`
`The DSL SOURCEBOOK
`
`
`
`The Comprehensive Resource
`On Digital Subscriber Line Technology
`
`Featuring Dozens of New and Updated Network Diagrams
`Pius an Introduction to Service Level Management
`for DSL Providers
`
`Completely Revised from Cover
`
`to Cover
`
`PARADYNE
`
`a” a
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Foreword — Welcome....... 2.0.0 ccc cece cece eee e eens A-l
`Preface — About The Sourcebook ......... 00. c cece eee e eee A-2
`Chapter 1 — Introduction ........... 0.0.0.2ecece 1-1
`A Case for DSL «0... cece eee 1-1
`
`Chapter 2 — The Existing Copper Wire Infrastructure............. 2-1
`Telephone Company Networks ............. 0000s eee eens 2-1
`The Access Network... 0.0.0... cece cece cece eee eee 2-2
`Dedicated T1/E1 Access Using the Local Loop Network ........ 2-4
`Private/Campus Networks. .......... 0.0.00 eee eee eee eee 2-6
`Chapter 3 — DSL Basics... 2... eee 3-1
`Basic DSL Concepts .... 0...6. 3-1
`Attenuation and Resulting Distance Limitations ............... 3-2
`Advanced Modulation Techniques Minimize Attenuation ........ 3-2
`Bridged Taps ... 0.0... eee eee eee ee eee 3-5
`The Effects of Crosstalk... 0.0... eee eee eee eee eee 3-5
`Asymmetry Allows Us to Take Advantage of the Environment... .. 3-8
`The Application Switch from Video to Data................. 3-11
`Continuing Developments in DSL.................000000. 3-12
`Chapter 4 — DSL System Components..................0000-- 4-]
`Adding Data to the Traditional Voice Network................ 4-]
`DSL-Based Services and Components.................---005 4-2
`A Word About Next-Generation DSLAMs .................-. 4-6
`End-to-End Network Management Component............... 4-7
`But This Isn’t the Whole Story .................002..0000- 4-8
`Chapter 5 — Market Evolution and DeploymentRealities .......... 5-1
`Market Direction ...... 0... eee eens 5-1
`DeploymentStatistics to Date... 22. eee eee eee 5-3
`DeploymentRealities... 0.0... eee eee eee ee 5-5
`The New Regulatory Environment................00000e ees 5-7
`Chapter 6 — Emerging Services and Applications ................ 6-1
`An Access Technology for the New Century................4. 6-1
`Channelized T1/E1 Services... 2.0... 00... cee eee ee eee eee 6-1
`IP Services — The Arrival of Internet-Based Networking ......... 6-3
`Frame Relay Services... 0.0... 0. cece eee eee ee eee ee 6-6
`Frame Relay Over DSL and Service Level Management.......... 6-8
`Asynchronous Transfer ModeServices ............--..02--- 6-10
`Private/Campus Networks. ............. 0000: e eee e eee eee 6-11
`The Next Wave: Voice Over DSL Services.................-. 6-16
`
`© Copyright 2000
`Paradyne Corporation
`DSL-BOOK-3-1100
`Version 3.1
`Paradyne, Hotwire, FrameSaver, MVL and OpenLane are registered trademarks of Paradyne Corporation. Horwire OHnHOCiM. fraeebookyndRipeh7-01524 2 ="
`FOeoerenesmendonedarehetacemaris,Servicemarks,registeredrademarksorregisteredsevicemanofherTE=PSSNESHHHFOC''S Ex. 2002, Page 2
`
`

`

`Chapter 7 — Network Models ..............0.... 000s cece 7-1
`The Need for Multiservices ..............0. 000 sees eee eee 7-1
`DSL-Based Services Reference Model.................---005 7-1
`Frame Relay Services Provisioning .................---.000- 7-3
`Nx64 Services Provisioning ............ 0... c cece eee eee eee 7-5
`IP/LAN Services Provisioning.................. eee eee eee 7-6
`IP/LAN Services Provisioning Using a Layer 2 Model .......... 7-6
`IP/LAN Services Provisioning Using a Layer 3 Model .......... 7-7
`IP/LAN Services Provisioning Using an ATM Model........... 7-8
`An Overview ofIssues for IP/LAN Services...............-. 7-10
`A Word aboutVirtual Private Networks .................... 7-10
`ATMServices Provisioning .............. 0.0 e eee eee eee 7-12
`Multiservices Architecture .. 0.0... 0.0... cece eee eee ee 7-13
`
`Chapter 8 — Sourcebook in Review ..................0000 000. 8-]
`In Closing... 0... eee cect eee eee eee 8-]
`Considerations for DSL DeploymentInitiatives................ 8-1
`Common Questions and Answers about DSL................. 8-2
`About Paradyne ... 0.0... eee eect eee eee 8-4
`Next Steps 0... eee eee eee 8-6
`
`DSL Sourcebook Glossary .... 0... ccc cece eee eens B-]
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`Chapter 1
`Figure 1-1: Speed and Performance Comparison ...............0000 eee eee 1-1
`Figure 1-2: VoDSL Application ......... 0.0.0. c cece eee eee eens 1-3
`Figure 1-3: SLM-DSL (FRoDSL) Wholesale Application ...................24 1-3
`Figure 1-4: End-to-End Services Delivery and Management Framework ....... 1-4
`
`Chapter 2
`Figure 2-1: Typical Voice Network .. 2.2...220s 2-1
`Figure 2-2: Traditional Repeatered T1/E1 Service Provisioning..................4. 2-45
`Figure 2-3: Examples of Bridged Taps... 2... ...0 02000000022 e eee eee eee eee 2-6
`
`Chapter 3
`Figure 3-1: Repeaterless T1/E1 Replacement Model ...........0 00000 c eee eee eee 3-3
`Figure 3-2: T1 Replacement Model Using HDSL2.................-.2.-0255. 3-3
`Figure 3-3: T1/E1 Replacement Model using G.shdsl ... 2... ......0-20200-0-0-. 3-4
`Figure 3-4: Comparison of HDSL and T1 AMI Frequency Spectra .........-..... 3-4
`Figure 3-5: Line Speed and Loop Reach Comparison ........-.--0-0-00+000005 3-5
`Figure 3-6: NEXT/FEXT Conceptual Model... .......02000.02000 002000000005 3-6
`Figure 3-7: Typical ADSL Frequency Spectrum ...........2.0000 000 e eee eee 3-10
`Figure 3-8: ReachDSL Conceptual Model... .........0.000 0000 e eee eee eee 3-13
`Figure 3-9: The Primary DSLs.... 2.22.22.000 3-15
`Figure 3-10: DSL Transceiver Reference Chart.............-.000-000-00-000-- 3-15
`
`Chapter 4
`Figure 4-1: Adding Data to Traditional Voice Network. .............2.2-00-0-. 4]
`Figure 4-2: DSL-Based Services Reference Diagram ...........0 0000 cece eee eee ee 42
`Figure 4-3: DSLAM Features and Benefits .........0 000s ccc cece eens 4-4
`Figure 4-4: ATM Quality of Service Categories ©... 0.000 c eee cece eee 46
`
`Chapter 5
`Figure 5-1: The Spiraling Need for Bandwidth ...........0 0.00 c cece eee eee eee 5-1
`Figure 5-2: Deployment Models, Services and Transports ..........-000200eeeeeeee 5-2
`Figure 5-3: Phased Deployment of DSL-Based Services ..........00.0 00 e cece eee ee 5-3
`Figure 5-4: North American DSL Deploymentas of Q2 2000 ...............0.000. 5-4
`Figure 5-5: DSL Market Growth .......0..0 000 0c cece eee cence ete e ene e eee 5-4
`
`Figure 5-6: Conceptual CLEC/ISP Backhaul Model ............00 000000 c eee ee eee 5-6
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`Chapter 6
`Figure 6-1: T1/E1 Extension to the Customer Location ..............000 0000005 6-2
`Figure 6-2: T1/E1 Cellular Environment. ......... 0.0000 e eee e cece eee eee 6-2
`Figure 6-3: Emerging Web-based application matrix generated by the
`addition of audio and video media, and integration of the
`pull/push paradigms ofcontent presentation..................--4- 6-4
`Figure 6-4: Remote Office/Telecommuter Application .........000.. 0000s cece eee 6-6
`Figure 6-5: DSL and Frame Relay ........ 0000. e cece eect e eens 6-7
`Figure 6-6: SLM-DSL Frame Relay Application End-to-End ...............200005 6-9
`Figure 6-7: Distributed Star Topology Depicting the Campus Environment ........ 6-12
`Figure 6-8: The Power of DSLin Private/Campus Network Environments ........ 6-13
`Figure 6-9: DSL in the Dormitory .........00 0. c cece eee eee eee 6-15
`Figure 6-10: VoDSL Network Model. ........ 0.0... c cece eee eee eens 6-18
`Figure 6-11: VoDSL Market Projections ......... 2.0000 e ccc eee eee ees 6-18
`
`Chapter 7
`Figure 7-1: DSL-Based Services Reference Model. . 2.0.0.0... 000 cece eee eee 7-2
`Figure 7-2: DSL-Based Services Reference Model — Frame Relay .................4. 7-3
`Figure 7-3: DSL-Based Services Reference Model — Frame Relay Management — ATM . 7-4
`Figure 7-4: DSL-Based Services Reference Model — Nx64 Kbps ..............20000- 7-5
`Figure 7-5: IP/LAN Services Based Upon Layer 2 Model... .........0020 0200 e eee 7-6
`Figure 7-6: IP/LAN Services Based Upon Layer 3 Model ............. 2.00000 ee ee 7-7
`Figure 7-7: IP/LAN Services Based Upon ATM Model ............... 200 c eee eee 7-8
`Figure 7-8: DSL-Based Services Reference Model — ATM ............0.0. 000000 7-12
`Figure 7-9: DSL-Based Services Reference Model — Multiservices..............2005 7-13
`
`Chapter 8
`
`Figure 8-1: Evolution of Total Business Chart... 2.00.00 0 000 c eee eee eee eee 8-3
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`

`WELCOME...
`To the fast-paced, exciting (and sometimes confusing) world of DSL (Digital Subscriber
`Line) technology. While many broadbandaccess methods are gunning for ownership ofthe
`local loop, you are about to learn that DSL technology has a distinct advantage that makes
`it one of the mostviable options for the delivery of high-speed data services.
`
`Unlike competing technologies, DSL eliminates the need for extensive and expensive
`infrastructure upgrades — improvements that are hard to measure in terms oftime or money.
`Whereoriginal telephone companystrategies centered on the time-consuming and costly
`task of fiber installation, demand for multimegabit services has forced them to evaluate
`approachesthatleverage the existing infrastructure and provide a quicker time to market.
`That is one of DSL technology’s chief advantages — the ability to transform the nearly 700
`million phonelines installed worldwide into multimegabit data pipes capable of speeding
`digital voice and data to homesand businesses.
`
`That ability has ignited the market, as telephone companies, PTTs (Post, Telephone and
`Telegraph administrations), Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) and Competitive Local Exchange
`Carriers (CLECs)alike move to evaluate and implementthis exciting new technology. Today,
`nearly every majorservice provider worldwideis using or trying one form ofDSL or another.
`The over-hyped information age is truly upon us as the aging copper plant continuesits
`transformation into high-speed broadband networks. New, advanced applications surface
`almost daily, and expectations remain high that a host of new services — and tools to
`guarantee performance of those new services — will be launched thanks to DSL.
`
`DSL’s enormous promise has worked the telecommunications industry into a frenzy,
`seemingly overnight. As a cursory survey of the market shows, the amountof information
`and misinformation on this topic is astounding. Wading through the alphabet soup of
`acronyms andsorting through DSLfact andfiction is certainly time consuming. But DSL’s
`big bandwidth payoff is truly worth that time. That is where The DSL Sourcebook - The
`Comprehensive Resource on Digital Subscriber Line Technology comes in. This Third Edition
`focuses on thestate ofthe DSLevolution and examines emerging market requirements such
`as automatedflow-through provisioning and end-to-end services delivery and management.
`These are boundto be the next greatfrontiers in DSL.
`
`Service providers and service users who becomefamiliar with the growing family of DSL
`technologies can avoid pitfalls by effectively matching the appropriate DSL transport to the
`application at hand. This Sourcebookwill help to level out the steep DSL learning curve and
`reduce the timeit takes to select and implement the best technology for your given application.
`
`While there are many hurdles in implementing any new technology, this book will help to
`speed you on to utilizing the hottest transport to hit the local loop in years.
`
`Paradyne, a leader in the DSL equipment market, and TeleChoice, a leader in consulting
`services, are proud to bring you this concise and informative Sourcebook.
`
`Patrick Hurley
`Broadband Consultant
`TeleChoice,Inc.
`
`
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`

`

`PREFACE
`
`ABOUT THE SOURCEBOOK
`The copper wire telephoneinfrastructure is everywhere. If you want to understand how you
`can turn existing copper into high-speed network access links, this book is for you. We wrote
`The DSL Sourcebook - The Comprehensive Resource on Digital Subscriber Line Technology to assist
`you in making informed choices aboutthis exciting new market. DSL technology is quickly
`gaining recognition and acceptance as a viable way to meet the ever-increasing demand for
`more bandwidth. As the Internet continues to evolveinto a global on-line interface supporting
`multiple media types (data, audio and video), the bandwidth demand will continue to soar.
`
`DSL-based services are not just about speed, nor aboutthe explosive growth ofthe Internet.
`DSL-based services are about applications and opportunities. DSL technology offers a win-
`win scenario for both those whoprovision high-speed, value-added services and for the users
`of those services, who realize dramatic cost and performance benefits.
`
`Business-critical applications require reliable performance, differentiated service guarantees,
`a highly scalable network management system to support hundreds of thousands of users
`and, of course, security. As you will see throughout this Third Edition of The DSL
`Sourcebook, DSL can meet the deployment challengesonall fronts. Our focus on the state
`of the DSLevolution will offer valuable insights into emerging market trends andtheshift
`in design requirements to support today’s total business-class applications. The evolution
`from yesterday’s delivery of "best effort" Internet access to today’s requirements for Wide
`Area Network (WAN)services in support of advanced business applications requires new
`levels of service quality and service managementcapabilities.
`
`A wide rangeofresidential and business-class services and applications are enhanced by DSL
`technology, which will be supported by the next-generation DSLAMs (DSL Access
`Multiplexers) to offer a full suite ofQuality ofService (QoS) capabilities. These services and
`applications include:
`
`= Traditional T1/E1 Service Provisioning
`= Connectivity in Private/Campus Network
`(Multiple Dwelling/Multiple Tenant) Environments
`a IP Internet/Intranet Access Services
`= IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
`m= Frame Relay Services over DSL (FRoDSL)
`= Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Services
`= Derived Voice Services over DSL (VoDSL)
`@ Video Services
`
`Intended audiences for The DSL Sourcebookinclude:
`
`= Network Service Providers (NSPs) including:
`- Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs)
`- Public Telephone Operators (PTOs)
`- Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs)
`- Independent Telephone Companies (ITCOs)
`- Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
`- Other Network Access Providers (NAPs)
`
`
`m= A-2
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`m= Owners ofPrivate/Campus Networks
`= Corporate Network Managers
`= Commercial Service Users
`m Resellers/Distributors of Wide Area Network Solutions
`= Analyst and Press Community
`
`At Paradyne, we’re in the uniqueposition of havinga rich history in digital network access,
`internetworking, network management, andservice level management (SLM). Paradyne was
`an active pioneer in the development of DSL transceiver technology. This book is a
`compilation of information on DSL and our perspective of its applicability in today’s
`marketplace. We have drawn heavily on our experience in field and market trials, worldwide
`deployments of over 10,500 DSLAMs representing over three million ports of capacity
`(through 2Q00), the DSL Forum technical and marketing committees, and numerous
`industry panel discussions in which we were invited speakers. We welcome any comments or
`questions you may have and hope you find The DSL Sourcebook a valuable reference tool for
`all your DSL initiatives.
`
`OBJECTIVES
`The objectives ofThe DSL Sourcebookareto:
`
`= Introduce basic DSL technology conceptsfrom a historical perspective
`= Describe how DSL technology works in the existing local loops
`m Discuss emerging services and applications that have necessitatedgreater
`bandwidth within the network and local loop
`= Detail considerations and network modelsfor DSL-based service
`deployment
`= Promote DSL-based service deployment
`
`ORGANIZATION
`The DSL Sourcebookcontains three main sections describing essentially the WHAT, HOW
`and WHY of DSL-basedservice deployment.
`
`Chapters 1-4 provide the framework for the entire Sourcebook and cover the DSL basics,
`offer an understanding of the existing copper wire infrastructure, including the concept of
`private/campus networks, and offer a reference design that identifies the components
`required for DSL deployment.
`
`Chapters 5-7 delve into DSL-based services and applications. They include detailed network
`topologies and models covering multiple approaches to DSL deploymentand discuss such
`issues as protocols, security, and authentication.
`
`Chapter 8 provides answers to some commonquestions about DSL-based services and will
`serve as a useful planning reference.
`
`QUICK-SCAN TOOLS
`Throughout the Sourcebook, you will find two quick-scan tools to help you navigate easily
`through the information.
`= Highly technicalsections are offset in rules, targeting the reader who
`already has a relatively high understanding ofDSL.
`= Chapter Summaries are provided at the end of most chapters.
`
`
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`

`Chapter 1
`INTRODUCTION
`
`A CASE FOR DSL
`Digital subscriber line technology is a copper-loop transmission technology that solves the
`bottleneck problem often associated with the last mile between network service providers and
`the users of those network services.
`
`DSL technology achieves broadbandspeeds over the most universal network medium in the
`world: ordinary phonewire.
`
`While DSL technology offers dramatic speed improvements (up to 8+ Mbps) compared to
`other network access methods,thereal strength ofDSL-based serviceslies in the opportunities
`driven by:
`
`= Multimedia applications required by today's network users
`m Performance and reliability
`m Economics
`
`As shownbelow in a sample comparison diagram, DSL-basedservices provide performance
`advantages for networkservice users compared to other network access methods.In addition,
`DSL-based services extend these operational improvements for both public and private
`(campus) network operators. The concepts below will be covered in greater detail in Chapter
`7, Network Models. However, for the purpose of this comparison,the Service User (endpoint
`location) gains access to an NSP network through a Network Access Provider network.
`
`Network Service Provider
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ey
`i
`Frame Relay
`Network SFSsFP
`
`
`DSL Modem/Router
`8* Mbps
`
`Service
`User CPE
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`7
`
`Network Access Provider
`* CLEC
`+ITCO
`+ RBOC
`*PTT
`*IXC
`
`Access
`
`Service User
`
`Speed and
`Performance
`Comparison
`
`Analog Modem
`
`lom
`
`|
`
`T1/E1 DSU/CSU
`or DSL Router
`1 544/2.048 Mbps
`
`Service
`User CPE
`
` FIGURE 1-1
` 56 Kbps
`PC
`Network Fy
`
`
`

`

`Imaginehaving theability to:
`
`= Offer enhanced new services that would be valued by your customers
`= Flexibly offer multiple services with differing tiers ofbandwidth,
`performanceguarantees, and pricing
`@ Reliably and easily deliver and manage business-critical applications
`@ Utilize new services to perform your work at speeds you once only dreamed
`possible
`
`Oneof the most compelling benefits of DSL technology is that it allows the NSP and the
`service user to take full advantage of existing infrastructures, Layer two and Layer three
`protocols (such as frame relay, ATM and IP), and the reliable network services they have
`already cometo trust. In an evolving market such as DSL, support for multiple service types
`on a single platform offers an important investmentprotection. The evolving DSL market
`includes both packet and cell-based services such as ATM,framerelay, and IP as well as bit
`synchronous channelized services. Next-generation DSLAM architectures that support
`multiple services, technologies and transports ensure that the infrastructure investment
`already in place remains protected.
`
`DSL can easily support advanced business-class services like derived Voice over DSL
`(VoDSL) and new variations of proven and well understood technologies such as Frame
`Relay over DSL (FRoDSL), with the newest generations of DSL equipment offering
`end-to-endservice level management (SLM). To keep things simple, in our discussion of
`business-class DSL applications, we will group everything under one new acronym:
`SLM-DSL.
`
`Onecould argue that without service level management, thereis no real business-class DSL,
`because business customers require differentiated services andare willing to pay a premium
`for performance guarantees on their mission-critical applications.
`
`For example:
`VoDSL provides multi-line (typically 4-12 phone lines) voice capability over a DSL
`connection using low-latency ATM virtual circuits. Voice traffic is routed to a VoDSL
`gateway and then onto the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). This approach
`offers DSL customers the cost and convenience advantages ofusinga single service provider
`for both data and voice needs, without the need to have additional phonelines provisioned.
`A single copperpair can meet both the voice and data needs ofmany small- or medium -size
`businesses. How? DSL networks are packet-based, allowing VoDSL solutions to use the
`bandwidth of a DSL connection dynamically. This means that voice calls only need to
`consume bandwidth whena call is active, and due to the low bandwidth utilization ofvoice
`services relative to data services, several voice calls can traverse a DSL connection
`
`simultaneously (see Figure 1-2).
`
`we 1-2
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`
`
`Thebusiness customercan’t lose. The savings realized more than offset the premium they’ll
`pay for the derived voice channels and the Real-Time Variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR) QoS
`classification they’ll want to ensure toll-quality performance.
`
`FRoDSL, when combined with an end-to-end service level managementsystem,fulfills both
`critical elements of the value proposition:
`
`1.Economical access to the frame relay network
`2.Equivalentor better service performanceguarantees
`
`Subscriber's
`Router
`
`Intelligent
`Service Demarc
`
`>
`
`eewececcescce’
`
`FIGURE 1-2
`VoDSL
`Application
`
`FIGURE 1-3
`SLM-DSL
`FRoDSL)
`olesale
`Application
`
` ATM Access
`
`Network
`
`To IXC
`Frame Relay
`Network
`
`In short, FRoDSL allows business customers to do what they’vealready been doing for quite
`some time - only at a lower cost. FRoDSLwill significantly lower the cost of provisioning
`frame relay services to a customer by reducing the cost of the local access portion of the
`network. Typically, frame relay customers utilizing private line access to the network spend
`up to 38 percent oftheir total costs just on this access. Using a lower-cost DSL access, along
`with an end-to-end service level management system that can ensure the same quality of
`service as private lines, can bring considerable cost savings to the provisioningofframerelay,
`particularly for the frame relay service providers who have been forced to lease the access
`component from Local Exchange Carriers (LECs).
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`

`With the rapid changes in the overall networking environment, one winning strategy for
`DSL-based service deploymentis to build in the flexibility needed to support a range of
`applications. Chapter 8, Sourcebook in Review, includes a comprehensive checklist of
`considerations for DSL deployment planning. Some examples of keycriteria for a flexible
`DSL-based system include:
`
`m Ability ofthe solution to support multiple service types on a single
`platform
`@ Scalability to supportfrom a few users to hundreds of thousands of users
`m Ability ofthe solution to provide reliable end-to-end network
`management in support of mission-critical applications
`m Ease ofprovisioning and integration with higher-layer Operating
`Support System (OSS) applications
`§ Digital loop carrier (DLC) support
`
`The figure below shows the end-to-end services delivery and managementframework. Best-
`in-class solutions need to consider interoperability at the Service Transport Level not only
`for third-party CPE, but for voice gateways, subscriber managementsystems and so forth.
`In addition, these elements mustbe easily integrated into the Management Framework — the
`higher-layer OSS applications.
`
`FIGURE 1-4
`End-to-End
`Avalon
`Management
`Services Delivery
`Midcloware ae
`Framework
`and Management
`Framework
`
`Customer Care
`
`Service
`Transport
`
`After several years of commercial deployment of both symmetric and asymmetric high-speed
`applications, NSPs have recognized that DSL technology is notreally the "next generation"
`
`Network
`of digital network access, but rather the "now generation" ofdigital network access.
`
`we 1-4
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`

`Chapter 2
`THE EXISTING COPPER WIRE
`INFRASTRUCTURE
`
`TELEPHONE COMPANY NETWORKS
`As noted in the introduction, DSL products bring entirely new service capabilities to the
`existing copper wire local access network. In order to understand the opportunities and
`challenges relating to the deployment of DSL-basedservices, it is useful to review the
`existing infrastructure of the telephone network.
`
`Thetelephone networks currently in place within ILECs and PTOsrepresent a huge capital
`investment that has taken place overthe last 120 years. This structure was primarily designed
`for voice services. Over time, telephone networks have undergone numerous modernization
`andinfrastructure upgrades to take advantage ofadvancements in transmission and switching
`technologies. In particular, high-capacity, fiber optic transmission facilities currently exist in
`nearly every telephone company backbone network worldwide. The use of fiber optics
`improved the quality of the services, increased the capacity oftraffic that can be supported
`over the backbone network, and reduced operational expenses for network operators.
`
`As a result, high-capacity service capabilities exist between telephone company offices.
`However, the situation is very different when youlookat the local loop access network, the
`last leg, which connects endservice users to the telephone company backbone networks. Any
`discussion of the local loop and high-speed data services must start with an examination of
`the topology of the existing voice services physical network.
`
`
`T-1 / E-1 or Fiber
`
`
`Inter-CO
`Network
`
`
`
`
`
`
`or Offices
`and DLC RTs
`
`FIGURE 2-1
`Typical Voice
`etwork
`
`CO =
`Central Office
`RT = Remote
`Terminal
`DLC = Digital
`Loop Carrier
`MDF = Main
`Distribution Frame
`
`Figure 2-1 represents a typical ILEC/PTOtelephone network.Several central offices (COs)
`are depicted as being outfitted with telephone switches and transmission equipment, as well
`as digital loop carrier remote terminals (RTs).
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`From the homeoroffice, twisted-pair copper wire local loops interconnect to the telephone
`switch through a main distribution frame (MDF). The MDFis thecentral point at whichall
`local loops terminate in the CO.
`
`Central offices are interconnected through an inter-CO network. This network consists of
`Digital Access and Cross-connect Systems (DACS) and T/E-carrier transmission equipment.
`Inter-CO networks have been upgradedto thelatest in fiber optic ring technology (SONET
`or SDH).
`
`THE ACCESS NETWORK
`DSLisreally an access technology, and the associated DSL equipmentis deployed in the local
`access network. Therefore, it is very important to have a clear understanding of the local
`access network. Let’s take a closer look.
`
`The access network consists of the local loops and associated equipmentthat connects the
`service user location to the central office. This network typically consists of cable bundles
`carrying thousands of twisted-wire pairs to feeder distribution interfaces (FDIs). FDIs are
`points where dedicated cable is extended out to the individual service users.
`
`Someservice users are located a long wayfrom the central office and require a very longlocal
`loop. One problem with very long loopsis that the electrical signals dissipate energy as they
`traverse the loop, making the signals weak. In a very simplistic way,it is like a radio signal.
`As you go farther away from the transmitter, the weaker the signal gets, resulting in lower
`signal-to-noise levels.
`
`Telephone companies found two primary ways to deal with long loops:
`
`1. Use loading coils to modify the electrical characteristics of the local loop,
`allowing better quality voice-frequency transmission over extended
`distances (typicallygreater than 18,000feet). In this extended-distance
`scenario, loading coils are placed every 6,000 feet on the line.
`
`Wewill learn later that loading coils are not compatible with the
`higher frequencyattributes of DSL transmissions and they must
`be removed before DSL-based services can be provisioned. The
`use of loading coils varies by telephone companyand typically
`ranges from virtually none to as high as 20 percent of the local
`loops within a given telephone company’s access network.
`
`2.Set up remote terminals where the signals could be terminated at an
`intermediate point, aggregated and backhauled to the centraloffice, which
`houses the switching equipment and high-capacity transmission equipment
`or, in other cases, to a serving wire center (SWC) that does not have
`switching equipment but does have the transmission equipment that
`connects to other central offices. The backhaul to the CO or SWC via
`TI/E1 circuits may be based on copper orfiber-based technologies.
`
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`While initial telephone networks terminated the copper wire
`loops directly in the CO,
`the combination of maintenance
`challenges associated with long loops and issues associated with
`provisioning an increasing numberof loops created the need for
`architectural changesin the local access network. Unfortunately,
`the samefiber optics that could be justified from a CO connecting
`thousandsof service users to other COs are not yetcostjustified
`for individual users. Therefore, a compromise solution was to
`terminate loops at intermediate points using DLCs that are closer
`to the service users. These intermediate points are referred to as
`remofe terminals.
`
`One advantage of terminating the loops at the DLC remote
`terminalis that it reduces the effective length of the copperline,
`thus improvingthereliability of the service. An additional benefit
`is that Plain Old Telephone Services (POTS) can be multiplexed
`into a higher-speed TI
`(primarily a North American and
`Japanese standard supporting up to 24 digitized voice channels
`at 64 Kbps each) or El (an international standard used primarily
`by the rest of the world supporting up to 30 digitized voice
`channels) format for transmission to a central office over a single
`fiber optic or four-wire circuit. As we will see later, while the RT
`architecture solves many problems for POTS,
`if
`introduces
`complexities relative to the provisioning of DSL-based services.
`
`DSL transmissions can only be supported over contiguous copper
`wire loops. Therefore, for a DSL-based service connected fo an
`RT, the DSL portion must terminate at the RT, where the DSL
`transport is then converted to a format compatible with the DLC.
`The use of DLCs varies by telephone company and typically
`ranges from almost none to as high as 30 percent of the local
`loops within a given telephone company’s access network.
`
`
`Current projectionsestimate that nearly 700 million copper wire access lines connect homes
`and business customers to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) worldwide.
`More than 95 percent of the local access loops consist of a single-pair (two-wire circuit)
`twisted wire supporting POTS.
`
`By definition, POTS is designed to carry a voice conversation, which for adequatefidelity
`requires the lines to handle frequencies from 0 Hz(hertz) up to about 3,400 Hz (1 Hz = 1
`cycle per second). This narrowbandservice has historically supported only voice calls or
`analog modem transmissions at speeds commonly ranging from 9.6 to 33.6 kilobits per
`seconds (Kbps), and more recently approaching the 56 Kbpsrange.
`
`Onaglobal scale, a very small percentage of the PSTN connections are provisioned with
`Basic Rate Interface (BRI) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) services. With Basic
`Rate ISDN, customers have the option of either two B-channels (Bearer channels) for one
`voice and one data, two voice, or two data (64 Kbps each); or 128 Kbps by combining both
`B-channels for data service. Basic Rate ISDN also provides a 16 Kbps D-channel (Data
`channel) that supports signaling for the B-channel andis capable of carrying packet data.
`
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`Basic Rate ISDN is a basebandservice that is implemented using
`the lower 80,000 Hz of