STEDMAN'S
`Medical
`Dictionary
`27th Edition
`
`Illustrated in Color
`
`,~ LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
`•
`A Wolters Kluwer Company
`Philadelphia • Baltimore • New York • London
`Buenos Aires • Hong Kong • Sydney • Tokyo
`
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`Senior Managing Editor: Maureen Barlow Pugh
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`Copyright © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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`Copyright © by William Wood and Company: 1911, 1st ed.; 1912, 2nd ed.; 1914, 3rd ed.; 1916, 4th ed.;
`1918, 5th ed.; 1920, 6th ed.; 1922, 7th ed.; 1924, 8th ed.; 1926, 9th ed.; 1928, 10th ed.; 1930, 11th ed.
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`Copyright © byWilliams&Wilkins: 1933, 12thed.; 1935, 13thed.; 1939, 14thed.; 1942, 15thed.; 1946,
`16th ed.; 1949, 17th ed.; 1953, 18th ed.; 1957, 19th ed.; 1961, 20th ed.; 1966, 21st ed.; 1972, 22nd ed.;
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`principles of medical care which should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients.
`Manufacturers' product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information, in(cid:173)
`cluding contraindications, dosages and precautions.
`
`Database design by Lexi-Comp Inc., Hudson, OH
`Printed in the United States of America by World Color, Inc.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Stedman, Thomas Lathrop, 1853-1938.
`Stedman's medical dictionary.- 27th ed.
`p.;cm.
`ISBN 0-683-40007-X (regular)-ISBN 0-683-40008-8 (deluxe)
`II. Title.
`I. Title: Medical dictionary.
`1. Medicine-Dictionaries.
`1. Medicine- Dictionary- English. W 13 S812m 1999]
`[DNLM:
`Rl21 .S8 1999
`610'.3-dc21
`
`99-056094
`
`00 0 l 02 03 04 05
`12345
`
`L
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`

`geneticist
`
`738
`
`ge-net-i-cist (je-net'i-sist). A specialist in genetics.
`ge-net-ics (je-net'iks). 1. The branch of science concerned with
`the means and consequences of transmission and generation of the
`components of biologic inheritance. 2. The genetic features and
`constitution of any single organism or set of organisms. [G. gene(cid:173)
`sis, origin or production]
`behavioral g., the study of heritable factors in behavioral pat(cid:173)
`terns, as by pedigree analysis, biochemical abnormality, or karyo(cid:173)
`typic analysis.
`biochemical g., the study of g. in terms of the chemical (bio(cid:173)
`chemical) events involved, as in the manner in which DNA mole(cid:173)
`cules replicate and control the synthesis of specific enzymes by
`the genetic code.
`classical g.; that body of method and analysis that perceives g. as
`the study of the transmission of genotype from parent to off(cid:173)
`spring; the study of multiple individuals is essential to it.
`clinical g., g. applied to the diagnosis, prognosis, management,
`and prevention of genetic diseases. Cf. medical g.
`epidemiologic g., the study of g. as a phenomenon of defined
`populations by the criteria, methods, and objectives of epidemiol(cid:173)
`ogy rather than of population g.
`galtonian g., the study of traits by analysis of the first two
`moments of metrical data; the preferred method for analysis of
`traits following the multivariate gaussian distribution.
`Galtonian-Fisher g., the g. of measurable traits determined by
`multiple loci which make contributions that are independent, ad(cid:173)
`ditive, and approximately equal. SYN multilocal g.
`human g., the study of the genetic aspects of humans as a species.
`Cf. medical g.
`mathematical g., the study of genetic traits by formal analysis,
`e.g., quantitative g., population dynamics, genetic epidemiology,
`modeling.
`medical g., the study of the etiology, pathogenesis, and natural
`history of human diseases which are at least partially genetic in
`origin. Cf. clinical g., human g.
`mendelian g., the study of the pattern of segregation of pheno(cid:173)
`types under the control of genetic loci taken one at a time.
`microbial g., the study of hereditary mechanisms of microbes.
`modern g., that body of method and analysis that perceives g. as
`the study of the economy of nucleic acids and associated com(cid:173)
`pounds.
`molecular g., molecular biology applied to g.
`multilocal g., SYN Galtonian-Fisher g.
`population g., the study of genetic influences on the components
`of cause and effect in the somatic characteristics of populations.
`quantitative g., the formal study of measurable genetic traits,
`traditionally but not necessarily confined to galtonian g.
`reverse g., term referring to tracing of a gene responsible for a
`disease by learning its position in the human genome. This ap(cid:173)
`proach makes no claim of providing information about the gene
`product. SYN positional cloning.
`somatic cell g., the study of the structure, organization, and func(cid:173)
`tion of a genome by the techniques of cell hybridization.
`statistical g., the study of the applications of principles of statis(cid:173)
`tics to problems in genetics.
`transplantation g., g. as applied to the transplanting of tissues
`from one animal to another.
`ge-net·o•tro•phic (je-net-6-trof'ik). Relating to inherited individ(cid:173)
`ual distinctions in nutritional requirements. [G. genesis, origin, +
`trophe, nourishment]
`Ge-ne-va Con•ven-tion. An international agreement formed at
`meetings in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864 and 1906, relating
`(among medical subjects) to the safeguarding of the wounded in
`battle, of those having the care of them, and of the buildings in
`which they are being treated. The direct outcome of the first of
`these meetings was the establishment of the Red Cross Society.
`Ge-ne-va lens mea•sure. See under measure.
`Gengou, Octave, French bacteriologist, 1875-1957. SEE G. phe(cid:173)
`nomenon; Bordet-G. potato blood agar, bacillus, phenomenon;
`Bordet and G. reaction.
`
`01
`
`ge-ni-al, ge-ni-an (je-ni'al, -ni'an).
`chin]
`6 -genic. Producing, forming; produced, formed by [
`birth]
`· G. 8en
`ge-nic-u•la (je-nik'ii-la). Plural of geniculum.
`ge-nic•u•lar (je-nik'ii-llu-). Commonly used to mean g
`ge-nic•u·late (je-nik'ii-lat). 1. Bent like a knee. sn1 en~al,
`2. Referring to the geniculum of the facial nerve, d!~ni~ulattd_
`ganglion there present. 3. Denoting the lateral or mect· ~ting !ht
`late body. [L. geniculo, pp. -atus, to bend the knee, fr. ;~
`genicu.
`1
`ge-nic•u·lat•ed (je-nik'ii-la-ted). SYN geniculate (1 ).
`i,, kllce]
`ge-nic-u-lum, pl. ge-nic•u•la (je-nik'ii-liim, -la). 1 ['fAJ
`genu or angular kneelike structure. 2. A knotlike stru · A. 511ia1J
`cture. IL
`dim. of genu, knee]
`g. cana'lis facia'lis [TA], SYN g. of facial canal.
`g. of facial canal [TA] , the bend in the facial canal linki
`medial and lateral crura of the horizontal port of the c nf 1ht
`corresponding to the location of the geniculate ganglio~na illld
`facial nerve. SYN g. canalis facialis [TA], genu of facial can or !ht
`g. of facial nerve [TA], (1) a sharp bend in the facial nerve a·
`facial canal where it turns .posteriorly from its previously a ~n ~
`course to run in the medial wall of the middle ear (external;)~~~
`complex loop of facial nerve fibers around the abducens n~ j I
`(internal g.). SYN g. nervus facialis [TA].
`ceUs
`g. ner'vus facia'lis [TA], SYN g. of facial nerve.
`6 -genin. Suffix used to denote the basic steroid unit of the tox'
`substance, usually a steroid glycoside (e.g. , the aglycon poniont
`ge-ni·o·glos•sus (je'nI-6-glos'ils). SYN genioglossus (11111.1c/e). [G
`geneion, chin,+ glossa, tongue]
`·
`ge•ni·o•hy•oid (je-ni'o-hi'oyd). SYN geniohyoid (muscle) .
`ge•ni•o-hy-oi-de-us (je-ni'o-hi-oyd'e-ils). SYN geniohyoid (111115•
`cle). [G. geneion, chin, + hyoeides, y-shaped, hyoid]
`ge•ni•on (je-ni'on). The tip of the mental spine, a point in crani(cid:173)
`ometry. [G. geneion, chin]
`ge-ni•o•plas•ty (je'nI-5-plas-te). Surgical correction of the bony
`contour of the chin. [G. geneion, chin, cheek,+ plastos, fonnedl
`gen-i-tal (jen'i-tal). 1. Relating to reproduction or generation. 2.
`Relating to the primary female or male sex organs or genitals. 3.
`Relating to or characterized by genitality. [L. genitalis, penaining
`to reproduction, fr. gigno, to bring forth]
`gen·i-ta-lia (jen'i-ta'le-a) [TA]. The organs of reproduction or
`generation, external and internal. SYN organa genitalia [TAJ, geni(cid:173)
`tal organs, genitals. [L. neut. pl. of genitalis, genital)
`ambiguous g., SYN genital ambiguity.
`ambiguous external g., SYN genital ambiguity.
`exter,nal g., the vulva in the female, and the penis and scrotum in
`the male.
`female external g. [TA], the external feminine genital organs, the
`vulva and clitoris. SYN external female genital organs, organa
`genitalia feminina externa.
`female internal g. [TA], the internal feminine genital organs,:
`ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. SYN internal fem
`genital organs, organa genitalia feminina interna.
`.
`indifferent g., reproductive organs of the embryo before defini·
`the
`tive sex formation.
`male external g. [TAJ, the external masculine genital organs, ni·
`penis and scrotum. SYN external male genital organs, organa ge
`the
`talia masculina externa.
`male internal g. [TA], the internal masculine gen~tal organs,tate.
`testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, pros ana
`and bulbourethral glands. SYN internal male genital organs, org
`genitalia masculina interna.
`.
`10
`gen•i·taH•ty (jen-i-tal'i-te). In psychoanalysis, a term refern;f as
`the genital components of sexuality (i.e., the penis and vagin
`'
`opposed, for example, to orality and anality.
`gen-Hals (jen'i-talz). SYN genitalia. [see genitalia]
`gen•i•to-cru•ral (jen'i-to-kroo'ral). SYN genitofemoral.
`·ialia
`gen-Ho-fem•o·ral (jen'i-to-fem'o-ral). Relating to the geni
`and the thigh; denoting the g. nerve. SYN genitocrura!.
`e ot·
`1
`11
`gen•i•to•u•ri·nary (GU) (jen'i-to-ii'ri-nar-e). Relating to
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`8e11eio~.
`'· 8eno.,,
`
`Jal.
`i~ulated_
`>ling the
`genicu.
`tu, knee]
`
`A srna11
`lure. IL.
`
`king the
`ina! and
`l of the
`1na1.
`•e in the
`anterior
`' g.);(2)
`nucleus
`
`1e toxic
`Jrtion).
`'e). [G.
`
`I (11111,.
`
`I crani-
`
`ebony
`rmed)
`:ion. 2.
`tals. 3.
`taining
`
`ion or
`, geni-
`
`tum in
`
`ns, the
`irgana
`
`JS, the
`·emale
`
`efini-
`
`·tourin:...a_r.;.y _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ ____ 7_39 _ _ _ ___ _ _ ______ _ ----'g_e_o_t_ri_c_h_o_s1_·s
`~ . d . .
`.
`f reproduction an unnation. SYN unnogemta , unnosexua ,
`· 1
`.
`1
`rosanilins: it is also used topically as an antiinfective. SEE crystal
`jl!IS 0
`g enital,
`violet.
`oro~
`(jen'yiis, jen'e-iis). 1. Markedly superior intellectual or
`gen-ti-o•bi·ase (ien'shi-6-bI'iis). SYN ~-o-glucosidase.
`ge•n•~s abilities or exceptional creative power. 2. A person so
`gen-ti-o-bi•o·se (ien'te-6-briis). A disaccharide containing two o(cid:173)
`i)ltisuc d 3, In psychology, an individual who ranks in the top 1 %
`end0(~dividuals on a test of intelligence. [L.]
`glucopyranose molecules linked ~-1,6; a structural moiety in
`ofal I ep•i-dem•i·cus (~p-i-dem'i-kiis) . . Th_e influence, atmo(cid:173)
`many compounds (e.g., amygdalin). SYN amygdalose.
`ge•niU~
`gen-tis·ic ac-id (ien-tis'ik). This compound is chemically related
`telluric, or cosrmc, or the combmation of any two or
`spheric~garded by the ancients as the cause of epidemic and
`to salicylate and aspirin (acetylsalicylate) and shares with the
`lhfee, ic diseases. [Mod. L.]
`latter agent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. A metab(cid:173)
`olite of aspirin.
`iocle!Tlri Francesco, Italian anatomist, 1750- 1795. SEE G. band,
`Gen°.\;e of G.; stripe of G.
`genu, gen. ge-'nus, pl. gen-ua (ie'noo, je'niis, jen'oo-a) [TA]. 1.
`strl:,blast (ien'ii-blast). The nucleus of the fertilized ovum.
`The place of articulation between the thigh and the leg. SYN knee
`(1) [TA]. SEE ALSO knee joint, geniculum. 2. Any structure of
`gen ,co y (ien'o-kop-e). A genotype at one locus that produces
`angular shape resembling a flexed knee. [L.]
`gen·ieno~pe which at some levels of resolution is indistinguish-
`g. cap'sulae inter'nae [TA], SYN g. of internal capsule.
`3 P from that produced by another genotype; e.g., two types of
`g. cor'poris callo'si [TA], SYN g. of corpus callosum.
`abl\ cytosis that are g.'s of each other, but are distinguished by
`~~pf~ct that one is linked to the Rh blood group locus and the
`g. of corpus callosum [TA], the anterior extremity of the corpus
`callosum that folds downward and backward on itself, terminating
`ther is not.
`0 o-der-ma•tol•o•gy (ien'o-der-ma-tol'o-je). Study of the he-
`in the rostrum. SYN g. corporis callosi [TA].
`g~·tarY aspects of cutaneous disorders. [G. genos, birth, descent,
`g. of facial canal, SYN geniculum of facial canal.
`Jerma, skin, + logos, theory]
`g. of facial nerve [TA], the curve which the fibers of the root of
`+_00,der-ma-to·sis (ien'o-der-ma-to'sis). A skin condition of
`the facial nerve describe around the abducens nucleus in the
`ge
`' .
`pontine tegmentum; the internal g. of the facial nerve. SYN g. nervi
`genetic ongm.
`facialis [TAJ.
`,nome (ie'nom, -nom). 1. A complete set of chromosomes
`·
`~erived from one parent, the haploid number of a gamete. 2. The
`g. of internal capsule [TA], the obtuse angle, opening laterally in
`total gene complement of a set of chromosomes found in higher
`the horizontal plane, formed by the union of the two limbs (crus
`life forms (the haploid set in a eukaryotic cell), or the functionally
`anterius and crus posterius) of the internal capsule. SYN g. capsu(cid:173)
`similar but simpler linear arrangements found 'in bacteria and
`Jae internae [TA].
`viruses. SEE ALSO Human Genome Project. [gene+ chromosome]
`g. ner'vi facia'lis [TA], SYN g. of facial nerve.
`ge-nom•ic (ie-nom'ik). Relating to a genome.
`g. recurva'tum, hyperextension of the knee, the lower extremity
`genomics (ien-om-'ks). Study of the structure of the genome of
`having a forward curvature. SYN back-knee.
`particular organisms, including mapping and sequencing.
`g. val'gum, a deformity marked by lateral angulation of the leg in
`runctional g., the study of expressed genes in organisms, includ(cid:173)
`relation to the thigh. SYN knock-knee, tibia valga.
`ing the identity of the genes and the factors that control differen(cid:173)
`g. va'rum, a deformity marked by medial angulation of the leg in
`tial expression.
`relation to the thigh; an outward bowing of the legs. SYN bandy(cid:173)
`ge-no-spe-cies (ie'no-spe-sez, jen'). A group of organisms in
`leg, bowleg, bow-leg, tibia vara.
`which interbreeding is possible, as evidenced by genetic transfer
`gen-u-al (ien'ii-al). Relating to the knee. [L. genu, knee]
`and recombination.
`ge•nus, pl. gen,era (je'niis, jen'er-a). In natural history classifica(cid:173)
`ge-note Ge'not). In microbial genetics, an element of recombina-
`tion, the taxonomic level of division between the family, or tribe,
`tion in which one of the pair is not a complete chromosome;
`and the species; a group of species alike in the broad features of
`commonly used as a suffix (e.g., endogenote, exogenote, F ge(cid:173)
`their organization but different in detail, and incapable of fertile
`note). [gene + G. -otes, toponymic suffix]
`mating. [L. birth, descent]
`ge-no•tox-ic (je-no-toks'ik). Denoting a substance that by damag-
`gen-y•an-trum (jen-e-an'triim). SYN maxillary sinus. [G. genys,
`ing DNA may cause mutation or cancer. [gene + toxic]
`cheek,+ antron, cave]
`·
`geo-o-type (ien'6-1Ip). 1. The genetic constitution of an individu(cid:173)
`C>geo-. The earth, soil. [G. ge, earth]
`al. 2. Gene combination at one specific locus or any specified
`ge-ode (ie'od),. A cystlike space (or spaces) with or without an
`combination of loci. For specific blood group genotypes, see
`epithelial lining, observed radiologically in subarticular bone,
`Blood Groups appendix. [G. genos, birth, descent, + typos, type]
`usually in arthritic disorders. [Fr., fr. L. geodes, precious stone, fr.
`ZhaZ g., individuals who have a deficiency of a 1-antitrypsin and
`G. ge, earth, + -odes, appearance]
`ve emphysema.
`ge·o·med•i-cine (je-6-med'i-sin). The science concerned with the
`&en•o•typ-ic Gen'o-tip-ik). SYN genotypical.
`influence of climatic and environmental conditions on health and
`&en·o•typ-i-cal (ien-6-tip'i-kal). Relating to the genotype. SYN
`disease. SYN nosochthonography, nosogeography.
`genotypic.
`ge•o·pa·thol•o•gy (je'o-pa-thol'o-je). The study of disease in rela(cid:173)
`&en·.fa·mi•cin (jen-ta-mrsin). A broad spectrum antibiotic of the
`tion to regions, climates, and other environmental influences.
`:noglycoside class, obtained from Micromonospora purpurea
`ge•o·pha-gia, ge•oph·a·gism, ge·oph·a-gy (je-6-fa'je-a, je-ofa(cid:173)
`tiv M. echinospora, that inhibits the growth of both Gram-posi(cid:173)
`jizm, -ofa-je). The practice of eating dirt or clay. SYN dirt-eating.
`na~ and Gram-negative bacteria; the sulfate salt is used medici-
`y.
`[geo- + G. phago, to eat]
`ge•o·phil-ic. Terrestrial, soil inhabiting. [geo- + G. philos, Jove,
`':~ian? gen-tian root (ien'shiin). The dried rhizome and roots
`cent;1;11a lutea (family Gentianaceae), an herb of southern and
`attraction, + -ic]
`len-tia uro":; a simple bitter.
`Ge-oph·i-lus (ie-of'i-liis). A genus of centipedes, characterized by
`very large numbers oflegs (47- 67 pairs); includes G. californius,
`"adifn•o_-phll, gen-tian·o·phile (ien'shiin-o-fil, -fil). Staining
`G. rubens, and G. umbraticus, in the U.S.
`Philo Y ,with gentian violet. SYN gentianophilous. [gentian + G.
`s, 1ond]
`Georgi, Walter, German bacteriologist, 1889- 1920. SEE Sachs-G.
`ltn•tian-oph • I
`.
`.
`test.
`len-t'
`.
`·l · ous (ien-shiin-of1-liis). SYN gentianoph1I.
`.
`ge-o-tax-is (ie-6-tak'sis). A form of positive barotaxis in which
`let s::~·O·pho: hie (jen' shiin-6-fo'bik). Not taking a gentian vio-
`1111-tia 'or taking it poorly. [gentian+ G. phobos, fear]
`there is a tendency to growth or movement toward or into the
`earth. SYN geotropism. [geo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]
`ltn-tia n ro_ot. SEE gentian.
`ge•ot·ri·cho-sis (ie'o-tri-ko'sis). An opportunistic systemic hyalo(cid:173)
`n VI•O·let. An unstandardized dye mixture of violet
`hyphomycosis caused by Geotrichum candidum; ascribed symp-
`
`ge
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