4,952,928
`[11] Patent Number:
`United States Patent 19
`Carroll et al.
`[45] Date of Patent:
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`
`[54] ADAPTABLE ELECTRONIC MONITORING
`AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
`Inventors: Gary T. Carroll; George J. Pilmanis,
`
`[75]
`
`4,837,568
`4,843,377
`
`6/1989 Smaper® ....scenes 340/825.54
`6/1989 Fuller et al.
`..ccccsseessnesees 340/573
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Schwitzgebel et al., “Methods and Designs”, Behav.
`rentapeae D. Stieto,
`Res. Meth. & Instru., 1970, vol. 2(3), pp. 99-105.
`,
`.
`:
`73
`Meyer, “Crime Deterrent Transponder System”, IEEE
`B,I, Incorporated, Boulder, Colo.
`[73] Assignee:
`Transactions on Aerospace & Electronic Systems, vol.
`[21] Appl. No.: 237,860
`AES-7, Pa eet ie PP2-22. a
`ir
`[22] Filed:
`Aug, 29, 1988
`a
`i
`i
`Home Confine-
`—~Fordetal.,
`“Electronically Monitor
`SY] Tati CRF ssinccacresresescesss A61B 5/00; HO4B 1/00
`ment”, National Institute ofJustice, Nov., 1985, pp. 1-5.
`[52] U.S. Che sseeseessesssreeveeevsreevee 340/825,545 340/539;
`Primary Examiner—Donald J. Yusko
`340/513; 319/106; 128/903
`Assistant Examiner—Dervis Magistre
`[58] Field of Search..................... 340/825.54, 825.44,
`340/825.35, 539, 573, 576; 128/901, 902, 903,=Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Fitch, Even, Tabin &
`668, 644, 721; 364/141, 184, 188, 185; 379/93,
`Flannery
`96, 106; 367/2
`
`[56]
`
`STI
`References Cited
`.
`sie sid
`.
`‘ As
`'
`i$
`personnel monitoring system includes a transmitting
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`or transponding unit that is worn or carried by the
`3,253,588
`5/1966 Vuilleumieretal. ............... 128/903
`individual being monitored. This transmitting or tran-
`3,478,344 11/1969 Schwitzgebel etal.
`. 340/312
`sponder unit periodically, or upon request, transmits a
`ene ehao Deve aal sesnaees
`iT uniquely cerns
`that eeae reinbeing
`
`s.sscsscsssescssssssesees
`639,
`reatbatch
`monitored, as well
`as information about
`the condition or
`
`ee ¥ee oct — ves me.a activities ofthe person being monitored. Such condition
`
`.....
`”
`898,’
`andel
`etal.
`or activites are sensed by sensors, coupled to the trans-
`
`3,947,832 3/1976 Rosgen et aly... 340/224—mitting unit, that monitor selected body functions or
`
`
`ne ¥ie ry: Jt. sane
`‘ A parameters, such as heart rate, amountof skin perspira-
`
` &rane
`poe Lp Aletta:
`tion, muscle movement, and the like. The monitoring
`
`TERUG aespseeeesiieienreeees
`'
`system also includes a field monitoring device, or FMD,
`8/1981 DeBenedictis etal.
`eee 340/539
`4,260,982
`that i
`sichiad
`th
`bei
`‘tored
`t
`
`8/1982 Buskirk et al. ..csscsscsssemeeee 340/539
`4,342,986
`is positioned near
`the person
`being monitored (or a
`
`a location where the person being monitored should be
`sees 340/539
`8/1982 Akerberg...........
`4,347,501
`
`. 128/419 PG
`1/1984 Andersonetal
`4,428,378
`found). The FMDreceives, processes, and stores the
`
`119/51 R oe pilbeheerlo transmitted iy the So
`4,475,481 10/1984 Carroll....
`1/1985 Wimbush....
`. 343/457
`4,494,119
`Taitting unit as
`direc
`y a program stored
`in a lacto-
`
`1/1985 Sciarra et al.
`4,494,553
`128/903
`ry-removable and replaceable memory pack. Hence, the
`
`340/539
`4,559,526 12/1985 Tanietal. ..
`operation of the FMD can be changed as required in
`
`4,593,273 340/539_—_ordertofit different monitoring applications. The moni-6/1986 Narcisse ......
`
`
`4,598,275 . 340/573_toring system further includes a central processingunit,7/1986 Ross et al. ..
`
`
`
`
`nes SUeeeoe eee are
`Sie Wa Rec
`
`ones
`O31,
`+
`:
`ti
`ts
`catio!
`4,656,463 4/1987 Anders et al. vcnnnnnnn 340/572
`between the FMDand the CPUmaybeby wayof
`
`- 364/406
`4,658,357 4/1987 Carroll ¢tal. ..
`existing
`telephone lines or other telecommunicative
`5/1987 Cooperetal...
`4,665,387
`340/572
`hate trom
`thie
`dats,
`the CPU
`Ne diesl
`eee
`
`
`4,675,656 US Uaeehee ee6/1987 Narcisse sevsasecssssseecnseneeee 540/599 NHRE. STOR
`
`
`
`4,709,704 12/1987 Lukasiewicz...
`128/903
`indicating the location, condition, and activities of the
`
`3/1989 Hawkinset al. soscsssessesen 340/573
`4,814,751
`monitored individual as a function of time.
`
`4,819,860 4/1989 Hargroveet al.
`..
`4,827,943
`5/1989
`
`-—+
`55) r-tL 8B
`-—— ee
`fremPHERAL|
`PERIPHERAL!
`Loewce jy |_pevice
`
`‘5
`
`Apple Inc.
`APL1063
`U.S. Patent No. 8,652,040
`
`0001
`
`27 Claims, 10 Drawing Sheets SY
`
`11
`
`!!!'
`
`—
`+
`AC} +-CPANTER
`RINT
`CERI
`amar
`yo *
`Gemanac}-
`
`Apple Inc.
`APL1063
`U.S. Patent No. 8,652,040
`
`0001
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 10f10
`
`4,952,928
`
` SO
`seo7Vas
`|
`| bea
`
`_69 [PERIPHERAL][PERIPHIERAL
`
`(erminac}-—
`|device y |DEVICE
`Freal
`
`eis cada Sema
`
`joie
`
`aes
`
`
`
`fe
`Q
`ft
`phereVLAppeeWie
`
` FrB=2B
`72-
`=~73
`72
`CEES Frrsc@l
`
`60
`
`68
`
`0002
`
`0002
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet20f10
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`PARITY STOP—s
`TEMP ACTIVITY
`ID
`START
`ols[52S3]84[551s6]s7sesaiso[sn|siz|sis|s4)sis|H+54B
`
`MOISTURE/RESISTANCE TAMPER
`
`yet ye
`
`—S
`
`0003
`
`0003
`
`

`

`=]uJEe
`
`rT)z°oaTT)
`
`TELEPHONE
`
`PROGRAM
`
`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 30f10
`
`4,952,928
`
`MODULE LINE
`
`<_<
`
`»a=-Oo
`
`PRESSURE
`
`R
`
`OYCeeRASPs
`
`0004
`
`0004
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`
` =;3SNOHaaac441u3HSJALNNOO|aims}|avusa3s
`
`
`[oe||aeaNese”|PagSTYSONSNOLLALILSNI}|NOILALIISNI7Saud3Y3u
`
`WVE9ONdSNOILALILSNY|ssinaanewae)|ina]|{GNOS||az70uva][NoruveoudzS3INGONSNS
`
`
` oh4S3INGOWENSAONSOV
`=Basie)[athsurdsonal{oustaenr|
`
`—T3JInNGowsNsGiONIMO.LINOW
`ONINYOML3N
`
`
`
`
`SYVMLIOS)SNINYOM-“LInWSiNdIALINW/9,L990
`
`
`—LSNTWNOILNLILSNISNIMYOMLAN
`(SNOILVLSHYOMOLS3ISN39VAONSSV|ONITNIa
`
`
`
`
`1d3dasva7syGNOg
`
`
`
`NO-GQGVTWNOILdO
`
`Sa1nNgOWSsNs
`
`US. Patent
`
`4,952,928
`
`@MLNNODIYLNNOD
`
`SYVMLd0S
`
`SS1NGOWEBNS
`
`Zea
`
`0005
`
`0005
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 50f10
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`AQN3SV|‘SaINGOWSNS:SSINGOWSNS
`
`avG3TivLad
`
`JIHdVYSDOH
`
`YOLINOWGOV>INGOW
`
`94dDIHdVYUS
`
`NOILdO
`
`90H
`
`taINGOW
`
`14Od3Y
`
`YSaNOVEL
`
`31d03dsu
`/JONASAYd3
`ZONaSaVv
`*SJINGOWSNS
`AONZOV-ILOINW
`AQNSSVI‘SSINGOWBNS
`
`-ONd-IDINW
`-O¥d-1TINW
`
`SNOILOALILSNI
`
`%
`
`a9uv1
`
`yooNveWwnidan
`
`NOILLWUYNSIANOD
`NOILVHNSISNOD
`
`QN3MOT
`
`YOLVYENSISNOD
`
`ayVMLIOS
`
`NOLLOLILSNI
`YOLINOW|TIddV
`YOLINOW-IDINW
`IIHdVHSDOH
`OVOFNVL3E0
`GYUVONVLS
`YOLINOW|SWVY¥9
`taINGOW
`14Od3u
`
` YOLINOW|wvyS0ud|AIN39VI‘SJINGOWENS
`
`
`OvOYVONVLS
`NOLINOWGav
`‘SJ1NGOW
`
`S.NddHHYOMLAN
`YOLINOWGOV
`SydJIHdVHD
`=DINGOW
`
`taINGOW
`
`LHOd3u
`
`SWYVHYS
`
`9d
`
`NOLLdO
`
`SONITNIE
`
`/9LIIV
`
`LuOd3u
`
`731NGOW
`
`NOILdO
`
`oISVa
`
`(MOB9N01)
`
`wSI¥MOT
`
`
`
`‘SJINGOWENS
`
`YOLINOW|wvys0ud|AINAOVI
`
`7aINGOW
`
`LY4Od34u
`
`JISva
`
`Vet
`
`0006
`
`0006
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`cl
`
`
`
`YOLVYENDIANOD
`
`SYVMLIOS
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`SYVMGYVHaaauinodayaHOLINOWGdv-||HOLINOWGOV:SU3QNOd
`
`
`
`
`
`JONSSEW/-za31d03d4u|}aonaSaud34]/SitidanooGls}SIHOI[SmaaNodG1S|JIVIGAWHSLNIySIYMOT
`4NOD<SOULER% wouvdxSONVYWIGSGN3M07NOLIWYNOIINOD|}NOILWYNS!4NOONOILWHND!
`aayinosayzioi
`=5AONSOV3Wo3
`YaMOVEL
`engagesSWua3HdluadSitidJNODO1S||:3NOOalsNddLSOH|30Ivdv9
`
`
`
`
`
`
`‘SNOlLdOSYVMOYNVH
`
`
`‘‘SNOILdO-SNVUL(X}
`
`SNOlLdOeva(xHadWvL
`
`HLIMS.XWL-’adISOM
`SwuaHdl
`
`
`
`0007
`
`LOT
`
`0007
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 70f10
`
`4,952,928
`
`ke
`
`
`
`?
`
`
`
`
`MODULES
`
`138
`
`75
`
`130
`
`FrealiA
`
`APPLICATION
`PROGRAM
`SOFT WARE/
`
`0008
`
`0008
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 80f10
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`NOLLV31SIMA
`
`ADIOA
`
`inayaoNnidtez
`
`aI
`
`d1usnoov
`
`OSGIA6£2
`
`SISKIVNY
`
`Hivaua
`
`LezKa
`
`
`GI(SAISSVd)/QW4(3AILOV)yasnISOH/GW33svavivd
`
`NOIL03130EleOeoNDIovY1aaaTGSLYOd3Y
`
`
`-WAVY90"d“HOD1W/5NwG
`(SAISSWd)SONASEV
`
`SaIGLNNOONOIuOd|sn
`
`/RON3S3UdJYaaaeYYOMLN|eee
`
`NOLLALILSNIPee1SOVSYSLNI-INNWWODLINSWS9VNVW
`
`bee022.WZOléOZ
`8.ce82eld.
`922122diZ.Hed.
`
`SONSSEV9dONIS.140d34
`
`002.JYVMLSOSNOLLVOIMNddv
`
`TerOT=
`SYVMLIOS(WHYTV)
`
`ONILYOdNOIid39x3
`
`S31NGOWwsNs
`
`102
`
`
`
`SOIHdVYS
`
`SLYOd3SY
`
`
`
`4034“‘DNd
`
`0009
`
`0009
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug.28, 1990
`
`Sheet 9of10
`
`4,952,928
`
`Oseore
`SaLini3ivsNOLLVOISILN3GI
`
`ANIYdYSONIS
`DLSNODV
`QSWWVeS0ud
`LOVLNOD
`LINNYAaNOVYEL
`Hiv34ue|om
`NOLLVDISISSA
`YSZATVNV
`HOOTV/9NYG
`Jere
`
`YANIVEL
`
`du
`
`Ove
`
`O2E-
`
`oo£
`
`al
`
`ar
`
`
`
`331I0A
`
`MLWXSY
`
`(3AILOV)
`
`NOILOS.130
`
`2O0E-
`
`YaLNdGWOD
`
`1SOH
`
`60¢£-
`
`ole
`
`£0£
`
`yOSSS3908d
`
`QuvogAay@YOLINOW
`
`SIOAddO1s
`
`(TVWNOILdO)
`
`90
`
`dNwove
`
`sdvVL
`
`80
`
`u¢
`
`YSLNINd
`
`QUVH
`
`aSIG
`
`0010
`
`0010
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Aug. 28, 1990
`
`Sheet 10 0f10
`
`4,952,928
`
`
`
`YOLVINWIS
`
`LS3.1WALSAS
`
`NOILIWTIVLSNI
`SNINIVYELS
`SINSWS3YINoaY
`SNISSS9D0Ud
`SYVMLIOS
`SLIM1YOddNS8SONVNSLNIVA
`SYVMGYVH
`NOILIWLNSWND00
`
`Os!
`
`oos
`
`oor
`
`yasn
`
`SYVMGYVH
`
`Asal
`
`$10018SYVMGYVH
`
`gayino3aYy
`
`SYVMLAOS
`
`isa
`
`SYVMLIOS
`
`GayINoOsY
`
`asvaviva
`
`1sal
`
`sayundso0ud
`
`ONITIVISNI
`
`yO4
`
`SYVMLIOS
`
`-a16n0ul
`
`SNILOOHS
`
`“auyMauVH
`
`1sOddNs
`
`DELT
`
`
`
`“WOANVAW3.LSAS
`
`1LSOH
`
`NOILONYLSNI
`
`4AN31I19
`
`auvo
`
`ONITNIS/'9.L99V
`
`TWANVIN
`
`
`
`NOILVTIVLSNI
`
`S3SYuNds90¥d
`
`AYLNNOD
`
`NOI34OS
`
`STVANVW
`
`0011
`
`0011
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`1
`
`4,952,928
`
`2
`alert the guards of an exit from the area. Thus, the
`guards are not replaced by the system, merely aided by
`it; and the overall cost of constructing and operating
`such a monitoring system, as compared to the cost of
`constructing and operating a conventionalprison, is not
`much improved.
`Morerecently, a “house arrest” system has been de-
`veloped and used by many law enforcement agencies to
`enforce parole requirements or to impose “house ar-
`rest”. A paroled individual is typically required to re-
`main in a prescribed geographical area, e.g. within a
`given city, for a set time and to regularly report to his
`parole officer. An individual placed under house arrest
`is typically required to remain at a specific location,
`often his own house orbuilding, for a prescribed period
`of time. A “house arrest” system advantageously allows
`both functions to be readily performed.
`The house arrest system of the prior art includes an
`electronic ankle tag that is unobtrusively fitted on the
`individual to be monitored. The tag includes a transmit-
`ter that periodically, or upon receipt of an interrogation
`signal,
`transmits an identification code over a short
`distance. Such tag mayalso include anti-tamper features
`that protect its electronic circuits from being altered,
`and that detect any attempts to remove the tag. The
`house arrest system mayalso include a field monitoring
`device, or FMD,thatis placed at the location where the
`individual is to be confined, or the location to where the
`individual is to report on a regular basis, such as his or
`her home. The FMD,or equivalent device, receives the
`signal(s) transmitted from the tag(s) and keeps track of
`which signals were received when. (It is noted that the
`FMDmayreceive signals from more than onetag if a
`plurality of individuals wearing such tags are present
`within the location being monitored.) Periodically, e.g.
`three or four times a day, the FMD makes contact with
`a central computer, typically via a telephone line, and
`reports which signals were received and the time they
`werereceived. The report also includes any status infor-
`mation, such as any detected attempts to tamper with
`the tag or the FMD. Because each signal is uniquely
`encoded for a specific individual, the central computer
`combines the information contained in the reports re-
`ceived from all the FMD’s located throughoutthe city
`in order to provide a comprehensive report on the
`whereabouts of each monitored individual at various
`times throughout a given day. Such comprehensive
`report can thus verify that a paroled individual has
`“checked in” at a specific location (i.¢., been in elec-
`tronic contact with a particular FMD)at a specified
`time; and can also verify that an individual under house
`arrest has remained at a specific location.
`A house arrest system of the type described aboveis
`marketed by B.I. Inc, of Boulder Colo., USA, under the
`name Home Escort System.
`However, even the current Home Escort System
`marketed by B.I. Inc., as significant of an advance in the
`art as it represents, fails to provide more than location
`information about the tagged individuals. It is not un-
`commonfor the court or supervisory agencyto require,
`in addition to, or in place of, restrictions on physical
`movement, other restrictions, such as abstinence from
`drugs or alcohol. Hence, there is a need in the art for a
`personnel monitoring system that not only provides
`location information about supervised individuals, but
`that also selectively provides status and compliance
`information concerning such individuals,
`such as
`
`ADAPTABLE ELECTRONIC MONITORING AND
`IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`5
`
`Thepresent invention relates to personnel identifica-
`tion and monitoring systems. More particularly,
`the
`present invention relates to an ADaptable Electronic
`Monitoring and
`Identification System (hereafter
`“ADEMIS”) comprised of a variety of hardware and
`software modules. Advantageously, such an approach
`provides a great deal of flexibility in configuring a de-
`sired system that addresses the particular needs of a
`given application, such as the needs of the correction
`industry (prisons, jails, and other correctional and/or
`supervisory institutions). However, as well be evident
`from the description that follows, the flexibility pro-
`vided by the present invention also makesit well suited
`for use in applications other than the corrections, such
`as medical, home health care, security and similar sys-
`tems whereindividuals or objects need to be monitored
`and supervised.
`Personnel monitoring systems used by law enforce-
`ment or other supervisory agencies, such as hospitals,
`are known in the art. Heretofore, however, such sys-
`tems have been limited to monitoring the location of a
`designated individual, usually for the purpose of physi-
`cally confining the individual to a designated area, such
`as a prison or jail; or such systems have monitored a
`particular medical parameter, such as heart rate, of an
`individual at a knownlocation.
`Since early times, most civilizations and societies
`have found it necessary to confine certain individuals,
`typically those found guilty of committing various
`crimes, to a prescribed area. The earliest monitoring
`systems were simply a cage or building in which the
`individual was placed, and around which guards were
`posted to physically watch the individual to make sure
`that he or she did not escape. Most of the jails and
`prisons used today are simply an extension of such prac-
`tice.
`In recent years, however, with the overcrowding of
`prisons and jails, and with the increased cost of con-
`structing andstaffing new prisons andjails, alternatives
`to physical confinement have been sought. One such
`alternative has been an electronic surveillance system
`whichelectronically determines whethera tagged indi-
`vidual remains within a prescribed area that is moni-
`tored with sophisticated electronic surveillance equip-
`ment. Schwitzgebel, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,478,344,is an
`example ofan early attempt at such an electronic moni-
`toring system for keeping track of the location ofpris-
`oners within a specified boundary. This is accomplished
`through the use of portable battery-powered RF trans-
`mitters, mounted on the wrist of the prisoner being
`monitored, and an array of directional antennas posi-
`tioned around the boundary area. These antennas are
`able to determine the location of a transmitter (and
`hencethe location of the prisoner wearing the transmit-
`ter) with respect to the antenna array. Thus, trained
`guards operating the antenna array and associated elec-
`tronic equipmentcan keep track of the location of spe-
`cific prisoners within the boundary area. Such a system
`thus attempts to replace the physical walls and fences of
`a prison with electronic walls and fences. Unfortu-
`nately, the system disclosed by Schwitzgebel does little,
`if anything, to physically prevent the individual from
`leaving the electronically confined area, other than to
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`ao)
`
`45
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`0012
`
`0012
`
`

`

`4,952,928
`
`3
`whether such individuals are refraining from consump-
`tion of alcohol and drugs.
`It is also known in the electronic monitoring art to
`monitor the medical condition of a patient so that ap-
`propriate medical personnel can be alerted immediately
`in the event of a medical emergency, such as a heart
`attack. Mandel, U.S. Pat. No. 3,898,989, is an example
`of such a system. In Mandel, critical body functions are
`monitored throughthe use of special sensors placed on
`the individual which are coupled to a special transpon-
`der unit worn by the patient. The transponder unit is
`triggered by an interrogating signal, whereupon the
`information sensed by the sensors is transmitted in real
`time to a receiver. In this way the receiver is able to
`remotely monitor certain body functions, but no loca-
`tion information is included. Further, only critical and
`easily sensed body functions are monitored, such as
`heart rate and respiration rate. There is no suggestion
`that other body functions, such as those that might
`indicate consumption of drugs or alcohol, be monitored,
`and there is no suggestion that such monitoring be done
`for any purpose other than providing aid for a danger-
`ous medical condition.
`A further shortcoming of prior art electronic moni-
`toring devices relates to their fixed configuration, re-
`sulting in inflexibility in their use and applications. Each
`system is typically designed for a specific monitoring
`purpose, and is accordingly configured for that specific
`monitoring purpose. Any modifications or changes that
`are desired or needed within the system often result in a
`complete redesign of the system, thereby providing yet
`another expensive inflexible system that meets the needs
`of just one application. This inflexibility can especially
`be a problem where several different governmental or
`supervisory agencies are involved, each having its own
`unique set of requirements relating to what must be
`monitored and how it must be reported. Hence,there is
`a need in the art for a flexible electronic monitoring
`system that can be readily and inexpensively adapted to
`suit the monitoring and reporting needs of a specific
`supervisory agency.
`The above and other needs of the art are addressed
`and satisfied by the adaptable electronic monitoring and
`identification system described herein.
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention provides a low-cost, flexible,
`reliable, electronic personnel identification and moni-
`toring system that comprises a collection of electronic
`and software modules and associated computer hard-
`ware. The system advantageously is configured to best
`fit the needs of a particular monitoring or identification
`application by merely selecting the appropriate modules
`that need to be a part of the system for the particular
`application at hand. When the appropriate modules and
`related hardware are thus selected and combined, a
`versatile monitoring and identification system is pro-
`vided that can be used by law enforcement agencies, or
`other supervisory agencies, charged with the task of
`remotely and unobtrusively monitoring the location,
`condition, and activities of a large number of ambula-
`tory individuals located within a relatively large geo-
`graphic area. Such area may include an entire city,
`county, state, or other governmental jurisdictional area.
`The system advantageously provides the flexibility to
`allow such monitoring to occur from a central location,
`or from several locations.
`
`4
`Thepresent invention fills the void of prior art moni-
`toring systems by providing flexibility in how the sys-
`tem is configured. No longer must an agency (user of
`the system) choose a monitoring system that is “too
`much” or “too little” for the application at hand.
`Rather, a system that “‘just fits” the immediate needs of
`the agency can be obtained byselectively incorporating
`into the system only those software and hardware mod-
`ules and related equipment that are needed to support
`the monitoring task at hand. Further, as the monitoring
`and identification needs change,
`the system can be
`readily upgraded or expanded to meet those changing
`needs by merely adding or deleting modules (software
`and/or hardware). All modules of the system are fully
`compatible with each other, and thus there need never
`be any concern that portions of the system will become
`obsolete.
`A significant advantage of the ADEMISsystem de-
`scribed herein is the flexibility it provides to its user to
`allow different levels of security and monitoring, at
`different times during a monitoring schedule, so as to
`optimize the availability of a desired or needed perfor-
`mance level at a minimum cost. Thus, a user of the
`system, such as a governmental agency, can keep an
`offender outof prison for a longer period oftimefor less
`cost based on a progression of monitoring levels.
`Another significant feature of the adaptable elec-
`tronic monitoring and identification system of the pres-
`ent inventionis that it can be selectively configured in a
`way that not only monitors and identifies location,
`which remains an important variable to monitor, but
`also selectively monitors other prescribed information
`about the individual(s) being monitored. Such “other
`prescribed information”relates to whether the individ-
`ual is complying with mandated restrictions or activi-
`ties, such as might be ordered by a court of law, a physi-
`cian, or other supervisory person or agency. For exam-
`ple, restrictions that might be imposed relate to absti-
`nence from drugs, alcohol, or other controlled sub-
`stances that areillegal or that might causelife-threaten-
`ing behavior. Activities that might be monitored, either
`to determine their occurrence or non-occurrence,relate
`to maintaining a minimum level of exercise and personal
`hygiene, excessive regurgitation (as might occur, for
`example, for someonesuffering from an eating disorder,
`such as bulimia), appropriate sleeping or resting peri-
`ods, episodes of violence (such as might occur during
`spouseor child abuse), or the like. Advantageously, the
`present invention provides a system wherebyall such
`restricted or mandated activities can be selectively
`monitored in an unobtrusive and inexpensive manner
`from a central location, or from several remote loca-
`tions in communication with a central location.
`The monitoring system herein described includes the
`basic elements of the location-determining monitoring
`systems of the priorart, i.e.: a tag or transmitting unit
`that is worn or carried by the individual being moni-
`tored, and that periodically transmits a uniquely en-
`coded signal that serves to identify the person being
`monitored; a field monitoring unit, or FMD,
`that is
`selectively positioned near the person being monitored
`(or at the location where the person being monitored
`should be found) to receive the signals transmitted from
`the tag or transmitting unit; and a central processing
`unit, or CPU (sometimes referred to as a “host” CPU),
`that automatically or by request receives information
`from the FMD from which desired compliance and
`non-compliance reports are generated.
`
`25
`
`3Q
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`0013
`
`0013
`
`

`

`4,952,928
`
`6
`Accordingly,it is a feature of the present invention to
`provide a personnel monitoring system that provides
`the users of such system with a great deal of flexibility
`in how a basic monitoring system is configured in order
`to monitor a wide variety ofactivities. Suchflexibility is
`realized by constructing the system from modules of
`hardware and software elements that are combined
`togetherin order to fit the application need at hand.
`It is another feature of the invention to provide such
`a flexible modular system that can be easily upgraded
`from one configuration to another.
`It is a further feature of the present invention to pro-
`vide such a flexible monitoring system that measures the
`compliance or non-compliance of the monitored indi-
`vidual against a prescribed performance or behavior
`standard.
`A still further feature of the present invention is to
`provide such a flexible monitoring system that includes
`the ability to monitor the location and/oractivities and
`condition of the individual being monitored as a func-
`tion of time, thereby advantageously allowing a deter-
`mination to be made as to the relative time periods
`during which compliance or non-compliance of a pre-
`scribed standard has occurred.
`Yet another feature of the present invention is to
`make the flexible monitoring system herein described
`available at a reasonable cost, thereby allowing supervi-
`sory agencies to better meet their stewardship obliga-
`tions of monitoring and watching over those individuals
`charged to their care.
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`The above and other features and advantages of the
`present invention will be more apparent from the fol-
`lowing moreparticular description thereof presented in
`conjunction with the following drawings wherein:
`FIG.1 is a block diagram of the basic hardwareele-
`ments associated with the personnel monitoring system
`of the present invention;
`FIG.2A is a top X-ray view of a wrist embodimentof
`the transmitting/transponder tag of the present inven-
`tion;
`FIG.2Bis a side sectional view of the wrist embodi-
`ment of FIG. 2A;
`FIG.2Cis a cross-sectional view of the band of FIG.
`2A taken along the line 2C—2C.
`FIG.3 is a perspective view of an ankle embodiment
`of the transmitting/transponder tag of the present in-
`vention;
`FIG. 4Ais a block diagram of one embodimentof the
`electronic elements and circuits contained within the
`tag of the present invention;
`FIG.4Bis a representationofthe bit pattern that may
`be used within the signal 42 generated by the transmit-
`ting/transpondertag;
`FIG. 5 is a perspective view of one embodiment of
`the FMD;
`FIG.6 is a block diagram of one configuration of the
`electronic elements and circuits contained within the
`FMD;
`FIG. 7 identifies the various software submodules
`that may be used within the host CPU;
`FIG. 8A depicts how the software modules of FIG. 7
`may be combined to produce varying configurations of
`the monitoring system;
`FIG. 8B depicts how various hardware modules may
`be configured in order to further add flexibility to the
`system;
`
`20
`
`25
`
`5
`Unlike the prior art systems, however, the transmit-
`ting tag of the present invention may beselectively
`configured to assume a transponder mode of operation
`wherein it transmits its identifying signal only upon
`receipt of a request signal from the FMD. The FMD,in
`turn, may be configured as a “dumb” device in thatit
`need only relay signals (after amplification and buffer-
`ing) between the tag and the host CPU. When thus
`configured, all oftheintelligence of the system resides
`at the host CPU, and the host CPU determines the
`appropriate time to request the FMDto requesta signal
`from the tag, which signal (after receipt by the tag) is
`immediately transferred on to the host CPU for logging
`and processing. Alternatively, and as described in the
`prior art, the FMD can beselectively configured as a
`“smart” device, in that it can perform manyofthe re-
`questing, processing and logging tasks that would oth-
`erwise have to be performed by the host CPU.
`Further unlike the prior art systems, the present in-
`vention selectively includes appropriate sensors or elec-
`trodes that are incorporated within or otherwise cou-
`pled to the transmitting/transponder tag. These sensors
`monitor selected body functions or parameters, such as
`heart
`rate,
`temperature,
`ankle diameter, posture,
`amount of skin perspiration, muscle movement(activ-
`ity), and the like, and provide the sensed information to
`the transmitting circuits of the tag. There, this informa-
`tion is appropriately included within the identifying
`signal that is periodically transmitted by the tag unit.
`The FMD receives this information,and, if configured
`asa “‘smart” device, logs it, compiles it, and forwards it
`on to the CPU at the appropriate time or upon request.
`(If the FMD is configured as a “dumb” device, this
`information is only obtained from the tag upon request
`by the CPU,and the information is immediately passed
`on to the CPU.) The CPU,in turn, processes the infor-
`mation in order to interpret it and to provide to the user
`of the system an indication of the location, condition,
`and activities of the monitored individual. Further, if 49
`desired, the host CPU produces written reports that
`identify the compliance or non-compliance of each
`monitored individual with the imposed restrictions.
`Still further unlike the prior art, the transmitting/-
`transponder tag used within the monitoring system of 45
`the present invention provides various options that can
`be readily selected at the factory in order to allow an
`otherwise “standard” transmitting tag to be used for
`different monitoring applications. One such option, as
`already discussed, relates to whether the tag operates in
`a transmitting mode (periodically, e.g. every 90-120
`seconds, the tag transmits an identification signal, mod-
`ulated with other sensed information) or a transponder
`mode(transmits its identification signal, modulated with
`other sensed information, only upon receipt of a request
`from the FMD). Similarly, different modules or func-
`tion packs may be easily inserted into a “standard”
`FMD,at the factory and/orat the time ofinstallation,
`in order to “customize” the FMDfor a particular moni-
`toring application. Likewise, different application pro-
`grams may be readily selected or loaded into the host
`CPU,or other CPU’s coupled to the host CPU,in order
`to direct the CPU(s) as it interprets the data received
`from the various FMD’s, each of which may be moni-
`toring individuals for a different application, and pre-
`pares the various reports needed by the different super-
`visory agencies having an interest
`in the individual
`being monitored.
`
`50
`
`60
`
`65
`
`0014
`
`0014
`
`

`

`4,952,928
`
`7
`FIG. 9 is a Table showing, in general, how various
`body parameters are affected by engaging in certain
`activities;
`FIGS. 10A and 10B depict one technique thatis used
`to measure the amount of swelling of the leg or ankle;
`FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate two respective circuits
`used with a piezoelectric element, either one of which
`may be used to sense a desired function, such as pulse
`rate or activity;
`FIG, 12 shows one approachofusing twotags on the
`sameindividual for the purpose of sensing various phys-
`iological parameters, such as heart rate;
`FIG.13A is an organizational chart for a particular
`monitoring system built in accordance with the present
`invention, illustrating the various categories of subsys-
`tems and submodules that are included therein;
`FIG.13Bis a chart of the system of FIG. 13A detail-
`’ ing the software processing requirements thereof;
`FIG. 13Cis a chart of the system of FIG. 13A detail-
`ing the hardware requirements thereof;
`FIG. 13Dis a chart of the system of FIG. 13A detail-
`ing the user documentation, maintenance and support,
`installation and training, and system test simulator re-
`quirements thereof; and
`FIG.14 is a block diagram of the hardware compo-
`nents of a “programmed contact” embodiment ofthe
`present invention.
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`INVENTION
`
`The following description presents the best contem-
`plated modefor practicing the invention. This descrip-
`tion is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made
`merely for the purpose of describing the general princi-
`ples of the invention. The scope of the invention should
`be ascertained with reference to the appendedclaims.
`Thepresent invention will now be described. This
`description is best understood with reference to the
`drawings, wherein like numerals are used to represent
`like parts or elements throughout.
`Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a block dia-
`gram of the basic hardware used in a personnel monitor-
`ing system 30 in accordance with the present invention.
`The system 30 includes one or more remote monitoring
`areas 32 and at least one central processing unit (CPU)
`34. The CPU 34 is coupled to the remote monitoring
`area 32, in accordance with the embodiment shown, by
`wayof a telephoneline 36. One or more conventional
`telephone switching stations 3 couple the telephoneline
`36 to the CPU #4.
`Within each remote area 32, which area 32 may be a
`house or other conventional building, there is included
`at least one field monitoring device (FMD) 40. The
`FMD40 receives signals (represented as wavy arrows
`42 in FIG.1) from a transmitting tag unit 44. Depending
`upon the configuration selected, these signals may be
`transmitted periodically by the tag unit 44, e.g., every
`90-120 seconds, or they may be sent only in response to
`a request signal 45’ received from the FMD 40. These
`signals 42 contain information that uniquely identifies
`the tag 44 from which the signal originates, and that
`indicates the status of the circuits internal to the tag,
`including whether such circuits have sensed an attempt
`to remove the tag. Further, the tag may be selectively
`configured to include one or more sensors 43 that sense
`prescribed conditions associated with an individual on
`whomthetag is placed. For example, one application of
`the monitoring system: may require that the pulse rate
`
`8
`and amount ofperspiration of the individual be m