportions
`but arranged differently. Hence,
`the
`physical and chemical properties are dif(cid:173)
`ferent. Isomers which do not have the
`same molecular weights are called
`polymers.
`isoplanar-A bipolar fabrication process
`that replaces conventional planar P+ iso(cid:173)
`lation diffusion with an insulating oxide
`to provide isolation between active ele(cid:173)
`ments of a silicon IC. Circuit elements
`
`Page 9 of 11
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`transfer instruction-