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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1012/1112
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`Page 1
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1012/1112
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052—6399
`
`Copyright © l997 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Catalogingvin~Publication Data pending.
`ISBN 1-57231—743-4
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`123456789 QMQM 21093?
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada. a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions. contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax {425) 936-?329. Visit our Web site at
`mspressmicrosoftcom.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh. QuickTime. and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer. Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Directlnput, DirecLX.
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows.
`Windows NT, and XENIX are registered trademarks and ActiveMovie. Activex. and Visual
`J-H- are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may he the trademarks of their respec-
`tive owners.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross. Jirn Fuchs. John Conrow.
`Kurt Meyer. Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1012/1112
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1012/1112
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`a - lication bina ' interface
`
`intosh computer to share files with another on the
`same network. See also file server, Mac OS.
`applet \a’plot\ n. A small piece of code that can be
`transported over the Internet and executed on the
`recipient’s machine. The term is especially used to
`refer to such programs as they are embedded in
`line as objects in HTML documents on the World
`Wide Web.
`
`long cited as a shortcoming of the Macintosh com-
`pared with IBM PCs and compatibles. This feature,
`along with other layout changes and the addition
`of new keys and lights, makes the Apple Extended
`Keyboard quite similar
`in form to the IBM
`enhanced keyboard. See the illustration. See also
`enhanced keyboard.
`Apple II \ap‘l
`to_o’\ n. The second computer
`introduced by the Apple Computer Corporation, in
`April 1977. The Apple II featured 4K dynamic
`RAM, expandable to 48K (with 16K chips), and
`used the 6502 microprocessor. The Apple II was
`the first computer to offer a TV video adapter as
`an optional alternative to a color computer moni—
`tor. It also featured sound and eight expansion
`slots. See also 6502,
`Apple key \ap’l ké‘\ n. A key on Apple keyboards
`labeled with an outline of the Apple logo
`On
`the Apple Extended Keyboard, this key is the same
`as the Command key, which functions similarly to
`the Control key on IBM and compatible key—
`boards. It is generally used in conjunction with a
`character key as a shortcut to making menu selec-
`tions or starting a macro.
`Apple Macintosh \ap‘l mak’on-tosh\ 11. See Mac—
`intosh.
`
`AppleTalk \ap’l tak‘\ n. An inexpensive local
`area network developed by Apple that can be
`used by Apple and non-Apple computers to
`communicate and share resources such as print-
`ers and file servers. Non-Apple computers must
`be equipped with AppleTalk hardware and suit-
`able software. The network uses a layered set of
`protocols similar
`to the 180/081 model and
`transfers information in the form of packets
`called frames. AppleTalk supports connections
`to other AppleTalk networks through devices
`known as bridges, and it supports connections
`to dissimilar networks through devices called
`gateways. See also bridge, frame (definition 2),
`gateway.
`application \a‘plo—ka‘shom n. A program de—
`signed to assist in the performance of a specific task,
`such as word processing, accounting, or inventory
`management. Compare utility.
`Apple Newton \ap‘l n65’t9n\ 11. See Newton.
`application binary interface \a-pla-ka‘shon b?-
`AppleScript
`\ap’l—skript‘\ n. A script
`language
`nar—e in’tar-fas, bi‘nar-é\ n. A set of instructions
`used with Macintosh computers running under the
`that specifies how an executable file interacts with
`System 7 operating system to execute commands
`the hardware and how information is stored. Acro—
`and automate functions. See also script.
`nym: ABI (A‘B—I’). Compare application program—
`Appleshare \ap’l—shar‘\ n. File server software
`ming interface.
`that works with the Mac OS and allows one Mac-
`
`
`Apple Extended Keyboard.
`
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`arithmetic expression
`
`article.
`
`the military. ARPANET was the network from which
`the Internet evolved. See also Internet, MILNET.
`ARP request \arp' r;;J-kwest' , A-R-P'\ n. Short for
`Address Resolution Protocol request. An ARP
`packet containing the Internet address of a host
`computer. The receiving computer responds with
`or passes along
`the corresponding Ethernet
`address. See also ARP, Ethernet, IP aclclress, packet.
`array \;;Jr-a'\ n. In programming, a list of data val(cid:173)
`ues, all of the same rype, any element of which
`can be referenced by an expression consisting of
`the array name followed by an indexing expres(cid:173)
`sion. Arrays are part of the fundamentals of data
`structures, which, in turn, are a major fundamental
`of computer programming. See also array element,
`index, recorcl1, vector.
`array element \;;Jr-a' e!';;J-m;;Jnt\ n. A data value in
`an array.
`array processor \;;Jr-a' pros'e-s;;Jr\ n. A group of
`interconnected,
`identical processors operating
`synchronously, often under the control of a central
`processor.
`arrow key \ar'o ke' \ n. Any of four keys labeled
`with arrows pointing up, clown, left, and right,
`used to move the cursor vertically or horizontally
`on the display screen or, in some programs, to
`extend the highlight. See the illustration.
`
`Arrow keys
`(when Num Lock is ofO
`
`...
`
`arithmetic expression \ ar' ith-met' ik eks-presh '(cid:173)
`;m \ n. A series of elements, including data labels
`and constants as well as numbers, that are joined
`by arithmetic operators, such as + and -, and can
`be calculated to produce a value.
`arithmetic
`logic unit
`lo(ik
`\ar-ith-met'ik
`y<35'nit\ n. A component of a microprocessor
`chip used for arithmetic, comparative, and logical
`functions . Acronym: ALU (A' L-U'). See also gate
`(definition 1).
`arithmetic operation \;;J-rith'm~J-tik op-;;Jr-a'sh;;Jn,
`ar-ith-met'ik\ n. Any of the standard calculations
`in arithmetic-addition, subtraction,
`performed
`multiplication, or division. The term is also used in
`reference to negative numbers and absolute values.
`arithmetic operator \ar-ith-met'ik op';;Jr-a-t;;Jr\ n.
`An operator that performs an arithmetic operation:
`+, -, x, or /. An arithmetic operator usually takes
`one or two arguments. See also argument, bina1y,
`logical operator, operator (definition 1), una1y.
`.arj \dot'A-R-j'\ n. The DOS file extension used
`with archive files created with the ARJ compres(cid:173)
`sion program.
`.army.mil \doHir'me-dot-mW, doHir'me-dot-M-I(cid:173)
`L'\ n. On the Internet, the major geographic
`domain specifying that an address belongs to the
`United States Army.
`ARP \A'R-P', arp\ n. Acronym for Address Resolu(cid:173)
`tion Protocol. A TCP / IP protocol for determining
`the hardware address (or physical address) of a
`node on a local area network connected to the
`Internet, when only the IP address (or logical
`address) is known. An ARP request is sent to the
`network, and the node that has the IP address
`responds with its hardware address. Although ARP
`technically refers only to finding the hardware
`address, and RARP (for Reversed ARP) refers to the
`reverse procedure, ARP is commonly used for
`both senses. See also IP aclclress, TCP/ IP.
`ARPANET \ar'p;;J-net' , A' R-P'A-N'E-T\ n. A large
`wide area network created in the 1960s by the U.S.
`Depmtment of Defense Advanced Research
`Projects Agency CARP A, renamed DARPA in the
`1970s) for
`the free exchange of information
`between universities and research organizations,
`although the milita1y also used this network for
`communications. In the 1980s MILNET, a separate
`network, was spun off from ARPANET for use by
`
`'y
`....I
`'5
`
`~
`
`9
`"!:.
`6 ,-
`~ ~ ..
`
`•·•I
`
`-·-
`
`7
`
`- j
`
`4
`
`'=='
`...
`!.
`
`
`
`Arrow keys
`
`Arrow key. When Num Lock is off, the arrow keys
`on the number keypad can be used.
`
`article
`\ar't;;J-k;;Jl\ n. A message that appears in an
`Internet newsgroup. Also called post. See also
`news group.
`
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`I I
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`.fidonet.org
`
`file format
`
`.fidonet.org \dot-fl'd6-net-dot-6rg'\ n. On the
`Internet, the major domain specifying that an
`address is located on Fidonet.
`field \feld\ n . 1. A location in a record in which a
`particular type of data is stored. For example,
`EMPLOYEE-RECORD might contain fields to store
`Last-Name, First-Name, Address, City, State, Zip(cid:173)
`Code, Hire-Date, Current-Salary, Title, Department,
`and so on. Individual fields are characterized by
`their maximum length and the type of data (for
`example, alphabetic, numeric, or financial) that can
`be placed in them. The facility for creating these
`specifications usually is contained in the data def(cid:173)
`inition language (DDL). In relational database man(cid:173)
`agement systems, fields are called columns. 2. A
`space in an on-screen form where the user can
`enter a specific item of information.
`field-effect transistor \feld'd-fekt tranz-i'stdr\ n.
`See FET.
`field-programmable logic array \feld'pr6-gram(cid:173)
`d-bllo(ik dr-a'\ n. An integrated circuit containing
`an array of logic circuits in which the connections
`between the individual circuits, and thus the logic
`functions of the array, can be programmed after
`manufacture, typically at the time of installation in
`the field. Programming can be performed only
`once, typically by passing high current through
`fusible links on the chip. Acmnym: FPLA (F'P-L(cid:173)
`A'). Also called PLA, programmable logic array.
`field separator \feld' sep'dr-a-tdr\ n. Any charac(cid:173)
`ter that separates one field of data from another.
`See also delimiter, field (definition 1).
`FIFO \fi'fo, FI-F-0'\ n. See first in, first out.
`fifth-generation
`computer \fifth' jen-dr-a' shdn
`kdm-py®'tdr\ n. See computer.
`rtfth normal form \fifth' n6r' mdl form'\ n.
`Abbreviated 5NF. See normal form (definition 1).
`rtle \fil\ n. A complete, named collection of infor(cid:173)
`mation, such as a program, a set of data used by a
`program, or a user-created document. A file is the
`basic unit of storage that enables a computer to
`distinguish one set of information from another. A
`file is the "glue" that binds a conglomeration of
`instructions, numbers, words, or images into a
`coherent unit that a user can retrieve, change,
`delete, save, or send to an output device.
`me allocation table \fil' al-d-ka'shdn ta' bl\ n . A
`table or list maintained by some operating systems
`
`to manage disk space used for file storage. Files on
`a disk are stored, as space allows, in fixed-size
`groups of bytes (characters) rather than from
`beginning to end as contiguous strings of text or
`numbers. A single file can thus be scattered in
`pieces over many separate storage areas . A file
`allocation table maps available disk storage space
`so that it can mark flawed segments that should
`not be used and can find and link the pieces of a
`file. In MS-DOS, the file allocation table is com(cid:173)
`monly known as the FAT. See also FAT file system.
`me attribute \fil ' a' trd-by®t\ n. A restrictive
`label attached to a file that describes and regulates
`its use-for example, hidden, system, read-only,
`archive, and so forth. In MS-DOS, this information
`is stored as part of the file 's directory entry.
`me backup \fil' bak'up\ n. See backup.
`rtle compression \fil' kdm-presh'dn\ n. The pro(cid:173)
`cess of reducing the size of a file for transmission
`or storage. See also data compression.
`me control block \fil' kdn-tr61' blok\ n. A small
`block of memory temporarily. assigned by a com(cid:173)
`puter's operating system to hold information about
`an opened file. A file control block typically con(cid:173)
`tains such information as the file 's identification,
`its location on disk, and a pointer that marks the
`user's current (or last) position in the file. Acro(cid:173)
`nym. FCB (F'C-B').
`rtle conversion \fil ' kdn-vdr' zhdn\ n. The pro(cid:173)
`cess of transforming the data in a file from one for(cid:173)
`mat to another without altering its contents-for
`example, converting a file from a word processor's
`format to its ASCII equivalent.
`rtle extension \fil' eks-ten' shdn\ n. See extension
`(definition 1).
`me extent \fil' eks-tenf\ n. See extent.
`me format \fil' for' mat\ n . The structure of a file
`that defines the way it is stored and laid out on the
`screen or in print. The format can be fairly simple
`and common, as are files stored as "plain" ASCII
`text, or it can be quite complex and include vari(cid:173)
`ous types of control instructions and codes used
`by programs, printers, and other devices. Exam(cid:173)
`ples include RTF (Rich Text Format), DCA (Docu(cid:173)
`ment Content Architecture), PICT, DIF (Data
`Interchange Format), DXF, TIFF (Tagged Image
`File Format), and EPSF (Encapsulated PostScript
`Format).
`
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`local loop
`
`logical file
`
`ll
`
`1
`
`1
`
`local loop \lo'kdl 105p'\ n. A telephone connec(cid:173)
`tion that runs from the subscriber to the local tele(cid:173)
`phone exchange.
`local memory \lo'kdl mem'dr-e\ n . In multipro(cid:173)
`cessor systems, the memory on the same card or
`high-speed bus as a particular processor. Typi(cid:173)
`cally, memory that is local to one processor cannot
`be accessed by another without some form of per(cid:173)
`mission.
`local newsgroups \lo'kdl n05z'gr05ps\ n. News(cid:173)
`groups that are targeted toward a geographically
`limited area such as a city or educational institu(cid:173)
`tion. Posts to these newsgroups contain informa(cid:173)
`tion that is specific to the area, concerning such
`topics as events, meetings, and sales. See also
`newsgroup.
`local reboot \lo'kdl re'boot\ n. A reboot of the
`machine that one is directly working on, rather
`than a remote host. See also reboot.
`LocalTalk \lo'bl-tak'\ n. An inexpensive cabling
`scheme used by AppleTalk networks to connect
`Apple Macintosh computers, printers, and other
`peripheral devices . See also AppleTalk.
`local variable \16'kdl var' e-d-bl\ n. A program
`variable whose scope is limited to a given block of
`code, usually a subroutine. See also scope (defini(cid:173)
`tion 1). Compare global variable.
`location \16-ka'shdn'\ n. See address 1 (defini(cid:173)
`tion 1).
`lock \lok\ n . l. A software security feature that
`requires a key or dongle in order for the applica(cid:173)
`tion to run correctly. See also dongle. 2. A mech(cid:173)
`anical device on some removable storage medium
`(for example, the write-protect notch on a floppy
`disk) that prevents the contents from being over(cid:173)
`written. See also write-protect notch.
`locked me \ lokd fin n. 1. A file on which one or
`more of the usual types of manipulative operation
`cannot be performed-typically, one that cannot
`be altered by additions or deletions. 2. A file that
`cannot be deleted or moved or whose name can(cid:173)
`not be changed.
`locked volume \lokd' vol'y05m\ n. On the Apple
`Macintosh, a volume (storage device , such as a disk)
`that cannot be written to . The volume can be locked
`either physically or through software.
`lockout \lok'out\ n. The act of denying access to
`a given resource (file, memory location, I/ 0 port),
`
`usually to ensure that only one program at a time
`uses that resource.
`lock up \lok' up\ n. A condition in which pro(cid:173)
`cessing appears to be completely suspended and
`in which the program in control of the system will
`accept no input. See also crash1
`log \log\ n. l. A record of transactions or activities
`that take place on a computer system. 2. See loga(cid:173)
`rithm.
`logarithm \log'dr-idh'dm\ n. Abbreviated log. In
`mathematics, the power to which a base must be
`raised to equal a given number. For example, for
`the base 10, the logarithm of 16 is (approximately)
`1.2041 because 101.2041 equals (approximately) 16.
`Both natural logarithms (to the base e, which is
`approximately 2.71828) and common logarithms
`(to the base 10) are used in programming. Lan(cid:173)
`guages such as C and Basic include functions for
`calculating natural logarithms.
`logic \lo(ik\ n. In programming, the assertions,
`assumptions, and operations that define what a
`given program does. Defining the logic of a pro(cid:173)
`gram is often the first step in developing the
`program's source code. See also formal logic.
`logical \lo(d-kdl\ adj. 1. Based on true and false
`alternatives as opposed to arithmetic calculation of
`numeric values. For example, a logical expression
`is one that, when evaluated, has a single outcome,
`either true or false . See also Boolean algebra. Com(cid:173)
`pare fuzzy logic. 2. Of or pertaining to a concep(cid:173)
`tual piece of equipment or frame of reference,
`regardless of how it may be realized physically.
`Compare physical.
`logical decision \loj'd-kdl dd-sizh'dn \ n. Any
`decision that can have one of two outcomes (true/
`false, yes/ no, and so on). Compare fuzzy logic.
`logical device \loj'd-kdl dd-vls'\ n. A device
`named by the logic of a software system, regard(cid:173)
`less of its physical relationship to the system. For
`example, a single floppy disk drive can simulta(cid:173)
`neously be, to the MS-DOS ·operating system, both
`logical drive A and drive B.
`logical drive \loj'd-kdl drlv'\ n. See logical device.
`logical error \loj'd-bl ar'dr\ n. See logic error.
`logical expression \loj'd-bl eks-presh'dn \ n . See
`Boolean expression.
`logical me \lo(d-kdl fil'\ n. A file as seen from a
`conceptual standpoint, without reference to and as
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