U.S. Patent No. 8,923,941
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`in duplicate, large table, or Computer Program (Appendix)
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`6 Inc
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`Apple Inc.
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`U.S. Patent No. 8,923,941
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`FIVII‘II’VI'TUL'IV/
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`

`l’lUlr‘er I'1 \lé-IJ/
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`Valence”, lnc.
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`FITBIT, Ex. 1002
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`

`r IVIHIN I‘f \IA'IJ]
`Approved for use through 01/31/2014. OMB 0651-0032
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`METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING DATA STRINGS CONTAINING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
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`Title of Invention
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`METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING DATA STRINGS CONTAINING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
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`r‘IuInIN l‘? \tL-Iu;
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`

`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT2
`
`RELATED APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a continuation application of pending U.S. Patent
`
`Application Serial No. 12/691,388, filed January 21, 2010, which claims the benefit
`
`of and priority to US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/208,567 filed
`
`02/25/2009, US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/208,574 filed 02/25/2009,
`
`US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/212,444 filed 4/13/2009, and US.
`
`Provisional Patent Application No. 61/274,191 filed 8/14/2009, the disclosures of
`
`which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in their entireties.
`
`METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING DATA STRINGS
`CONTAINING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOTION—RELATED INFORMATION
`
`1
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates generally to headsets and, more
`
`particularly, to headset earbuds.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`There is growing market demand for personal health and
`
`environmental monitors, for example, for gauging overall health and metabolism
`
`during exercise, athletic training, dieting, daily life activities, sickness, and
`
`physical therapy. However, traditional health monitors and environmental
`
`monitors may be bulky, rigid, and uncomfortable — generally not suitable for use
`
`during daily physical activity. There is also growing interest in generating and
`
`comparing health and environmental exposure statistics of the general public
`
`and particular demographic groups. For example, collective statistics may enable
`
`the healthcare industry and medical community to direct healthcare resources to
`
`where they are most highly valued. However, methods of collecting these
`
`statistics may be expensive and laborious, often utilizing human-based
`
`recording/analysis steps at multiple sites.
`
`0009
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1002
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT2
`
`As such, improved ways of collecting, storing and analyzing
`
`physiological information are needed. In addition, improved ways of seamlessly
`
`extracting physiological information from a person during everyday life activities,
`
`especially during high activity levels, may be important for enhancing fitness
`
`training and healthcarequality, promoting and facilitating prevention, and
`
`reducing healthcare costs.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to introduce
`
`a selection of concepts in a simplified form, the concepts being fUrther described
`
`below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key
`
`features or essential features of this disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the
`
`2
`
`towards a particular region of ear and the optical detector detects secondary
`
`scope of the invention.
`
`According to some embodiments of the present invention, a
`
`headset configured to be attached to the ear of a person includes a base, an
`
`earbud housing extending outwardly from the base that is configured to be
`
`positioned within an ear of a subject, and a cover surrounding the earbud
`
`housing. The base includes a speaker, an optical emitter, and an optical
`
`detector. The cover includes light transmissive material that is in optical
`
`communication with the optical emitter and the optical detector and serves as a
`
`light guide to deliver light from the optical emitter into the ear canal of the subject
`
`wearing the headset at one or more predetermined locations and to collect light
`
`external to the earbud housing and deliver the collected light to the optical
`
`detector. The optical emitter, via the light-guiding cover, directs optical energy
`
`optical energy emanating from the ear region. In some embodiments, the optical
`
`detector may include an optical filter configured to pass secondary optical energy
`
`at selective wavelengths. In some embodiments, the light transmissive material
`
`of the cover may be configured, for example via the use of cladding and/or light
`
`reflective material, such that the cover serves as a light guide that is coupled in
`
`parallel to the optical emitter and detector. In some embodiments, the light
`
`transmissive material of the cover may be configured, for example via the use of
`
`cladding and/or light reflective material, such that the cover serves as a light
`
`guide that is coupled perpendicular to the optical emitter and detector.
`
`0010
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1002
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`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 9653—7TSCT2
`
`In some embodiments, the headset may include various electronic
`
`components secured to the base. For example, the headset may include one or
`
`more environmental sensors configured to detect and/or measure environmental
`
`conditions in a vicinity of the headset. The headset may include a signal
`
`processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical
`
`detector. For example, in some embodiments, a signal processor may be
`
`configured to extract secondary optical energy and remove optical noise or
`
`environmental noise. The headset may include a signal processor configured to
`
`receive and process signals produced by the one or more environmental
`
`sensors. In addition, the headset may include a transmitter configured to transmit
`
`3
`
`optical emitter and/or to focus collected light toward the optical detector. In some
`
`signals processed by the signal processor to a remote device in real time.
`
`Headsets according to embodiments of the present invention may utilize, for
`
`example, Bluetooth®, Wi—Fi, ZigBee, or other wireless transmitters.
`
`In some embodiments, a housing is secured to and overlies the
`
`base so as to enclose and protect the speaker, optical emitter and optical
`
`detector, as well as other electronic components secured to the base (e.g.,
`
`sensors, processor, transmitter etc.).
`
`The earbud housing is in acoustical communication with the
`
`speaker and has at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker
`
`can pass. The light-guiding cover surrounding the earbud housing also includes
`
`at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass. The cover
`
`may be formed from a soft, resilient material, such as silicone which deforms
`
`when inserted within an ear canal of a subject. In some embodiments, the cover
`
`includes an alignment member that facilitates alignment of the earbud housing
`
`within an ear canal of a subject.
`
`Light directed into the ear of a subject from a light emitter and the
`
`subsequent collection of light at a light detector, according to embodiments of
`
`the present invention, may be utilized for detecting and/or measuring, among
`
`other things, body temperature, skin temperature, blood gas levels, muscle
`
`tension, heart rate, blood flow, cardiopulmonary functions, etc.
`
`In some embodiments of the present invention, the light—guiding
`
`cover may include a lens that is in optical communication with the optical emitter
`
`and/or optical detector. The lens may be configured to focus light emitted by the
`
`0011
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`FITBIT, Ex. 1002
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`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT2
`
`embodiments, multiple lenses may be incorporated into a light-guiding cover.
`
`In some embodiments, the light—guiding cover may include a light
`
`diffusion region in optical communication with the light transmissive material that
`
`diffuses light emitted by the optical detector.
`
`In some embodiments, the light—guiding cover may include a
`
`luminescence-generating region, such as a phosphor—containing region, that is in
`
`optical communication with the light transmissive material. The luminescence—
`
`generating region may be embedded within the light-guiding cover and/or on a
`
`surface of the light~guiding cover. The luminescence—generating region is
`
`configured to receive light emitted by the optical emitter and convert at least a
`
`portion of the received light to light having a different wavelength from that of the
`
`received light.
`
`In some embodiments, the light—guiding cover includes one or more
`
`grooves formed therein. Each groove is configured to direct external light to the
`
`optical detector.
`
`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the light-
`
`guiding cover is configured to direct light from the optical emitter to a plurality of
`
`locations at an outer surface of the cover for delivery into an ear canal of a
`
`4
`
`headset. The light transmissive material is configured to deliver light from the
`optical emitter into the ear canal of a subject at one or more predetermined
`
`subject.
`
`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the light—
`
`guiding cover is a translucent material or includes translucsnt material in
`selected locations.
`
`In some embodiments, a light reflective material is on at least a
`
`portion of one or both of the inner and outer surfaces of the light—guiding cover.
`
`According to some embodiments of the present invention, a light—
`
`guiding earbud for a headset includes light transmissive material that is in optical
`
`communication with an optical emitter and optical detector associated with the
`
`locations and to collect light external to the earbud housing and deliver the
`
`collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the light emitter and
`
`light detector may be integral with the earbud. For example, in some
`
`embodiments, a flexible optical emitter is incorporated within the earbud and is in
`
`optical communication with the light transmissive material.
`
`0012
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1002
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 9653~7TSGT2
`
`In some embodiments, an earbud includes at least one lens in
`
`optical communication with the light transmissive material. Each lens may be
`
`configured to focus light from the optical emitter onto one or more predetermined
`
`locations in the ear of a subject and/or to focus collected external light onto the
`
`optical detector
`
`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud may
`
`include luminescent material. Luminescent light is generated from optical
`
`excitation of the luminescent material by an optical emitter.
`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud may
`
`5
`
`integrate a sensor module containing a plurality of sensor elements for
`
`measuring physiological information and at least one noise source for measuring
`
`noise information. A "noise source", as used herein, refers to a sensor, such as
`
`an optical sensor, inertial sensor, electrically conductive sensor, capacitive
`
`sensor, inductive sensor, etc, and derives it name from the fact that it is a
`
`source of input to a filter, such as an adaptive filter described below.
`
`The physiological sensors of the sensor module may generate a
`
`signal that includes physiological information plus noise information. The noise
`
`may be removed by combining the physiological information and noise
`
`information from the sensor module with noise information from the noise source
`
`of the sensor module via an electronic filtering method, such as a signal
`
`processing technique. Specific examples of such signal processing techniques
`
`include FIR (Finite Impulse Response), IIR (Infinite Impulse Response),
`
`informatics, machine learning, and adaptive filter methods. The output of the
`
`adaptive filter may be a physiological signal that is wholly or partially free of
`
`noise. In some embodiments, motion—related noise from a subject activity such
`
`as running may be removed from the physiological plus noise signal generated
`
`by a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for measuring blood constituent levels
`
`or blood flow properties, such as blood oxygen level, V02, or heart rate.
`
`In some embodiments of the present invention, the noise source
`
`input of an adaptive filter may include a “blocked channel” of optical energy, an
`
`inertial sensor, or environmental energy. In some embodiments, the
`
`environmental energy may be unwanted ambient optical noise.
`
`In some embodiments of the present invention, a
`
`processor/multiplexor processes physiological signals and noise signals into a
`
`0013
`
`FITBIT, Ex. 1002
`
`

`

`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT2
`
`data string. This data string may contain information relating to physiological
`
`information 'and motion-related information. The processing method may include
`
`signal processing techniques such as pre—adaptive signal conditioning, adaptive
`
`filtering, and parameter extraction.
`
`In some embodiments, an earbud includes one or more sensor
`
`modules that includes one or more sensors for sensing physiological information
`
`and environmental information, such as noise, for example. As such, the earbud
`
`may function as