THE CANCER DICTIONARY
`
`NOVARTIS EXHIBIT 2078
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`THE CANCER DICTIONARY
`
`Roberta Altman
`Michael J. Sarg, M.D.
`Associate Chief of Medical Oncology,
`St. Vincent's Hospital, New York City
`
`Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine,
`New York Medical College
`
`e
`RlctsOnFtle
`
`AN INFOBASE HOLDINGS COMPANY
`
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`The Cancer Dictionary
`
`Copyright© 1992 by Roberta Altman and Michael]. Sarg, M.D.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form
`or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or
`by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing
`from the publisher. For information contact:
`Facts On File, Inc.
`460 Park Avenue South
`New York, NY 10016
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Altman, Roberta
`The cancer dictionary / Roberta Altman, Michael Sarg.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes Bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-8160-2608-4 (hdalk. paper)
`ISBN 0-8160-3027-8 (pb)
`1. Cancer- Dictionaries. I. Sarg, Michael. II. Title.
`[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms- dictionaries. QZ 13 A468c]
`RC262.A39 1992
`616.99'4'003- dc20
`DNLM/DLC
`for Library of Congress
`
`91-46941
`
`Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
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`Please contact our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/683-2244
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`Text design by Ron Monteleone
`Jacket design by Mary McKenna-Ridge
`Composition by the Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group
`Manufactured by Hamilton Printing Company
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
`This book is printed on acid-free paper.
`
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`28
`
`biotechnology
`
`Female~~~
`
`Male ~ ~
`( ~ v r--- ~
`
`Ureter--+----,
`
`11------- ureter
`
`1-------Bladder
`
`Bladder--+---(cid:173)
`
`cv1-------'t- Prostate
`
`The female and male urinary systems. Courtesy NCI.
`
`biotechnology the use of living organisms or their
`products to make or modify a substance. It includes
`genetic engineering and HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY. This
`area of research, investigation, and production ex(cid:173)
`panded greatly during the 1980s and continues to
`do so.
`
`bis (chloromethyl ether) see CARCINOGENS.
`
`bladder cancer the presence of malignant (cancer(cid:173)
`ous) cells in the bladder. Although not seen that often
`in the United States as compared with other coun(cid:173)
`tries, it is the more frequent cancer of the urinary
`tract. In 1992 about 51,600 people were diagnosed
`with bladder cancer in the United States, and about
`9,500 died from the disease. Bladder cancer occurs
`most frequently in white adults between the ages of
`50 and 70, with men developing it about three times
`more often than women .
`The most common type of bladder cancer is tran(cid:173)
`sitional cell carcinoma (90%), which arises from the
`transitional epithelial cells that line the bladder. The
`other types of bladder cancer include papillary, squa(cid:173)
`mous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.
`Scientists believe that bladder cancer develops over
`many years as a gradual change in bladder cells. The
`precise cause of bladder cancer is still not known.
`
`However, several risk factors have been identified. It
`is estimated that smoking is a contributing factor in
`as many as half the bladder cancers in men and a
`third of the bladder cancers in women. Smokers have
`a two to three times greater risk of developing bladder
`cancer. Exposure of workers in the dye industries is
`thought to be a contributing factor in bladder cancer.
`Other occupations that have been linked to an in(cid:173)
`creased risk of bladder cancers include those in the
`rubber, leather, textile, and chemical industries, as
`well as hairdressers, machinists, metalworkers , paint(cid:173)
`ers, printers, and truck drivers. A bladder infection
`caused by the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma hae(cid:173)
`matobium increases the risk of squamous cell bladder
`cancer. Other urinary infections may also increase
`the risk.
`Some medical treatments may present a risk as
`well. The Food and Drug Administration has banned
`the use of phenacetin, which has been associated
`with bladder cancer, in painkillers. The risk of blad(cid:173)
`der cancer increases as a result of treatment with the
`anticancer drug cyclophosphamide. Some studies have
`shown an association between radiation therapy to
`the pelvis and bladder cancer.
`The most common symptom of bladder cancer is
`blood in the urine, usually associated with increased
`frequency of urination. (This can be a symptom for
`
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`:re expected to take part in the
`trial.
`.
`ss toxic than most anucancer
`lous side effects, and it is gen(cid:173)
`Because it has only been avail-
`effects are not known.
`~-term
`:ts have not been seen in women
`' tamoxifen for ten years. Doc(cid:173)
`~at tamoxifen can be taken in-
`
`dies show additional advantages
`A study completed in 1990
`nt.
`11 . k
`ifen may reduce the overa ns
`; much as 40%. Data from other
`. tamoxifen may prevent bone
`.
`the risk of osteoporosis (a
`ng
`.
`)
`mt and strength of bone ussue .
`<ifen in the treatment of other
`Jrostate, skin (melanoma), and
`. b .
`explored Its use as a
`so emg
`·
`g is also being examined.
`en by mouth twice a day. For
`are no side effects. Some of the
`l·f uncommon, include
`1y occur,
`.
`d
`lashes, subtle weight gam, an
`ry uncommon side effects may
`E MARROW DEPRESSION, vagmal
`menstrual irregularity, bone
`irge,
`l' ht
`skin rashes, depression,
`l~ •
`·adaches. Tamoxifen is a very im(cid:173)
`. drug in the treatment of breast
`
`l. hts are
`Place where ultraviolet ig
`h many tan-
`artificial tan. Althoug
`d
`i-
`it pre orn
`ave sunlamps t at em
`h
`k·n
`.
`'d ed as I
`on they are still cons1 er
`. d d
`,
`.
`l
`cons1 ere
`radiation 1s no onger f h more
`And the small amount o t _e rnit·
`·
`d'
`·
`that 1s e
`,urning UVB ra iauon
`. k As
`;nificant increase m ca had taken
`·
`ncer ns ·
`:ral Trade Comm1ss10n d rnanufac·
`ee major importers an
`·ng the
`·
`resent!
`, devices for m1srep
`ducts.
`
`--------------------------------~269
`T cell lymphoma see MYCos1s FUNGOIDEs.
`
`TAX see TAXOL.
`
`Teslac
`
`taxol (tax' ol) [TAX] an anticancer drug under in(cid:173)
`vestigation for its use in the treatment of ovarian and
`other cancers. While it has shown great promise,
`obtaining it in quantities sufficient to treat all the
`patients who might benefit from it is a problem.
`Taxol is derived from the bark of the slow-growing
`Pacific yew tree located in the rapidly dwindling
`ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest. The bark
`from as many as 4,000 trees may be used to produce
`one kilogram of taxol. Since it takes about 20 years
`for the yew trees to grow shoulder high, the devel(cid:173)
`opment of a synthetic taxol is being investigated.
`Taxol is undergoing CLINICAL TRIALS based on the
`expectation that eventually it will be available in a
`quantity sufficient to meet the demand.
`TBI (total body irradiation) see WHOLE BODY RA(cid:173)
`DIATION.
`
`TC a combination of the anticancer drugs 6-TG and
`ARA-C sometimes used in the maintenance therapy of
`ALL See individual drug listings for side effects. See
`also COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY.
`
`TCC see TRANSITIONAL CELL CANCER OF THE RENAL
`PELVIS AND URETER.
`
`T cell [T lymphocytes] one of the two major types
`of lymphocytes, which are white blood cells. (The
`other major type is the B CELL) T cells are processed
`in the thymus and are part of the body's IMMUNE
`SYSTEM. Regulatory T cells play a major role in or(cid:173)
`chestrating the very complex immune system. The
`most important T cells are the "helper/inducer" cells
`(identified by the T4 marker), which activate B cells,
`other T cells, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, and MACRO(cid:173)
`PHAGES. Another regulatory T cell (identified by the
`TB marker) turns off or suppresses those same cells.
`The killer cytotoxic T cells (also identified by the T8
`marker) rid the body of cells that are perceived as
`harmful-cells infected by a virus or transformed by
`cancer-and reject foreign substances such as tissue
`and organ grafts as well. See WHITE BLOOD CELLS.
`l cell leukemia a type of acute lymphocytic leuke(cid:173)
`r1a (ALL) affecting immature STEM CELLS. It accounts
`0~~ about 12% of ALL cases. It occurs primarily in
`er adolescents and young adults.
`
`technesium (tek-ne'ze-um) a radioactive substance
`that may be used in some NUCLEAR SCANS.
`
`tegafur [Florafur, 5-fluoro-1-tetrahydro-2-furyl -ur(cid:173)
`acil] an anticancer drug being investigated for its
`use in the treatment of breast, stomach, esophagus,
`colon/rectal, and genitourinary tract cancers. It is
`administered by IV (injected into a vein) or taken by
`mouth. Common side effects may include nausea,
`vomiting, flushing, dizziness, and apprehension with
`rapid administration. Occasional or rare side effects
`may include mouth sores, loss of muscle coordina(cid:173)
`tion, diarrhea, lethargy, and confusion.
`
`teletherapy see EXTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY.
`
`10-EDAM see EDATREXATE.
`
`teniposide [VM-26] an anticancer drug being in(cid:173)
`vestigated for its use in the treatment of LYMPHOMA,
`LEUKEMIA, MELANOMA, and cancers of the brain, blad(cid:173)
`der, lung, ovary, breast, and kidney. It is administered
`by IV (injected into a vein). BONE MARROW DEPRESSION
`may be a side effect. Other, less common side effects
`may include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fever, liver
`problems, and loss of reflexes.
`
`TENS see TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIM(cid:173)
`
`ULATION.
`
`tension relaxation see RELAXATION TECHNIQUES.
`
`teratoma a neoplasm (abnormal growth of tissue)
`composed of a number of different types of tissue.
`One type of TESTICULAR CANCER is called teratoma, as
`is one type of congenital BRAIN CANCER.
`
`terminal in cancer, a term used to characterize a
`patient with progressive advanced disease with vital
`organ involvement who has a very limited life expec(cid:173)
`tancy in the absence of any useful further therapy.
`Duration of life has been defined in various ways,
`but most understand "terminal" to be six months or
`less left to live.
`
`Teslac [testolactone) see ANDROGEN.
`
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`(NCI) stages urethral cancer by location and whether
`it has spread:
`
`• Anterior-cancer in the part of the urethra that is
`closest to the outside of the body; these tumors are
`likely to be noninvasive
`• Posterior-cancer in the part of the urethra that
`connects to the bladder; this tumor is more likely
`to invade nearby tissue
`, Urethral cancer associated with invasive bladder
`cancer-the patient also has bladder cancer
`• Recurrent-cancer has returned to the same site or
`to another part of the body after treatment.
`
`Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and
`other factors. Surgical treatments that may be used
`include FU LGURATION , LASER THERAPY, CYSTOURE(cid:173)
`THRECTOMY, PENECTOMY (in men), CYSTOPROSTATEC(cid:173)
`TOMY (in men), or ANTERIOR EXENTERATION (in women).
`For specific information on the latest state-of-the-art
`treatment, by stage, call NCI's Cancer Information
`Service at 1-800-4-CANCER.
`
`urethrogram (u-re'thro-gram) see URETHROGRAPHY.
`
`urethrography (u-re"throg' rah-fe) examination of
`the urethra by x RAY for the presence of a tumor or
`suspicious area. This procedure may be used in the
`diagnosis of cancer in the urethra of men.
`
`urinalysis (u"rT-nal'i-sis) [urine analysis (UA)] ex(cid:173)
`amination of urine. It may be performed in the
`diagnosis of kidney cancer and many other disorders.
`The degree of concentration of the urine compared
`with plain water is called specific gravity (SG) and
`can be an indication of a urinary obstruction. The
`amount of acidity, protein, sugar, and ketones (or(cid:173)
`ganic compounds) in the urine can indicate acidosis
`or alkalosis, kidney damage, diabetes, and other dis(cid:173)
`orders. A urine sediment exam checks for red cells,
`white cells, kidney cells, crystals, and microorga(cid:173)
`nisms. It may be used in the diagnosis of urinary
`tract cancers, especially bladder cancer, as well as
`kidney damage, urinary tract infection, or gout.
`
`urinary diversion creation of a new way to eliminate
`urine when the bladder and/or urethra has been
`removed. The standard procedure used to be forma(cid:173)
`tion of a STOMA, or surgical opening through which
`urine passed. The urine would be emptied into a flat
`bag located outside the body. Newer forms of urinary
`
`uterine sarcoma
`
`285
`
`diversion have made an external urinary device un(cid:173)
`necessary in many cases. Surgeons try to use the
`newer techniques whenever possible. See CONTINENT
`!LEAL RESERVOIR, BRICKER'S POUCH, CAMEY PROCEDURE,
`!LEAL BLADDER, and URETEROSIGMOIDOSTOMY.
`
`urinary tract cancer cancer occurring in any of the
`tract (kidneys, bladder,
`the urinary
`in
`organs
`urethra) . See KIDN EY CANCER, BLADDER CANCER,
`URETERAL CANCER, URETHRAL CANCER, and PROSTATE
`CANCER.
`
`urine sediment test see URINALYSIS.
`
`urogram see UROGRAPHY.
`
`urography (u -rog'rah-fe) an x RAY examination of
`the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. This may
`be performed in patients who cannot tolerate an IVP.
`It may be used in the diagnosis of urinary tract
`cancers as well as other disorders.
`
`urologist (u-rol' o-jist) a medical doctor who spe(cid:173)
`cializes in diseases that affect the kidneys, ureters,
`urethra, bladder, prostate gland, and male sex organs.
`A urologist is an expert in diagnosis and in surgical
`treatment in the urologic area. A board-certified urol(cid:173)
`ogist has two years of postmedical training, three
`years of training in urologic surgery, and 18 months
`of independent practice. In addition, he or she
`has passed the written and oral exams given by the
`board.
`
`urostomy see OSTOMY.
`
`urticaria (ur"ti-ka 're-ah) [hives] an allergic reaction
`marked by itching welts. This may be a side effect of
`CHEMOTHERAPY. They may appear at the site of a
`chemotherapy (anticancer drug) injection or on other
`parts of the body. The hives may develop along the
`vein through which the chemotherapy was adminis(cid:173)
`tered as well as other locations. The hives usually
`disappear within several hours.
`
`us see ULTRASOUND.
`
`uterine sarcoma (u'ter-Tne sar-ko'mah) an ex(cid:173)
`tremely rare type of ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. It accounts
`for between 1 and 5% of all endometrial (uterine)
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