Tenth Edition
`
`Douglas A. Downing, PhD.
`School of Business and Economics
`
`Seattle Pacific University
`
`Michael A. Covington, PhD.
`Artificial Intelligence Center
`
`The University of Georgia
`
`Dictionary of
`Computer and
`Internet Terms
`
`US. Patent No. 8,923,941
`
`Apple Inc.
`APLl 05 1
`
`Melody Mauldin Covington
`Covington Innovations
`
`Athens. Georgia
`
`Catherine Anne Covington
`Covington Innovations
`
`Athens. Georgia
`
`With the assistance of
`
`Sharon Covington
`
`M B
`
`ARRO ’8
`
`Apple Inc.
`APL1051
`U.S. Patent No. 8,923,941
`
`0001
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1051
`
`

`

`ABOUT THE AUTHORS
`
`(C) Copyright 2009. 2006. 2003. 2000. 1998. I996. I995. I992. I989.
`and 1986 by Barron's Educational Series. Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in
`any form or by any means without the written permission
`of the copyright owner.
`
`All inquiries should be rtrt'drcssed m:
`Barron‘s Educational Series. Inc.
`250 Wireless Boulevard
`
`Hauppauge. NY 11788
`www.11arronseduc.com
`
`ISBN-13: 978-0-7641—4105-8
`ISBN-10: 0-764 l «4105-9
`
`the School of
`Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitative methods at
`Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author ol' several
`books in both Barron‘s Easy Way and Business Review series. He is also the author
`of Java Programming the Easy Way and Dictionary of'Mrrrhwmttics Hams. published
`by Barron‘s Educational Series. Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economics from
`Yale University.
`Michael Covington is Associate Director ol‘the Artificial Intelligence Institute at
`the University of Georgia. He is the author of several books and over 250 magazine
`articles. He holds the PhD. degree in linguistics from Yale University.
`Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designer living in Athens. Georgia. She
`is the author of Dictionary QI'Desktrip Publishing (published by Barron's).
`Catherine Anne Covingtoa is a student at
`the Lamar Dodd School of Art
`(University of Georgia].
`Sharon Covington is a student at Emory University.
`
`9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`Library of Congress Cartifth Curd N0. 2008044365
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Downing. Douglas.
`Dictionary of computer and Internet terms 1' Douglas A. Downing.
`Michael A. Covington. Melody Mauldin Covington. — 10th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 978~0-7641-4105-8
`
`l.Cotnputerig—Dictionaries. 2. lntemet—Dictionaries. LCovington.
`Michael A.. 1957— II. Covington. Melody Mauldin. IlI.Tit|e.
`
`QA76JSDfifi7 2009
`
`004.03—dc22
`
`I’RIN'l‘ED IN CHINA
`
`2008044365
`
`0002
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1051
`
`

`

`I
`Chicago
`
`This mmflal meO wmcdbflmfldfilfl' {Title 17 0.5. code)
`A
`
`90
`
`Chicago the code natne by which Windows 95 was identified belon- its
`release. Compare CAIRO: LONGHORN: MEMPHIS: \\ IIIsTI-ER: BL.~\(‘K(‘(IY\IB.
`
`child an object created with the properties of another object tcalled the PAR-
`ENT). Updating the properties of the parent object affects the children.
`but changing the properties of the child does not affect the parent. See
`VECTOR GRAPHICS; OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.
`
`child process a process launched by and considered dependent on another
`process. See PROCESS: MULTITASKING: UNIX.
`
`chip scc’ INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.
`
`chipset a set of integrated circuits intended to be used together. For exam—
`ple. many modems use a chipset made by Rockwell. and many mother—
`boards use an Intel chipset along with a Pentium processor.
`
`chmod UNIX command for changing file permissions. For example of its
`use. see PERMISSION.
`
`chroma-keying the process of digitally combining video images by the use
`of a subtractive background. This is the method used to show a weather
`forecaster in front of a set of maps. The person is videotaped in front of
`a blue or green background. The colored background is digitally
`removed (hence ['fif'UHIU-. meaning color). and the desired map is put in
`place of it. The weather forecaster watches a monitor off-camera so he
`or she can point to the correct spot.
`Chroma-keying is also used for a variety of special effects in movies.
`
`0003
`
`chromogenic print a picture printed photograpltically with colored dyes: a
`conventional color photograph or (much less often) a black-and-white
`photo produced with similar chemistry. Contrast GELATIN SILVER PRINT:
`GICLEE PRINT.
`
`Church‘s Thesis (or Church-TIII-I’Im Thesis) the hypothesis that a 'I‘URING
`MACHINE (or any of its mathematical equivalents) is as powerful as a
`mechanical computing device can be: other devices are more efficient at
`particular tasks. bttt none of them can do anything fundamentally differ-
`ent. It was proposed. at different times and in different forms. by Alan
`Turing and by the logician Alonzo Church.
`
`CIFS {Common Internet File System) the file sharing protocol that forms
`the basis of Microsoft Windows networking. Formerly known as SMB
`(Server Message Block), it is also supported by UNIX and Linux sys—
`tems using the Samba software package. See SAMBA. Contrast NFS.
`
`cinnamon bun (slung) the symbol @1 see AT SIGN.
`
`CIO Chief information Officer. an officer of a business responsible for its
`computers and data processing.
`
`CIPA (Children's Internet Protection Act) a law passed by Congress in 2000
`(47 USC 254) requiring libraries to use blocking programs to prevent
`
`0003
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1051
`
`