`international Bureau
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`INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
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`(51) International Patent Classification 6 :
`G06F 15/00
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`(11) International publication Number;
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`W0 99/41675
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`(43) International Publication Date:
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`19 August 1999 (19.08.99)
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`(21) International Application Number:
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`PCT/US98/O3017
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`(22) International Filing Date:
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`12 February 1998 (12.02.98)
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`(71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): DIGITAL
`PAPER LLC [US/US}; Suite 100. 211 North Union Street,
`Alexandria, VA 22314 (US).
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`(72) Inventors; and
`(75) Inventors/Applicants (for US only): HORNBACKER, Cecil,
`V.,
`[11 [US/US]; 2032 Cranberry Isles Way, Apopka, FL
`32712 (US). CRONIN. John, C.
`[US/US]; Apartment 3,
`1804 Greene Street, Philadelphia. PA 19130 (US).
`
`-
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`(74) Agents: FEIN, Michael, B. et 111.; Suite 3600, 1600 Market
`Street. Philadelphia, PA 19103 (US).
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`Published
`With international search report.
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`(54) Title: NETWORK IMAGE VIEW SERVER USING EFFICIENT CLIENT—SERVER, TlLING AND CACHING ARCHITECTURE
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`(81) Designated States: AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR,
`BY, CA, CH, CN, CU, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, GB, GE,
`GH, GM, GW, HU, ID, IL, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ.
`LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK. MN. MW,
`MX, NO, NZ. PL, PT, RO, RU, SD. SE. SG, Sl. SK. SL.
`TJ. TM, TR, TT, UA. UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZW, ARIPO
`patent (GH, GM. KE, LS, MW, SD, 82, U6, ZW), Eurasian
`patent (AM, AZ, BY. KG, KZ, MD, RU. TJ, TM), European
`patent (AT, BE, CH. DE, DK, ES. Fl, FR. GB, GR, IE, IT,
`LU, MC. NL, PT, SE), OAPI patent (BF, BJ, CF, CG, C1,
`CM, GA, GN. ML, MR, NE, SN, TD. '10).
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`
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`(57) Abstract
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`A computer network server using H'I'I'P
`(Web) server software combined with foreground
`view composer software (50), background view
`composer software (80), view tile cache (60),
`view tile cache garbage collector (70) and im-
`age files (90) provides image view data to client
`workstations (20) using graphical web browsers
`to display the view 'of‘ an image from theserver.
`Problems With specrahzed client workstation 1111-
`age view software are eliminated by using the in-
`ternet and industry standards based graphical web
`browsers for the client software. Network and
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`system performance problems that previously ex-
`isted when accessing large image files from a net-
`work file server are eliminated by tiling the image
`view so that computation and transmission of the
`View data can be done in an incremental fashion.
`The vied tiles are cached on the client worksta-
`tion to further reduce network traffic. View tiles
`are cached on the server to reduce the amount tO
`view tile computation and to increase responsive-
`ness of the image view server.
`
`"
`Client
`i (magma
`I
`10
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`~
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`Client
`wom'm"
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`mum“
`M” m,)
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`Ropoutory
`so
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`Network Image View Server
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Zimbabwe
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`Codes used to identify States party to the PCT on the front pages of pamphlets publishing international applications under the PCT.
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`NETWORK IMAGE VIEW SERVER USING EFFICIENT CLIENT-SERVER,
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`TILING AND CACHING ARCHTECTURE
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
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`Field of the Invention
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`This invention relates to workstation viewing images of digital documents stored on a
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`architecture.
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`2.
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`Description of the Prior Art
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`Current methods for viewing digital document images for workstations in a networked
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`environment use proprietary workstation application software to access a network image file
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`server. To view an image, the application software transfers a copy of the whole image file
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`from the image file server to the networked client workstation This method has a number
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`limitations including: inefficient use of the network; high software purchase cost per
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`network server and in particular to viewing large digital document images using a client—server
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`workstation; high software administrative cost per workstation; high computational demands
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`on the workstation; proprietary software available only for limited workstation types. Some
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`other network image viewers may provide viewing using more optimized image transmission
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`protocols but only with proprietary protocols and proprietary workstation software.
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`It is an object of the invention to provide a method of obtaining graphical images from
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`a network server for viewing at a computer workstation which does not require proprietary
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`workstation software.
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`It is another object to provide such a method which makes efficient use of the network
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`and results in greater speed of image display in response to requests from the workstations.
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`It is another object to provide such a method which makes use of caching mechanisms
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`resulting in a balanced load on the network file server and a faster response time to a single
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`client when many clients are accessing the server simultaneously.
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`It is another object to minimize the computing resources required by a client
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`workstation.
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`A further object is to provide apparatus for storing graphical images, requesting
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`images on a workstation.
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`A still further object is to provide a computer program which facilitates requesting
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`portions of graphical images stored on a network server and displaying those portions on a
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`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
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`These objects, and others which will become apparent from the following disclosure,
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`are achieved by this invention which comprises in one aspect method of identifying and
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`delivering a graphical image from a computer network file server comprising providing a
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`network file server on which are stored digital document image files, said server adapted to
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`receive requests from a Web browser in Uniform Resource Locator (URL) code, to identify
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`the image file and format selections being requested, to compose the requested view into a grid
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`of View tiles, and to transmit HTML code for view tiles to the requesting Web browser.
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`Another aspect of the invention comprises apparatus comprising a computer
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`network server adapted to store digital document image files, programmed to recieve requests
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`from a client Web browser in URL code, the URL specifying a view which identifies an image
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`file and format, to compose the requested view, and to transmit HTML code for the resultant
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`view to the client Web browser to display.
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`A further aspect of the invention is the computer program recorded on magnetic or
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`optical media for use on a network server comprising code which interprets HTTP requests
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`from a workstation for a particular view of a digital document image file stored in memory,
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`retrieves the digital document image file, composes a grid of View tiles corresponding to the
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`requested view of the image, computes HTML code for the grid of view tiles in a form which
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`can be transmitted from the server to the workstation.
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`The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the
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`specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and together with the general
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`description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
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`portions of the stored graphical images from storage, and quickly and efficiently displaying the
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`FIG. 1 is a diagram of the system architecture showing the relationship of the
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`components of the system and the image View server.
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`FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the system to request, compose and
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`display a view of an image.
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`FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams that show the view tile grid as determined by the View
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`FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams that show the grid View tiles composed for an initial
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`image viewS and then for a shifted view of the image.
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`FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams that show the web browser display of view tiles for an
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`initial view and then for a shifted view of the image that correspond to FIGS. 4A and 48.
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`FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams that show view tiles pre—computed by the background
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`View composer.
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`FIG. 7 is a high-level flow diagram of the foreground View composer.
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`FIG. 8 is a flow diagram for the view generator component of the View composer.
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`FIG. 9 is a flow diagram for the data output component of the View composer.
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`FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C together constitute a flow diagram for the view tile cache
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`garbage collector.
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND THE PREFERRED
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`EMBODIMENTS
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`References will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiment of the
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`invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
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`The preferred embodiment is a server PC consisting of an Intel Pentium Pro 200MHz
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`processor, with at least 128MB of RAM, an Ultra-wide Fast SCSI disk controller with at least
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`4GB of hard disk space, and LAN/WAN/Internet network interface controllers. The server
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`runs the Windows NT Server Version 4 operating system with NT File System, Microsoft
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`Internet Information Server Version 3, and the network image server software. The server
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`and client are configured with TCP/IP network protocols to support the HTTP (Web) protocol.
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`No software other than a Web browser is required on the client. The preferred Web browser
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`is Internet Explorer 3.0 or Netscape 3.0 or higher.
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`Referring first to FIG. 1, a network comprising client workstations 10 and 20 are
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`connected through network connections to a network image View server 100 comprising a
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`network server interface, preferably a web server 30 which uses the Hypertext Transfer
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`Protocol (HTTP), a request broker 40, a foreground view composer 50, a view tile cache 60, a
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`background View composer 80, a garbage collector 70, and a document repository 90 having
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`image files.
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`The network image View server, i.e., client workstation, or “workstation,” 100 can be
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`implemented on a computer, for example a personal computer configured with a processor,
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`I/O, memory, disk storage, and a network interface. The network image view server 100 is
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`configured with a network server operating system and Web server software 30 to provide the
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`network HTTP protocol link with the client workstations 10 and 20. Typical networks include
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`many workstations served by one, and sometimes more than one. network server, the server
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`functioning as a library to maintain files which can be accessed by the workstations.
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`In operation according to an embodiment of the method of the invention, using the Web
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`browser software on the client workstation, a user requests an image View 110 (FIG. 2) having
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`a scale and region specified by by means of a specially formatted Uniformed Resource Locator
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`(URL) code using HTTP language which the Web server can decode as a request to be passed
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`to the image view composition software and that identifies the image file to be viewed, the
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`scale of the View and the region of the image to view. The network image server sends
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`HTML data to the client with pre—computed hyperlinks, such that following a hyperlink by
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`clicking on an area of an image will send a specific request to the server to deliver a different
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`area of the drawing or to change the resolution of the image. The resultant HTML from this
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`request will also contain pre-computed hyperlinks for other options the user may exercise.
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`The code is sent over the network to the network server where the web server software
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`interprets the request 120, passes the View request URL to the foreground view composer
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`software through a common gateway interface (CGI) that is designed to allow processing of
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`HTTP requests external to the Web server software, and thereby instructs the request broker
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`30
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`130 to get the particular requested View, having the scale and region called for by the URL.
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`The foreground view composer is initialized 140 and composes the requested view 150 after
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`recovering it from memory on the network server. The foreground view composer software
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`interprets the view request, computes which view tiles are needed for the view, creates the
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`view tiles 160 needed for the View, and then creates Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
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`output file to describe the view composition to the Web browser, unless the necessary view
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`tiles to fulfill the request are already computed and stored in cache memory of the workstation,
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`in which case the already-computed tiles are recovered by the Web browser.
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`In either case,
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`the foreground View composer formats the output 170 and then intitializes backgound View
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`composer 180 which passes the formatted output to the Web server, which in turn transmits
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`the formatted output over the network to the Web browser 200 on the requesting workstation
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`10, where the requesting browser displays any View tiles already cached 210, combined with
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`newly computed View tiles 220 which are fetched from the server.
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`The generation of the View tiles 160 is handled by an image tiling routine which divides
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`a given page, rendered as an image, into a grid of smaller images (FIG 3A) called view tiles
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`Al, A2, 131, etc. (or just tiles in the image view server context). These tiles are computed for
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`distinct resolutions (FIG 3B) of a given image at the server according to the URL request
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`received from the browser software on the workstation. The use of tiling enables effective
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`image data caching 60 at the image view server and by the browser 10at the client
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`The preferred view tile format is 128 pixel by 128 pixel GIF image files. The GIF
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`image file format is preferred because of Web browser compatibility and image file size. The
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`GIF image file format is the most widely supported format for graphical Web browsers and
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`therefore gives the maximum client compatibility for the image View server. The GIF image
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`format has the desirable properties of loss-less image data compression, reasonable data
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`compression ratios, color and grayscale support, and a relatively small image file header,
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`which relates to the selection of View tile size. With a raw image data size for monochrome
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`View tiles of 2,048 bytes and a typical GIF compression of 4 to 1, the compressed data for a
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`view tile is approximately 512 bytes. With many image file formats, such as TIFF and JPEG,
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`the image file header (and other overhead information such as data indexes) can be as large or
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`larger than the image data itself for small images such as the view tiles; whereas a GIF header
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`for a monochrome image adds as little as 31 bytes to the GIF image file. Alternate View tile
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`formats such as Portable Network Graphics (PNG) may be used, especially as native browser
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`support for the format becomes common.
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`The 128 pixel View tile size is a good compromise between view tile granularity and
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`View tile overhead. The view tile granularity of 128 pixels determines the minimum View shift
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`distance (pan distance) that can be achieved with standard graphical Web browser and level 2
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`HTML formatting. This allows the adjustment of the view position on a 0.64 inch grid when
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`Viewing a 200 pixel—per—inch image at 1 to 1 scale. Reducing the size of the view tiles allows
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`finer grid for view positioning, but has the problem that the View tile overhead becomes
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`excessive.
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`A view tile typically represents more or less than 128 x 128 pixels of the image file. If
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`the view being displayed is reduced 2 to 1, then each View tile will represent a 256 x 256 pixel
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`area of the image file that has been scaled down to 128 x 128 pixels. For each possible scale
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`factor there is an array of tiles to represent the View. Fixed size view tiling is beneficial
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`because it allows more effective use of the caching mechanism at the server and at the client.
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`For example, consider a view of 512 pixels by 512 pixels. Without tiling, this view is
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`composed of a single GIF file that is displayed by the Web browser, and so if the user asks for
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`the view to be shifted by 256 pixels, then a new GIF image of 512 x 512 pixels needs to be
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`created and transmitted to the Web browser. With tiling, the first View would cause 16 view
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`tiles to be computed and transmitted for display by the Web browser. When the request for
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`the View to be shifted by 256 pixels is made, only 8 view tiles representing an area of 256 by
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`512 pixels need to be computed.
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`In addition only the 8 new view tiles need to be transmitted
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`to the Web browser since the shifted view will reuse 8 View tiles that are available from the
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`Web browser cache. The use of tiling cuts the computation and data transmission in half for
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`this example.
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`The use of view tiling also allows the image view server to effectively pre—compute
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`view tiles that may be required by the next view request. The image view server background
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`view composer computes view tiles that surround the most recent view request in anticipation
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`a request for a shifted View. When the shifted View is requested, the foreground view
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`composer can use the [ire-computed view tiles and eliminate the time to compute new View
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`tiles for the view. For frequently accessed images there is a good chance that the view tiles
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`for a View may already exist in the View tile cache since the View tile cache maintains the most
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`recently accessed View tiles. Since millions of View tiles may be created and eventually exceed
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`the storage capacity of the image view server, the View tile cache garbage collector removes
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`the least recently accessed View tiles in the case where the maximum storage allocation or
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`minimum storage free space limits are reached.
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`The number of view tiles needed to render a given View size increases in inverse
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`proportion to the square of the View tile size. A 64 pixel View tile would require 4 times as
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`many view tiles to render the same View area, and so is less preferred. The view tile overhead
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`10
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`exists as quantity of data and as the number of network transactions. The data quantity
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`overhead comes from the image file header size as a proportion of the total image file size as
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`described above and as data needed to make the view tile references in the HTML text file.
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`The network transaction overhead increases with smaller view tiles since each of the View tiles
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`requires a network transaction. The increased number of network transactions required with a
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`15
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`smaller View tile size would slow the response to render a View.
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`The HTML output file produced by the foreground View composer is passed to the
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`Web server software to be transmitted to the Web browser. The graphical Web browser
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`serves as the image viewer by utilizing the HTML output from the image view server to
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`compose and display the array of View tiles that form a view of an image. The HTML page
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`20
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`data list the size, position and the hyperlink for each view tile to be displayed. The view tiles
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`are stored in the GIF image file format that can be displayed by all common graphical Web
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`browsers. The Web browser will retrieve each view tile to be displayed from a local cache if
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`the View tile is present, otherwise from the image View server.
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`The request broker 40 takes the raw request from the network server interface 130,
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`25
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`interprets the request, communicates with the other system components and determines what
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`the appropriate response should be.
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`It also determines when the response is returned.
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`In the
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`preferred embodiment the request broker is implemented with the Web server Common
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`Gateway Interface (CGI). Options exist to use other direct Application Program Interfaces
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`(API) to the Web server.
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`30
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`To support the tiling and caching of many images on the same image view server, each
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/03017
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`view tile must be uniquely identified for reference by the Web browser with a view tile URL.
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`This uniqueness is accomplished through a combination of storage location and view tile
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`naming. Uniqueness between images is accomplished by having a separate storage
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`subdirectory in the view tile cache for each image Uniqueness of view tiles for each scale of
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`view is accomplished through the file name for each view tile. The view tile name is
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`preferably of the following form:
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`V < SCALE > < TILEWNUMBER > .GIF
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`The < SCALE > value is a 2 character string formed from the base 36 encoding of the
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`View scale number as expressed in parts per 256. The <TILE~NUMBER> value is a 5
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`character string formed from the base 36 encoding of the tile number as determined by the
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`formula:
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`TILEMNUMBER = TILEMROW * IMAGE_TILE_WIDTH + TILEfiCOLUMN
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`The TILE_ROW and TILE_COLUMN values start at 0 for this Computation. For
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`example the second tile of the first row for a view scaled 2:1 would be named under the
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`preferred protocol:
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`V3J00001 .GIF
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`The full URL reference for the second tile of the first row for image number 22 on the
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`image View server would be:
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`http2//hostname/view~tile—cache-pathOOOOZZ/V3J00001 .GIF
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`In addition to the view tile position and view scale, other View attributes that may be
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`encoded in the view tile storage location or in the view tile name. These attributes are view
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`rotation angle, view x—mirror, view y-mirror, invert view. A view tile name with these extra
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`view attributes can be encoded as:
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`V < SCALE > < TILEMNUMBER > < VIEW_ANGLE > < X_MIRROR > < Yw
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`MIRROR > < INVERT > .GIF
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`VIEWMANGLE is of the form A < ANGLE >. X_MIRROR, Y_MIRROR, and
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`INVERT are encoded by the single characters X, Y, and I respectively. An example is:
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`VBJOOOOIAQOXYIGIF
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`The Web server 30 is configured to recognize the above-described specially formatted
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`request Uniform Resource Locators (URL) to be handled by the image View server request
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1003
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`WO 99/41675
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`PCT/US98/030l 7
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`broker 40. This is done by association of the request broker 40 with the URL path or with the
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`document filename extension.
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`The foreground view composer 50 interprets the view request command 140 to
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`determine what view needs to be composed. The view request may be absolute by defining
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`scale and position, relative by defining scale and position as a delta to a previous view, or
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`implied by relying on system defaults to select the view.
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`View computation software routine 150 is illustrated in FIG 7 wherein the command
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`interpreter 151 takes the view request and determines 152 what scale view tile grid is needed
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`for the view and what View tiles within the grid are needed for the view 150 (FIG. 2), and
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`10
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`generates the view tile 153, resulting in formatted view output 154.
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`The view tile generator routine 160 performs the actual creation of the View tiles
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`according to the preferred steps shown in FIG 8. The view tile generator receives information
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`from the view computation as to what View tiles are needed for the View.
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`It has access to
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`records in the cache 80 that determine which tiles have already been created and are resident
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`15
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`in the cache.
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`If a needed view tile is in the cache then its last access time is updated to prevent
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`the cache garbage collector from deleting the View tile.
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`If a needed View tile is not in the
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`cache, then the view tile generator creates the view tile from the image file 90. The view tile
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`generator uses a software imaging library that supports rendering many digital document file
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`formats including monochrome raster images, grayscale raster images, color raster images as
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`well as many content rich non—raster formats such as Adobe Portable Document Format
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