Dictionary of
`Computer and
`Internet Terms
`
`
`
`Tenth Edition
`
`Douglas A. Downing, Ph.D.
`School of Business and Economics
`Seattle Pacific University
`
`Michael A. Covington, Ph.D.
`Artificial Intelligence Center
`The University of Georgia
`
`Melody Mauldin Covington
`Covington Innovations
`Athens, Georgia
`
`Catherine Anne Covington
`Covington Innovations
`Athens, Georgia
`
`With the assistance of
`Sharon Covington
`
`NZ
`
`BARRON'S
`
`0001
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`Apple Inc.
`APL1051
`U.S. Patent No. 8,923,941
`FITBIT, Ex. 1051
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`Apple Inc.
`APL1051
`U.S. Patent No. 8,923,941
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`

`ABOUT THE AUTHORS
`
`the School of
`Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitative methods at
`Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author of several
`books in both Barron’s Easy Way and Business Reviewseries. He is also the author
`of Java Programming the Easy Wayand Dictionary of Mathematics Terms, published
`by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economies from
`Yale University.
`Michael Covington is Associate Director of the Artificial Intelligence Institute at
`the University of Georgia. He is the authorofseveral books and over 250 magazine
`articles. He holds the Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale University.
`Melody Mauldin Covingtonis a graphic designerliving in Athens. Georgia. She
`is the authorof Dictionary of Desktop Publishing (published by Barron's),
`Catherine Anne Covington is a student at
`the Lamar Dodd School of Art
`(University of Georgia).
`Sharon Covington is a student at Emory University,
`
`© Copyright 2009, 2006, 2003. 2000, 1998, 1996, 1995, 1992, 1989,
`and 1986 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this book may be reproducedordistributedin
`any form or by any means without the written permission
`of the copyright owner.
`
`All inquiries should be addressed to:
`Barron's Educational Series. Inc.
`250 Wireless Boulevard
`Hauppauge, NY 11788
`www.barronseduc.com
`
`ISBN-13: 978-0-7641-4 105-8
`ISBN-10: 0-764 1-4105-8
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 2008044365
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Downing, Douglas.
`Dictionary of computerandInternet terms / Douglas A. Downing.
`Michael A. Covington. Melody Mauldin Covington. — 10th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 978-0-7641-4 105-8
`I. Covington,
`|. Computers—Dictionaries. 2. Internet—Dictionaries.
`Michael A.. 1957— IH. Covington, Melody Mauldin.
`III. Title.
`
`QA76.15.D667 2009
`004.03—de22
`
`PRINTED IN CHINA
`
`987654321
`
`2008044365
`
`0002
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1051
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`0002
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`

`Chicago
`
`
`| This material may be protected byCopyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code)
`
`90
`
`its
`Chicago the code name by which Windows 95 was identified before
`release. Compare CAIRO: LONGHORN: MEMPHIS! WHISTLER? BLACKCOMB.
`child an object created with the properties of another object (called the PaR-
`ENT). Updating the properties of the parent object affects the children,
`but changing the properties of the child does not affect the parent. See
`VECTOR GRAPHICS: OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.
`
`child process a process launched by and considered dependent on another
`process. See PROCESS; MULTITASKING: UNIX.
`
`chip see INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.
`
`chipset aset of integrated circuits intended to be used together. For exam-
`ple. many modems use a chipset made by Rockwell, and many mother-
`boards use an Intel chipset along with a Pentium processor.
`
`chmod UNIX commandfor changing file permissions. For example ofits
`use, See PERMISSION.
`
`chroma-keying the process ofdigitally combining video images bythe use
`of a subtractive background. This is the method used to showa weather
`forecaster in front of a set of maps. The person is videotapedin front of
`a blue or green background. The colored background is digitally
`removed (hence chroma-. meaning color), and the desired mapis put in
`place of it. The weather forecaster watches a monitor off-camera so he
`or she can point to the correct spot.
`Chroma-keying is also used for a variety of special effects in movies.
`
`chromogenic print a picture printed photographically with colored dyes: a
`conventional color photograph or (much less often) a black-and-white
`photo produced with similar chemistry, Contrast GELATIN SILVER PRINT;
`GICLEEPRINT.
`
`Church’s Thesis (or Church-Turing Thesis) the hypothesis that a TURING
`MACHINE (or any ofits mathematical equivalents) is as powerful as a
`mechanical computing device can be; other devices are more efficient at
`particular tasks, but none of them can do anything fundamentally differ-
`ent.
`It was proposed, at different times andin different forms, by Alan
`Turing and by the logician Alonzo Church.
`
`CIFS (CommonInternet File System) the file sharing protocol that forms
`the basis of Microsoft Windows networking. Formerly known as SMB
`(Server Message Block),
`it is also supported by UNIX and Linux sys-
`tems using the Sambasoftware package. See SAMBA. Contrast NFS.
`
`cinnamon bun(s/ang) the symbol @: see AT SIGN.
`
`CIO ChiefInformation Officer, an officer of a business responsible forits
`computers and data processing.
`
`CIPA (Children’s Internet Protection Act) a law passed by Congress in 2000
`(47 USC 254) requiring libraries to use blocking programs to prevent
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