United States Patent [19
`
`[11] Patent Number:
`
`9
`4,952 928
`
`Carroll et al.
`
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`[54] ADAPTABLE ELECTRONIC MONITORING
`AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
`Inventors: Gary T. Carroll; George J. PilInanis,
`b9th or Boulder; vmcent D' Sdmon’
`Little-ton, all of Colo.
`
`[75]
`
`4,337,568
`4,843,317
`
`6/1939 Snaper .......................... .. 3110/325.54
`6/1989 Fuller et a1.
`...................... .. 340/593
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Schwitzgehel et 3.1., "Methods and Designs", Behav.
`,
`Res. Math. & Instru, 1970, vol. 2(3), pp. 99—105.
`3° 1' Inmm‘m‘ted’ Boulder' (391°-
`[73] mange:
`Meyer, “Crime Deterrent Transponder System", IEEE
`[21] App]. No: 237,360
`Transactions on Aerospace Sc Electronic Systems, vol.
`[22] Filed:
`Aug. 29, 1988
`ABS-7.391 iii-lam. 19:33 9111.1 2-22- ed H
`Hf
`.
`:1 et
`. “
`ectroni
`y
`onitor
`ome Co me-
`[51
`Int. Cl; ........................... A6113 5/00 H0413 1/00
`F“ ,,
`v.
`.
`.
`mi 03. CL
`340/825,,54; 340/539; m“ ’N‘m‘m “19m” 0”“5‘“ NW" ‘935’ PI" 1‘5'
`340/513; 319/106; 128/903
`Primary Examiner—Donald J. Yiisko
`825.44,
`Afifflafif Examiner—Davis Magistre
`Field of Search
`340/325-35: 539, 573. 575; 123/901, 902, 903.
`Attorney, Agent. or Firm—Fitch, Even, Tabin &.
`663,644,721;364/l4l,134,133,135;379/93,
`ffiannery
`96,106;367/2
`
`[56]
`
`$11!,
`I
`_
`l d
`.AB
`It
`1
`5:71
`t
`ReferenCes Cited
`personne rrioni onng sys em mc 1: as a transmitting
`or transponding unit that is worn or carried by the
`U'S' PATENT DOCUMENTS
`individual being monitored. This transmitting or tran-
`3,253,533
`5/1966 Vuilleumier et a1.
`123/903
`sponder unit periodically, or open requt. transmits a
`3,4TS,344 11/1969 Schwitzgebel et al.
`. 340/312
`uniquely encoded signal that identifies the person being
`3,618.06? 11/1971 DeVale et a].
`.. 340/232
`
`monitored, as well as information about the condition or
`3,639,901f 2/ 1972 Greatbetch
`128/903
`
`activities of the person being monitored. Such condition
`3,882,277 5/ 1915 DePedro et a1.
`179/2 DP
`
`or activites are sensed by sensors, coupled to the trans-
`3.393.934 3/1975 Mandd 9* 51-
`-- 123/11 A
`
`
`mitting unit, that monitor selected body functions or
`3x947s332 3"976 Rosgene" 31-
`-
`340/224
`parameters, such as heart rate, amount of skin perspira-
`' 343/112 D
`4'112'421
`9/1973 Frau)" J"
`
`tion, muscle movement, and the like. The monitoring
`g” 3mm?”
`
`system alsoincludes a field monitoring device, or FMD,
`“0539
`4156932 Bag“
`
`that is positioned near the person being monitored {or at
`‘
`-
`.
`’
`’
`.
`.
`.
`340/539
`4,342,986
`3/1932 Bushrk et al.
`
`a location where the person being monitored should be
`340,539
`$347,501 8,193: Akmflg
`
`fouFd); The FMD “99"”, Prmes' and SW35 “1°
`.. 128/419 PG
`1/1934 Anderson and
`4,428,378
`
`periodic 01' requested signals “311511111:th from the trans-
`[19/51 R
`4,475,431 10/1934 Canal]
`mitting unit as directed by a program stored in a facto-
`_ 343/457
`4.494,119
`1/1935 Win-was}.
`
`ry-removable and replaceable memory pack. Hence, the
`_ 123/903
`1/1935 Sosa!“ at at,
`4,494,553
`
`operation of the FMD can be changed as required in
`. 340/539
`4,559,526 12/1985 Tani et at.
`..
`
`order to fit different monitoring applications. The moni-
`6/1986 Narcisse .... ..
`4,593,273
`340/539
`
`toring system further includes a central processing unit,
`. 340/S73
`4,598.275
`7/1986 Ross et a].
`..
`or CPU, that automatically, or by request, receives and
`4,622,544 11/1936 mall!" 21 31-
`340/536
`
`interprets data from the FMD. The communicatiOn link
`9‘
`th CPU
`.
`,
`,
`..
`[I ers e
`
`beige“ the FMD ind
`a
`may be by Way-Of
`..
`.364/406
`4,653,357 4/1937 Carroll et a].
`existing telephone lines or other telecommunicative
`
`links. From this data, the CPU generates desired reports
`figifiesgefl 31' "
`‘
`
`indicating the location, condition, and activities of the
`128,903
`4:709:704 INNS? Lukasiw‘ig';
`
`monitored indwidual as a function of time.
`340/513
`4314,75:
`3/1939 Hawkins e, a"
`
`128/903
`4,319,360 4/1989 Hargrove el al.
`..
`27 Claims, 10 Drawing Sheets
`4,822,943 5/ 1939
`
`
`
`Apple
`APLl
`
`
`
`Q
`
` tl
`
`
`-J-u—
`—
`—
`:5
`r.__i L_l”
`Flemming.
`55mm:
`LDMEJ LBEEE
`
`1
`
`tIII
`
`—
`T
`LIE..eI___r-1--C.m~7.€i'.1’
`_
`5‘9
`.1
`L—rsnmnfl-
`
`0001
`
`US. Patent No. 8,652
`
`Apple Inc.
`APL1063
`U.S. Patent No. 8,652,040
`
`0001
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 1 of 10
`
`4,952,928
`
`Jz?F—hfig
`
`._SE§.____..____.____u____m;____._._;__.__..__..____.
`
`I | I
`
`45
`
`
`
`6‘0
`
`I
`
`«a
`
`
`
`r sscoun 1/33 is
`I
`I
`.
`{35
`
` 242/
`
`
`___
`—.a-—
`.__|_ _
`
`—y§
`[TEE-mt}
`
`FEERlPlrIEERAL
`FPERIPHERALII
`LEEI'FEJ L£E_v£.-
`
`
` .___._.__‘;,.
`-I_...____,
`
`_#__,
`5H—HIII;.
`_:
`
`
`
`
`afillllrptla'’1
`
`
`
`FIEEEB
`
`72
`
`
`73
`
`72
`
`0002
`
`0002
`
`

`

`Sheet 2 of 10
`
`4,952,928
`
`START
`10
`TEMP ACTIVITY
`PARITY STOP
`r-*--\
`M
`EEE‘EE‘EEIE‘EE‘EEE'IEJEEEEEBEHE
`
`L__,_a
`MOISTURE (RESISTANCE TAM PER
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ENCODER B
`TAMPER
`Cl RCU ITS
`
`
`
`0003
`
`0003
`
`

`

`.S.U
`
`mT
`
`m.9we5u.AAaS
`Lula.EmM.We.WW.mma56FPmHLAw.man77
`tWEF—wAv.Ea
`
`nPMARETLEREeanRmmwAm9w.-I
`IEUmIn“.F.1
`
`
`
`+
`
`+H++
`
`820V259
`
`h
`
`mm
`Ps
`
`.m.+.+m3Tmmmemin
`I}'4mm+wp...+
`SE
`
`a
`
`0004
`
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`2459:mzofintpmz.3.232.£0;E455mm.uflomqm20:32.".W$38sz
`
`Faun.wmdmufimozom
`
`
`
`M8.58535234
`
`«€528F5238
`
`
`
`sumno:BatimxmEMERE4458;
`
`mmdithm
`
`mm...Do02mam
`
`NDEHDN
`
`
`
`0005
`
`US. Patent
`
`0.3
`
`1
`
`AH
`
`m0y253,4
`
`
`
`
`
`530%am%oontzo:
`w.
`
`
`
`
`rm-5.szzofiafimz.295:.52.\mmE“E“E
`m“mafiaa?éfimfio
`
`
`
`mm.5002m3m20load:EZQHQO
`
`
`
`
`02.x103hmz lhmzJdZQPDFr—hz.@5mesz
`
`
`
`mmdibmom.023E0?IFJDE93104.53:\oFoofl.
`flwzozdkmxmogO...mus—awedruzuwd_6231.5
`
`
`
`
`
`0005
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent
`
`2.uA
`
`4,952,928
`
`m20F3P£mzw
`
`
`
`
`
`zofideo—n—ZOUzofidw—Dw.“—z00
`
`mOhdm—DGCzoo
`
`wzdghuow
`
`tumude23.0w:
`
`
`
`
`
`..E\muzmmumaum“843933a65-.....528554535345284.53:JManama
`
`
`20:85:20:andh“MI—3DOEDd0146—2deandSEomwmmidi?02..
`
`
`|_u.5od_a525¢_roamed_.anmmW"84:8sz"$480535:52.522
`19245
`
`295:5!5:395;
`
`55thEomwm9E
`“E#344&4a:34.53
`mica“.mezzo:_2:35no:
`
`mbmocmzoEozotzosand5234ll.x5352595.5385.
`
`
`9:35no:zoEo2:03.52mo:85qu00:
`
`
`
`10.5202
`
`084ozjga1"3:8:9:office...2.84
`
`
`
`LIEU:2rozuod_"mm::a0295
`1?:
`
`mot—‘02_924mm
`"mun—DGO—zmam
`
`
`
` COP—ZOEandM4andEZOEEO
`
`
`
`macXKOBPNZ
`
`9.....—ofmdmo
`
`@2345\who”;
`
`Hdedfl
`
`Fraulmx
`
`ouanaFm
`
`00:ad.
`
`KPH—202.zdmwozl_ruzuo<_
`
`
`
`"ml.:90:
`
`PKOn—wz
`
`0.93
`
`"ml—300.2
`
`Zach—O
`
`ozw.504
`
`zoFdznoEZOU
`
`"mNJDDOEDDm
`"mun—Dadfimzw
`
`£02202.Edmoozn._r02”..de_
`
`$43002
`
`Hmomwm
`
`2de
`
`$0.520:_Edmwoma#ruzwmud’
`
`"ml-3002
`
`bran—mm
`
`2mg
`
`me30..
`
`gomwzo...
`
`Qumfimflnwl
`
`0006
`
`
`
`0006
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`AL
`
`.m
`
`“U11
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`m...292:3:onzerfimauczouzofiqmnoizooA30:9:me*mama...*Mazda228:can26..
`
`ousaoumwmafia
`
`
`mozmmmfi-.M,mdowmummozumummumand“.28PE"8.:“.28Eh54.8255.29m33
`5:045
`mmdghuom
`
`xOhdeoEZOO
`
`
`
`
`
`no933
`
`uzouPEflammxnfimn.“m3”.“28.95
`
`6Ewéofiwuz.
`
`
`um¢3n¢§ m4;4:tE225R5:20:99..magaqummm...mks:h"mzoEo5:20:84.S530mmmotzo:84......|Ilmmmozom
`
`
`
`Owu|“WZOFFAO195.20.:c:
`
`.:2;9x5.
`
`mzofimo:2:o:
`
`5sz3453.
`
`
`
`0007
`
`
`
`QQUGHHN
`
`0007
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 7 of 10
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`
`MODULES
`
`SYSTEM
`
`MAINTENANCE
`
`HOST
`TEST
`B SUPPORT
`
`
`OPERATING
`
`SEMINAR
`
`SOFTWARE
`
`
`APPLICATION
`
`PROGRAM
`
`SOFTWARE/
`
`
`0008
`
`0008
`
`

`

`
`
`tmPSU
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 8 of 10
`
`5w,
`
`00m,
`
`hm.
`
`NMN
`
`
`
`203.40.Emu.)
`
`No.0)
`
`Pauly—mug“.
`
`D.—
`
`9.53004
`
`an
`
`29.4424
`
`Ihdumm
`
`
`
`m1m.HUEHDN
`
`02.1.45adived
`
`.98
`
`we“
`
`‘D
`
`‘E
`
`v.2.n.
`
`mbmomwm
`
`Bingo54343
`mo"..9...wzoza
`
`
`
`
`MR.NON
`
`u...szSun—02
`
`undo“E
`ll
`
`v.54”.
`
`.9...
`
`
`
`3w$45.829.33%...
`
`mu.5co:m...w
`
`
`
`mm.m._.z:OU265:0".
`
`Bu
`
`DvNQM
`
`VNN
`
`QNNQM
`
`9mmom
`
`mmEnamuomm
`
`.50...O....22:
`
`annuawmdmv20...?5km2.
`
`
`
`.52...$2.53
`
`.23...5.00x2...
`
`20:40
`
`
`
`34.55.szzungqz-_flw_rrfloou
`
`
`
`mum:unamfiqo50:35
`
`“mammal.
`
`Imp—dz...
`
`mmozo...
`
`.ONN
`
`\muzmmutn.mm.
`
`mozmmmd
`
`mNN
`
`km
`
`2NMON
`
`.858...uzozmmjup
`
`
`
`5;...“Exmoafizmum:33245
`
`9...2,:2.5.3:
`
`
`
`uozummqv.2...
`
`0.20:...
`
`$25.3”...
`
`.5458$2.54....—
`om“E
`nice-.5Gama
`IomJuoEJO
`MidghmowCam—44¢.
`
`
`92:20.".zoFauuxm
`
`mFM—OLmfiNU.>M_Um
`
`2mm
`
`20....omhmn—
`
`“\N“ON
`
`mum
`
`WNW
`
`mm
`
`NawVON
`
`0009
`
`
`
`0009
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`tmaPS”U
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 9 of 10
`
`4.
`
`0%.v59.,
`
`00m.
`
`Ohm.
`
`Ohm.
`
`OVM.
`
`ownnew
`
`whjnfikdm
`
`Kuwade
`
`ZQPdUEFZND.
`
`umpmox
`
`:23554Emupamzou
`
`FZELEMQZE
`
`DH
`
`9.53004
`
`on
`
`mmDZOQmdefi
`
`“mammdi.
`
`am.22(twoIn.
`
`PUdhzoo
`
`IkdwmmE20F<UEEM>
`
`mrisz<
`
`no.0)
`
`QWNDMHUH
`
`v55rnEOJu
`
`"4429.59
`
`.3».
`
`QM.am409*9.
`
`.0map—202
`
`
`
`5.55E“.
`
`25
`
`maxuqmmen
`
`xma!
`
`JOIOUJ¢x@Dmo
`
`zocbuhua
`
`KPEX“E
`
`awash}:
`
`.
`
`
`
`men1838?.
`
`non
`
`0010
`
`
`
`0010
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 10 of 10
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`IOHdJDEfi02.2.4335
`
`
`
`
`
`Hmmh.Emhmrm20....344hmg
`
`umdghuom
`
`mhzmzmmSOMm
`
`m5:Pmoumzm
`
`02—mwmuomm
`.0wUZGZMPzEE
`
`mmqgomdz
`
`303a53$4324:
`
`BESS;
`
`
`
`mmdghn—omGum—Dour—
`
`
`
`mehumdghn—Om
`
`
`mmam5.49midi—(PWWM—
`
`
`5m:mumanmooxa
`
`
`
`gm.WUEHH
`
`Imamaomh
`
`ozfiboxm
`
`wraith—Om
`
`umssomq:
`
`Eofiam
`
`.
`
`wading“:
`
`mum:
`
`ZO_._.<._.ZuEDUOn
`
`
`
`.3524:Emkmrm
`
`.50:
`
`zDConmhmz.
`
`bzuju
`
`omdu
`
`azinzmxéFood
`
`44:24:
`
`29.21.44sz.
`
`any—Democra—
`
`rmkznou
`
`29mm?—
`
`@443242
`
`0011
`
`OE
`
`90h,
`
`00v
`
`
`
`0011
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`1
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`ADAPTABLE ELECTRONIC MONITORING AND
`IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates to personnel identifica-
`tion and monitoring systems. More particularly,
`the
`present invention relates to an ADaptable Electronic
`Monitoring and
`Identification System (hereafter
`"ADEMIS"} comprised of a variety of hardware and
`software modules. Advantageously, such an approach
`provides a great deal of flexibility in configuring a de-
`sired system that addresses the particular needs of a
`given application, such as the needs of the correction
`industry (prisons, jails, and other correctional and/or
`supervisory institutions). However, as well be evident
`from the description that follows, the flexibility pro-
`vided by the present invention also makes it well suited
`for use in applications other than the corrections, such
`as medical, home health care, security and similar sys-
`tems where individuals or objects need to be monitored
`and supervised.
`Personnel monitoring systems used by law enforce-
`ment or other supervisory agenci, such as hospitals,
`are known in the art. Heretofore, however, such sys-
`tems have been limited to monitoring the location of a
`designated individual, usually for the purpose of physi-
`cally confining the individual to a designated area, such
`as a prison or jail; or such systems have monitored a
`particular medical parameter, such as heart rate, of an
`indiVidual at a known location.
`Since early times, most civilizations and societies
`have found it necessary to confine certain individuals,
`typically those found guilty of cemmitting various
`crimes, to a prescribed area. The earliest monitoring
`systems were simply a cage or building in which the
`individual was placed, and around which guards were
`posted to physically watch the individual to make sure
`that he or she did not esoape. Most of the jails and
`prisons used today are simply an extension of such prac-
`tice.
`In recent years, however, with the overcrowding of
`prisons and jails, and with the increased cost of con-
`structing and stalling new prisons and jails, alternatives
`to physical confinement have been sought. One such
`alternative has been an electronic surveillance system
`which electronically determines whether a tagged indi-
`vidual remains within a prescribed area that is morti-
`tored with sophisticated electronic surveillance equip-
`ment. Schwitzgebel, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,478,344, is an
`example of an early attempt at such an electronic moni-
`toring system for keeping track of the location of pris-
`oners within a specified boundary. This is accomplished
`through the use of portable battery-powered RF trans-
`mitters, mounted on the wrist of the prisoner being
`monitored, and an array of directional antennas posi-
`tioned around the boundary area. These antennas are
`able to determine the location of a transmitter (and
`hence the location of the prisoner wearing the transmit-
`ter) with respect to the antenna array. Thus. trained
`guards operating the antenna array and associated elec-
`tronic equipment can keep track of the location of spe-
`cific prisoners within the boundary area. Such a system
`thus attempts to replace the physical walls and fences of
`a prison with electronic walls and fences. Unfortu-
`nately, the system disclosed by Schwitzgebel does little,
`if anything, to physically prevent the individual from
`leaving the electronically confined area, other than to
`
`5
`
`10
`
`15
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`0012
`
`2
`alert the guards of an exit from the area. Thus, the
`guards are not replaced by the system, merely aided by
`it; and the overall cost of constructing and operating
`such a monitoring system, as compared to the cost of
`constructing and operating a conventional prison, is not
`much improved.
`More recently, a “house arrest" system has been de-
`veioped and used by many law enforcement agencies to
`enforce parole requirements or to impose “house ar-
`rest”. A paroled individual is typically required to re-
`main in a prescribed geographical area, e.g. within a
`given city, for a set time and to regularly report to his
`parole officer. An individual placed under house arrest
`is typically required to remain at a specific location,
`often his own house or building, for a prescribed period
`of time. A “house arrest” system advantageously allows
`both functions to be readily performed.
`The house arrest system of the prior art includes an
`electronic ankle tag that is unobtrusively fitted on the
`individual to be monitored. The tag includes a transmit-
`ter that periodically, or upon receipt of an interrogation
`signal,
`transmits an identification code over a short
`distance. Such tag may also include anti-tamper features
`that proteCt its electronic circuits from being altered,
`and that detect any attempts to remove the tag. The
`house arrest system may also include a field monitoring
`device, or FMD, that is placed at the location where the
`individual is to be confined, or the location to where the
`individual is to report on a regular basis, such as his or
`her home. The FMD, or equivalent device, receives the
`signal(s) transmitted from the tag(s) and keeps track of
`which signals were received when. (It is noted that the
`FMD may receive signals from more than one tag if a
`plurality of individuals wearing such tags are present
`within the location being monitored.) Periodically, e.g.
`three or four times a day, the FMD makes contact with
`a central computer, typically Via a telephone line, and
`reports which signals were received and the time they
`were received. The report also includes any status infor-
`mation, such as any detected attempts to tamper with
`the tag or the FMD. Because each signal is uniquely
`encoded for a specific individual, the central computer
`combines the information contained in the reports re-
`ceived from all the FMD's located throughout the city
`in order to provide a comprehensive report on the
`whereabouts of each monitored individual at various
`times throughout a given day. Such comprehensive
`report can thus verify that a paroled individual has
`“checked in” at a specific location (i.e., been in elec-
`tronic contact with a particular FMD) at a specified
`time; and can also verify that an individual under house
`arrest has remained at a specific location.
`A house arrest system of the type described above is
`marketed by 13.1. Inc, of Boulder Colo., USA, under the
`name Home Escort System.
`However, even the current Home Escort System
`marketed by 3.1. Inc., as significant of an advance in the
`art as it represents, fails to provide more than location
`information about the tagged individuals. It is not un-
`common for the court or supervisory agency to require,
`in addition to. or in place of, restrictions on physical
`movement, other restrictions, such as abstinence from
`drugs or alcohol. Hence, there is a need in the art for a
`personnel monitoring system that not only provides
`IOcatiOn information about supervised individuals, but
`that also selectiver provides status and compliance
`information concerning such individuals,
`such as
`
`
`
`0012
`
`

`

`3
`whether such individuals are refraining from consump-
`tion of alcohol and drugs.
`It is also known in the electronic monitoring art to
`monitor the medical condition of a patient so that ap-
`propriate medical personnel can be alerted immediately
`in the event of a medical emergency, such as a heart
`attack. Mandel, U.S. Pat. No. 3,393,989, is an example
`of such a system. In Mandel, critical body functions are
`monitored through the use of special sensors placed on
`the individual which are coupled to a special transpon~
`der unit worn by the patient. The transponder unit is
`triggered by an interrogating signal, whereupon the
`information sensed by the sensors is transmitted in real
`time to a receiver. In this way the receiver is able to
`remotely monitor certain body functions, but no loca-
`tion information is included. Further, only critical and
`easily sensed body functions are monitored, such as
`heart rate and respiration rate. There is no suggestion
`that other body functions, such as those that might
`indicate consumption ofdrugs or alcohol, be monitored,
`and there is no suggestion that such monitoring be done
`for any purpose other than providing aid for a danger-
`ous medical condition.
`A further shortcoming of prior art electronic moni-
`toring devices relates to their fixed configuration, re-
`sulting in inflexinin in their use and applications. Each
`system is typically designed for a specific monitoring
`purpose, and is accordingly configured for that specific
`monitoring purpose. Any modifications or changes that
`are desired or needed within the system often result in a
`complete redesign of the system, thereby providing yet
`another expensive inflexible system that meets the needs
`of just one application. This inflexibility can especially
`be a problem where several different governmental or
`supervisory agenci are involved, each having its own
`unique set of requirements relating to what must be
`monitored and how it must be reported. Hence, there is
`a need in the art for a flexible electronic monitOring
`system that can be readily and inexpensively adapted to
`suit the monitoring and reporting needs of a specific
`supervisory agency.
`The above and other needs of the art are addressed
`and satisfied by the adaptable electronic monitoring and
`identification system described herein.
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention provides a lowwcost, flexible,
`reliable, electronic personnel identification and moni-
`toring system that comprises a collection of electronic
`and software modules and associated computer hard-
`ware. The system advantageously is configured to best
`fit the needs ofa particular monitoring or identification
`application by merely selecting the appropriate modules
`that need to be a part of the system for the particular
`application at hand. When the appropriate modules and
`related hardware are thus selected and combined, a
`versatile monitoring and identification system is pro-
`vided that can be used by law enforcement agencies, or
`other supervisory agencies, charged with the task of
`remotely and tmobtrusively monitoring the location,
`condition, and activities of a large number of ambula-
`tory individuals located within a relatively large geo-
`graphic area. Such area may include an entire city,
`county, state. or other governmental jurisdictional area.
`The system advantageously provides the flexibility to
`allow such monitoring to occur from a central location,
`or from several locations.
`
`
`
`4,952,928
`
`4
`The present invention fills the void of prior art moni-
`toring systems by providing flexibility in how the sys-
`tem is configured. No longer must an agency (user of
`the system) choose a monitoring system that is “too
`much" or “too little" for the application at hand.
`Rather, a system that "just fits” the immediate needs of
`the agency can be obtained by selectively incorporating
`into the system only those software and hardware mod—
`ules and related equipment that are needed to support
`the monitoring task at hand. Further, as the monitoring
`and identification needs change,
`the system can be
`readily upgraded or expanded to meet those changing
`needs by merely adding or deleting modules (software
`and/or hardware). All modules of the system are fully
`compatible with each other, and thus there need never
`be any concern that portions of the system will become
`obsolete.
`A significant advantage of the ADEMIS system de-
`scribed herein is the flexibility it provides to its user to
`allow different levels of security and monitoring, at
`different times during a monitoring schedule, so as to
`optimize the availability of a desired or needed perfor-
`mance level at a minimum cost. Thin, a user of the
`system, such as a governmental agency, can keep an
`offender out of prison for a longer period of time for less
`cost based on a progression of monitoring levels.
`Another significant feature of the adaptable elec-
`tronic monitoring and identification system of the pres-
`ent invention is that it can be selectively configured in a
`way that not only monitors and identifies location,
`which remains an important variable to monitor, but
`also selectively monitors other prescribed information
`about the individual(s) being monitored. Such “other
`prescribed information” relates to whether the individ-
`ual is complying with mandated restrictions or activi-
`ties, such as might be ordered by a court of law, a physi-
`cian, or other supervisory person or agency. For exam-
`ple, restrictions that might be imposed relate to absti-
`nence from drugs, alcohol, or other controlled sub-
`stances that are illegal or that might cause life-threaten-
`ing behavior. Activities that might be monitored, either
`to determine their occurrence or non-occurrence, relate
`to maintaining a minimum level of exercise and personal
`hygiene, excessive regurgitation (as might occur, for
`example, for someone suffering from an eating disorder,
`such as bulimia), appropriate sleeping or resting peri-
`ods, episodes of violence (such as might occur during
`spouse or child abuse), or the like. Advantageously, the
`present invention provides a system whereby all such
`restricted or mandated activities can be selectively
`monitored in an unobtrusive and inexpensive manner
`from a central location, or from several remote loca-
`tions in communication with a central location.
`The monitoring system herein described includes the
`basic elements of the location-determining monitoring
`systems of the prior art, i.e.: a tag or transmitting unit
`that is worn or carried by the individual being moni-
`tored, and that periodically transmits a uniquely en-
`coded signal that serves to identify the person being
`monitored; a field monitoring unit, or FMD,
`that is
`selectively positioned near the person being monitored
`(or at the location where the person being monitored
`should be found) to receive the signals transmitted from
`the tag or transmitting unit; and a central processing
`unit, or CPU (sometimes referred to as a "host" CPU),
`that automatically or by request receives information
`from the FMD from which desired compliance and
`non-compliance reports are generated.
`
`10
`
`15
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`0013
`
`
`
`0013
`
`

`

`
`
`5
`Unlike the prior art systems, however, the transmit-
`ting tag of the present invention may be selectively
`configured to assume a transponder mode of operation
`wherein it transmits its identifying signal only upon
`receipt of a request signal from the FMD. The FMD, in
`turn, may be configured as a “dumb” device in that it
`need only relay signals (after amplification and buffer-
`ing) between the tag and the host CPU. When thus
`configured, all of the intelligence of the system resides
`at the host CPU, and the host CPU determines the
`appropriate time to request the FMD to request a signal
`from the tag, which signal (after receipt by the tag) is
`immediately transferred on to the host CPU for logging
`and processing. Alternatively, and as described in the
`prior art, the FM!) can be selectively configured as a
`“smart” device, in that it can perform many of the re-
`questing, processing and logging tasks that would oth-
`erwise have to be performed by the host CPU.
`Further unlike the prior art systems, the present in-
`vention selectively includes appropriate sensors or elec-
`trodes that are incorporated within or otherwise cou-
`pled to the transmitting/transponder tag. These sensors
`monitor selected body functions or parameters, such as
`heart
`rate,
`temperature,
`ankle diameter, posture,
`amount of skin perspiration, muscle movement (activ-
`ity). and the like, and provide the sensed information to
`the transmitting circuits of the tag. There, this informa-
`tion is appropriately included within the identifying
`signal that is periodically transmitted by the tag unit.
`The FMD receives this information,'and, if configured
`as a “smart” device, logs it, compiles it, and forwards it
`on to the CPU at the apprOpi-iate time or upon request.
`(If the FMD is configured as a "dumb" device, this
`information is only obtained from the tag upon request
`by the CPU, and the information is immediately passed
`on to the CPU.) The CPU, in turn, processes the infor-
`mation in order to interpret it and to provide to the user
`of the system an indication of the location, condition,
`and activities of the monitored individual. Further, if 40
`desired, the host CPU produces written reports that
`identify the compliance or non—compliance of each
`monitored individual with the imposed restrictions.
`Still further unlike the prior art, the transmitting/-
`transponder tag used within the monitoring system of 45
`the present invention provides various options that can
`be readin selected at the factory in order to allow an
`otherwise “stander " transmitting tag to be used for
`different monitoring applications. One such optiort, as
`already discussed, relates to whether the tag operates in
`a transmitting mode (periodically, e.g. every 90-120
`seconds, the tag transmits an identification signal, mod-
`ulated with other sensed information) or a transponder
`mode (transmits its identification signal, modulated with
`other sensed information, only upon receipt of a request
`from the FMD). Similarly, different modules or func-
`tion packs may be easily inserted into a “standard”
`FMD, at the factory and/or at the time of installation,
`in order to “customize” the FMD for a particular moni-
`toring applicatiOn. Likewise, different application pro-
`grams may be readily selected or loaded into the host
`CPU, or other CPU’s coupled to the host CPU, in order
`to direct the CPU(s) as it interprets the data received
`from the various FMD‘s, each of which may be moni—
`toring individuals for a different application, and pre-
`pares the various reports needed by the different super-
`visory agencies having an interest
`in the individual
`being monitored.
`-
`
`50
`
`10
`
`is
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`55
`
`65
`
`4,952,928
`
`6
`Accordingly, it is a feature of the present invention to
`provide a personnel monitoring system that provides
`the users of such system with a great deal of flexibility
`in how a basic monitoring system is configured in order
`to monitor a wide variety of activities. Such flexibility is
`realized by constructing the system from modules of
`hardware and software elements that are combined
`together in order to fit the application need at hand.
`It is another feature of the invention to provide such
`a flexible modular system that can be easily upgraded
`from one configuration to another.
`It is a further feature of the present invention to pro-
`vide such a flexible monitoring system that measures the
`compliance or non-compliance of the monitored indi-
`vidual against a prescribed performance or behavior
`standard.
`A still further feature of the present invention is to
`provide such a flexible moultoring system that includes
`the ability to monitor the location and/or activities and
`condition of the individual being monitored as a func-
`tion of time, thereby advantageously allowing a deter-
`minatiou to be made as to the relative time periods
`during which compliance or non-compliance of a pre-
`scribed standard has occurred.
`Yet another feature of the present invention is to
`make the flexible monitoring system herein described
`available at a reasonable cost, thereby allowing supervi-
`sory agencies to better meet their stewardship obliga-
`tions of monitoring and watching over those individuals
`charged to their care.
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`The above and other features and advantages of the
`present invention will be more apparent from the fol-
`lowing more particular description thereof presented in
`conjunction with the following drawings wherein:
`FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the basic hardware ele-
`ments associated with the personnel monitoring system
`of the present invention;
`FIG. 2A is a tOp X-ray view of a wrist embodiment of
`the transmitting/transponder tag of the present inven—
`tion;
`FIG. 23 is a side sectional view of the wrist embodi-
`ment of FIG. 2A;
`FIG. ZC is a cross-sectional view of the band of FIG.
`2A taken along the line 2C—2C.
`FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an ankle embodiment
`of the transmitting/transponder tag of the present in-
`vention;
`FIG. 4A is a block diagram of one embodiment of the
`electronic elements and circuits contained within the
`tag of the present invention;
`FIG. 4B is a representation of the bit pattern that may
`be used within the signal 42 generated by the transmit-
`ting/transponder tag;
`FIG. 5 is a perspective view of one embodiment of
`the FMD;
`FIG. 6 is a block diagram of one configuration of the
`electronic elements and circuits contained within the
`FMD;
`FIG. 7 identifies the various software submodules
`that may be used within the host CPU;
`FIG. 8A depicts how the software modules of FIG. 7
`may be combined to produce varying configurations of
`the monitoring system;
`FIG. 8B depicts how various hardware modules may
`be configured in order to further add flexibility to the
`system;
`
`
`
`0014
`
`0014
`
`

`

`7
`FIG. 9 is a Table showing, in general. how various
`body parameters are affected by engaging in certain
`activities;
`FIGS. 10A and NB depict one technique that is used
`to measure the amount of swelling of the leg or ankle;
`FIGS. 11A and 118 illustrate two respective circuits
`used with a piezoelectric element, either one of which
`may be used to sense a desired function, such as pulse
`rate or activity;
`FIG. 12 shows one approach of using two tags on the
`same individual for the purpose of sensing various phys-
`iological parameters, such as heart rate;
`FIG. 13A is an organizational chart for a particular
`monitoring system built in accordance with the present
`invention, illustrating the various categories of subsys-
`tems and submodules that are included therein;
`FIG. 13B is a chart of the system of FIG. 13A detail-
`' ing the software processing requirements thereof;
`FIG. ISO is a chart of the system of FIG. 13A detail-
`ing the hardware requirements thereof;
`FIG. 1313 is a chart of the system of FIG. 13A detail-
`ing the user documentation, maintenance and support,
`installation and training, and system test simulator re-
`quirements thereof; and
`FIG. 14 is a block diagram of the hardware compo-
`nents of a “programmed contact” embodiment of the
`present invention.
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`INVENTION
`
`The following description presents the best contem—
`plated mode for practicing the invention. This descrip-
`tion is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made
`merely for the purpose of describing the general princi-
`ples of the invention. The scope of the invention should
`be ascertained with reference to the appended claims.
`The present invention will now be described. This
`description is best understood with reference to the
`drawings, wherein like numerals are used to represent
`like parts or elements throughout.
`Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a block dia-
`gram of the basic hardware used in a persomel monitor-
`ing system 30 in accordance with the present invention.
`The system 30 includes one or more remote monitoring
`areas 32 and at least one central processing unit (CPU)
`34. The CPU 34 is coupled to the remote monitoring
`area 32, in accordance with the embodiment shown. by
`way of a telephone line 36. One or more conventional
`telephone switching stations 3 couple the telephone line
`3-6 to the CPU 34.
`.Within each remote area 32, which area 32 may be a
`house or other conventional building. there is included
`at least one field monitoring device (FMD) 40. The
`PM!) 40 receives signals (represented as wavy arrows
`42 in FIG. 1) from a transmitting tag unit 44. Depending
`upon the configuration selected, these signals may be
`transmitted periodically by the tag unit 44, e. 3., every
`90-»120 seconds, or they may be sent only in response to
`a request signal 45' received from the FMD 40. These
`signals 4-2 contain inf