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`NEWTflN’s
`TELEBDIVI
`DIBTIIJNARY
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`LU“: .r’” ’ ' UL
`
`'1‘} K
`
`,5 i 0:2
`
`«PM
`@001
`NIW'I'ON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY M
`copyright © 2002 Harry Hawton
`Email: Harry@HorryNeMOn.com
`ersonol web site: WWW.HarryNewton.com
`Business web site: www.Techno|ogylnvestor.com
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions, including
`the right to reproduce this hook or portions thereof in any torn-I whatsoever.
`
`Published by CMP Books
`An imprint of CM? Media LLC.
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 10010
`
`ISBN Number 1757820-1041-7
`
`February 2002
`
`Eighteenth Edition
`
`For individual orders, and tar iniorrnation on special discounts For quantity orders,
`please contact:
`
`CMP Books
`6600 Silacci Way
`Gilroy, CA 95020
`Tel: 1-800-500-6875 or 408-848-3854
`Fax: 408-848-5784
`Web: www.cmpbooks.com
`Email: cmp@rushorder.com
`
`This book is olso sold through wwwAmazomcom, ww.Fotbrain.com and
`www.BarnesAndNoble£om
`
`Distributed to the book trade in the US and Canada by Publishers Group West
`1700 Fourth 59‘, Berkeley, CA 94710
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
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`I/LWL'hcic/Igigg
`Wye/3,7;
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`{{ {-c :r
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`7 m N‘ c? 2
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`Table of Contents
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`HELP MAKE THIS DICTIONARY EVEN BETTER
`- We offer a real reward .
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`. .II
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`I I9 BEST DOLLAR-SAVING TIPS
`- How To Save on Telecom, PC, Internet and Airline Expenses and Best Investment Tips .
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`. XII
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`WHY IS IT SO HARD TO BUY?
`- The logic of call centers, customer cares, and buying on the Internet
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`WHERE'S THE TECHNOLOGY GOING?
`- Cheaper, faster and more reliable are obvious trends but there are other less obvious important ones also.
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`. XVII
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`DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING
`— How to Make Sure Your Computing and Telecommunications Still Run .
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`. XXI
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`RULES FOLLOWED IN THIS DICTIONARY
`- How to figure our ordering of terms and our spellings
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`ABOUT THE AUTHOR
`- Harry Newton does have a life outside this dictionary .
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`_ XXVII
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`ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
`- Rey Horok teaches, consults and lives in Paradise .
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`DICTIONARY
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`Dictionary begins with Numbers then goes onto Letters .
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`APPENDIX
`— Industry Standards Organizations and their contact information .
`- International Calling Codes .
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`- Standard Plugs and Connectors
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`and Zitog 1-30. were installed in flbitcamputers such as the ripple II, the htStll 0050, and
`the Covrtrnodore 64.
`.00 the first “area code' for what MET ar'ig’rrrally cohort InWrtTS service. See 000
`Service ortd fill".
`800 Pulrlclllllltyr 800 Portability refers to the fact thotlou can tolceyour 500 ram-
`ber to any long distance water. it rose example. once I ha 100013th1 For many
`years, that nurrtberwas provleded MEI. When portabiity came along, we were able to
`d‘rg'rfiit from #1181 to MG and
`keep f-BOO-llllllhRY, whim is 8005424279. 800
`Pa
`uy‘oprmidedhyoseriesofmmptexdatohoestbebmtatmemmparties,urdu
`FCC mandate, have built. 000 t'ar‘taltiity started an Hay l, 1993. See 000 Service.
`800 Service A tall call paid tar by the called party, rather than the ruling party. it gener-
`iEcyand common term for InWrtTS (birds Area fetecornrranicotious Service) service
`rye
`aydturtecarmclry,wtretherulEC [local ExdtrargnCorrier) orattttC llntere
`Carrier). in tlorthhrner‘coondinorderottheirinroduclion, cl those In’r'iirTSserviceshave
`800 {1967), 883 (1996], 87? (1998), 066 [20001, at 055 {2001) as their 'atea
`code.‘ (Note: Future 500 numbers will follow the contention Btttl, where bill are specific
`numbers which are identical. Sadr 000 sentice is typically used by merchants offering to sell
`samett‘irgsudroshotelresenatiorrs,dothes,orrentol carstheideoolthefreeseniceisto
`errtkeaatunesmcoldtemrln,wimdndmrybeiogdmdmemlunarolculmd
`thereforeoosttheorstorrrersorrreth'
`hearsherridttbalessincinedtacd.Suppliersat
`800 servics use ua'ious ways to
`' are nd bill their 300 services
`800 Service works like this: You're somewhere in North America. You dial 1000, 1-880,
`101?, race or 1-055 and seven oi
`'ts. The LEC {Local Exchange Cantor, to, the local
`phone company) central office sees
`'l’ and recogniles tlte Etill as long cistence. tr
`olsarecogrizesthefitltl areooadeoadcpreriesacerrhaizeddofohosebeluro processing
`the call turther, with the query generally taking place over a SS? (Staining System it
`link. the centraicod database resides on a Service Management System tSMSl, which is
`a centralized computing platform, The database identifies the LEC or tttC {tnterErrcharrr'ai
`Corned providng the Shift number. Based on that information, and assuming thattlte
`hummberisassodatedwithonlllC,thelECsw-itchlautesthecotttatheprapertth.
`Once the tttC has been fancied the call, it processes the 300 anther, perhaps translating
`it into a 'reat" tolefihone number in order to route itcorrectty. rtltenrotirety, the lth trons
`tunes the 300 ham or into an internal, nonstandard tfldigit number for further roofing to
`the tonnirtartng Central flt‘lice (C01 and trunk or trunk group.
`its a realbie example, the Mdsher of tits book has an 500 number, BDOdJSltAtiY (at
`800-54 242791. When you call that camber, MC] routes that number to the first available
`channel on the dedicated i—t circuit whidt leased from MCl's, and connecting the MCI New
`York Uty POP (Point Of Presence) to the (MP New York Gig office.
`Because 000 long distance service is essentially a database aakop and translation service
`for incoming phone calls, mg: cue erdlessflsefiices’ you can amen can p3;
`pennunear instructions inra
`company to
`routing patterns
`on tine
`day, day of week. number called, number cutting. Sorne long distance comparios allow you
`to dtonge your roofing instructions from one minute to another. For example, you might
`have two call centers into which 800 phone calls are paorin . When one gets busy, you
`my tell your long distance company to more all the 300 '
`and phone clls to the call
`center, which isn't busy. See Eight Hundred Service and Due Plumber Calling for more,
`especially altthe featuresyao can now ton can service.
`In they at 1993 the KC mandated that a 000 {and by exteroion at 8th numbers became
`"portable." that means that orstomers can take their one telephone number from one lartg
`d'atonce company to another, and still keep the some 000. See als 000 Portabiity.
`000 Services are known internationally as 'Freefane Salutes." In other contains the chal-
`ing scheme may vary, with errurrrrrtes being 0-000 and 0500. Such servicesolso go wider
`the name ’Greenfane.‘ In irate 1996, the 1101 approved the E169 standard ltriversal
`lntemotionat Freefane Number tUtFNt numbers, also known as 'Giabat 300.” mm will
`work across nation! boundaries, based on a standard numbering scheme at 300, 880 or
`871' plus an Bdigit telephone numaer, See also Him and Vanity Numbers.
`I01 See 802 Standards.
`802 Stand-roll the 302 Standards are a set of student tar bill I{Local Area
`Network) and MN ttdehapoiton Area Netwodct data con'ntunicatr'ors developed tltrauh
`the tEEE’s Protect 302. the two mastimpartont standards are 8011 lb and 802.1 in. the
`standards also indude an overview of recommended networking ard'itectares, approved it
`1990. The 302 stardordstoluw a unique numbering convention. A number followed by a
`capital letter denotes a statclatane standard; a number followed by a lower case letter
`
`800 / 802.111!
`
`denotes either a supplement to a standard, or alpgrt ot a rrwltipte-nurnber standard te.g.,
`002.1 8 302.31. The 80? standards segment
`data link layer into two arblayers:
`1.AHediakcessControlthD lfltifitthliindudesspeu'iicmothods for gtin'
`accossto
`rte thf. these methods — such as Ettonret’s random access method and T on king's
`token passing procedure - are in the 802.3. 002.5 and 802.6 standards.
`2. tr Logical link Control (1.10 layer. described in the 802.2 standard, that provides for
`connection estabtishment, data transfer, and connection termination services. llC specifies
`tl'Iee types of communication inks:
`" An ltrtoclcnorrrlnrtgad Conrrectisrrtess Link. where ll're sending and receiving devices do not
`set up a connection before transmitting. Instead. messages are sent an a 'best effort"
`basis, with no provision for ermr detection, error recovery, or message sequencing. This
`type of ink is best suited for applications where the higher layer protocols can provide the
`error conection and hnctions. or where the loss at broadcast messages is not ailical.
`*nCanmchminadeLmkwhereoconuection benveenrnessogesourceonddestinatioa
`is established prior to transmission. This type of ink works best in applications, suchastile
`honsfor, where large amounts of die are being honsmitted at one time.
`* hrr hcknouuidedged Connecm'legsmdg as its namedindicates, modes for acknowl-
`edgernorrt
`messages at
`a
`‘
`9 receiving
`evices w‘ maintaining a cart-
`mcian.thismamn,iisnmstaheausedfaraniimfiamudtereacenhalpmesw
`communicates with a for
`camber of devices with lirrrited processlra rapabifit'res.
`802.] IEEE standard or overall architecture at [hits and internetworking. See all the
`following definitions.
`802.] III 802.11a is actually an updated, bigger, better, faster version of 802.1 lb
`(also called t‘r'iFil, which is now connnorrly install
`in offices, airports, coffee shops, etc.
`Many laptops raw route with 802.11b brit-in. the newer 002.1]a, also cor IIEE starr-
`dard forwireless'thtls, scpportsspeedsupto 54 Mbps Bititia ransom 3mMsztn
`cation in the 5 EH: range, which was atocated by the FCC to support of UNII {the
`Unlicensed National luforrrratian infrastructure). Specificatty. 200 MHr is allocated at 5.15-
`5.35MH1 for inbrildng applications, and 100 MHz at 5.72550 25 trin for outdoor use.
`tttisallocaled spectnms is divided mtotlyeeworkingdonrains.rlt5.155.25MH1,rrasi
`rrrurrr poweroutput is restricted to 50minr (minions), 5.25-5.35 to 250th card 5.725
`5.825 to l
`Ir'tatt. Hittite has been dubbed iii-HS li‘fireless Fidelrty 5 MHz) by the
`Wireless Ethernet Compatihifiry Alliance l‘r‘tECirt.
`302.11a Lees Coded Orthogonal Freacancy Division htuhiplerring lCUthll as the s’ not
`modulation bdtrrique. COFDMsendsastreamot data symbols htamassively parallel
`sh-
`ion. with multiple strbcarriers (i.e., smol slices of 11f, or ltadra Spectrum, midrib the desig-
`nated carrier freqrrency band. Each cantor channel is 20 MHZ wide, and is subdivided into
`52 subcarrier channels. such of which is approximately 300 till: wide; 43 at the subcar-
`rior channels are used tor data transmission. and the remaining tour for error conhol.
`Through the application of a coding tectaiqoa. each symbol comprises multi
`data bits.
`Thespecitiedcudrrgnctfiquesorddatnmtesspeciheirdtofwtichmrnt
`supported
`fry 802.1 l-carnptiuntpraducts, include ttt’SK lltinary Hose Shift lieinth at 125 1039sz
`channel for a total of 6 htbps across all 40 data channels. OPSK {Ouadrahrre Phase 5 iii
`Keying) or for 250 tibps per channel for a total at 12 Mbps, and 160m ltalevet
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation] at 500 tibps per channel tor a total of 24 Mbps. The
`standard rise allows more complex modulation schemes, that offer inaeased data rates.
`fluently. the mostcamplerr and fastest is 640“ tad-level 0M). at [325 Mbps per
`channel la! a total of 54 Mbps.
`the symbol rate is slowed down enough that each symbol transmission is longer than the
`delay spread. The delay spread is the variation in timing between receipt of the signals
`associated with a
`iven symbol, with the delay ahead raised by multipottt fading.
`Muttipalhfadiugis
`phenomenonwherebytltelifsigmlscanyingagivendatasymbal
`ant-real the receiveratsi‘rghttydrfierenttimes. This‘rsbeanrse the signo sproodsautftonr
`the transmitter, with certain portions attire signal reacting the receiver more or less direct-
`ly, while other portions of the signal bounce around oil of walls, furniture, your cowork-
`er's pointy bead, and such. Now, each of the
`bois contains multiple bits, wtt‘rdt are
`imposedanitttnaughihocarhng pracessesidon'
`a’aove.hsdrennritiplosyrrnbotsreodt
`thereceiver, they are sonedaritarntdecoded. withthedecoding process provioing some
`oddrtional time for the receiver to odust for the delay spread and to get ready to receive
`the next symbol. Bath 3021 1a and 802. I 111 are designed to bacomparrtrte with Ethernet
`run. using the MAC lh‘odia ilcoess Control]
`techninue of [Shirt/CA (Corner Sense
`Multiple Access with Collision hvoidancel.
`tithissaundsgeat, thqu becauseitisgreaflfttissoundstwgoodtobetme, that's
`
`i?
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`302.110 / 802.10
`
`because it gets a little more complicated. While the 5 Bit: spectrum is pretty clear in the
`05, it's not so readily available elsewhere. Military and govemmenr installations use per-
`tiens of this band overseas.
`in Japan, only the 5.15-5.25 MHz spectrum is vailoble. [a
`Europe, the 5725-5325 MHz spectrum isnlready allocated forather uses. In Europe, ETSI
`(European Telecommunications Standards Institute) requires that two additional protocols
`be used in coniunctian with 302.110 in order to protect incumbent applicators and sys-
`tems running over previously allocated shared spectrum. DFS (Dynamic Frequency
`Selection) allows tan 302.11a s stem to dynamically shift frequency channels and TPE
`(Transmission Power (antral) t
`oces the power level. In combination, these protocols
`serve to eliminate interference issues witlt
`incumbent signals. See also 302.1 lb,
`802.1 lg, BPSK, (Shirl/Ch, PM, DFDlrl, 0AM, OPSK, WECA and Wi-fi.
`802.1 111 302.11b is now the most common wireless local area network. 302,111)
`(also called llrifi) is new commonly installed in offices, airports, coffee shops, etc. Many
`laptops now come with 302.1lb built-in. 302.11b has been dubbed van (Wireless
`fidelin by the Wireless EthemetCompatibility hlliance (WECA). 802.) lb defines both the
`Physical
`(PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. Specifically,
`the PHY spec
`includes three transmission options — one Ir (lnfmred), and two RF (Radio Frequency).
`302.1 lb uses 0555 (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) madnlationlor digital communi-
`cation. DSSS involves the nnnsniss'ron of a stream of one’s and zevo's, which is modulat-
`ed with the Darker code chipping sequence. Barkr code is an 1 11bit sequence [e.g.,
`101101 11000) that has advantages in wireless transmission. Each bit is encoded into on
`11-bit Barfcer code, with each resulting data abiecr forming a “chip.” ‘the chip is put an a
`canier frequency in the 2.4 3H: range (2.42.433 3H:), and the wavelonn is modulated
`using one of several techniques. 302.11 systerrrs running at 1 Mbps make use of mi!
`(Dinaty Phase Shift Keying]. Systems running at 2 Mbps make use of 0PStt (Quaternary
`Phase Shift (laying). Systems running at 11 Mbps make use of (Elf (Complementary Code
`Keying), which involves 64 unique code sequences, which technique supports six bits per
`code word. The [Elf code word is then modulated onto the RF carrier using 0PSll, which
`allows another nvo bin to be encoded for each dish symbol. Therefore, each 6-bit s or-
`bol contains eight hits. Power outprn is limited by the EEC to 1 watt ElRP lErtuivnllent
`lsotrapically Radioted Power). At this low power level, the physical distance between the
`transmitting devices becomes an issue, with error performance suffering as the distance
`increases. therefore, the devices adoptto longer distances by usia
`a less complex encod
`ing technique, and a resulting lower signaling speed, which trans
`tes into a lower data
`rate. For example, a system nrnning at 11 Mbps using [Elf and 0951, might throttie back
`to 5.5 Mbps by halving the signaling rate as the distances increase and enor pedormance
`drops. its the situation gets worse, it might throttle back to 2 Mbps using only GPSK, and
`1 Mbps using BPSK. Also to he considered in this equation is the fact that the 2.4 3H:
`mega is in the unlicensed lSM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band, which is shared by
`garage door openers, microwave ovens, bar code scanners, cordless drones, Eluetooth
`LANs, and a wide variety of other devices. As a result, this slice of spectrum can he heavi-
`ly congested at times, and performance can drop considerably. 302.1 I divides the avail-
`able spectrum into 14 channels In the US, the EEC allows the use of I 1 channels. Eaar
`draanels are available in France, 13 in the rest of Europe, and only one in Japan. There
`also is overlap between ad‘acent channels leg, channels one and two), which fact further
`affects perforrrrunce; therefore, any given system must maintain maximum channel sepa-
`ration from other systems in proximity.
`Both 302.11a and 302.1 lb are designedto be compatible with Ethernet Lhtls. 302.1 lb uses
`rr variation of the Mitt (Media rlccess Control) technique of (Shift/Ch ([un‘rer Sense Multiple
`r‘rccess with Coffsion hvotdance), which iscoed in some wired Ethemets, oswell. hdevice seek-
`ing to transrnit ovet the shared medium (in this case, a shared RF channel) listens to the net—
`work. If it senses no activity over the ccnrier frequency fora mirimmt period of time known
`as the DIES (01F (Distributed (aotdirated function) lntarftame Spa ‘
`), ttreqoests access
`byfirst transmitting o 315 (Request in Send) packet. The R15 pocket in odes both the source
`(i.e., transmitter) and destinath (i.e., intended receiver) addresses, the duration attire intend
`ed session lie, transm'as'ron), and theAClt (AEKnawlodgement) associated with it. If the net-
`wadcis available, the destination device responds with C15 (Clear To Send), repeating both the
`duration and the A01. All other devices back off the network until the session is concluded. If
`the network, on the other hand, is busy, the device waits a period of time equal to the DlES,
`plus a madam another of slot times, as calculated with seveml backaff timers. lhe “listening”
`process takes several loans. CAM (Constant hccess Menard}, the default method, involves corr-
`stant monitoring of the ntwork. Since [MA creates a power consumption issue for battery-
`powered devices, PAM (Pulled tlccess Mode) can be substituted. PAM calls focal dient devices
`
`to go into sleep mode, cdl awaking at regular intewois, at the exact same time, to Esten for
`network activity. 011 tcnoary 3, 2000 the 302.11 technologyugot another boost when
`Microsoft and Starbucks announced that they were to into forces to
`er wireless access, using
`3021 lb among other standards, in mastaf Starbucks“ coffee outlets ever the next harayeats.
`the deal, some analysts say, a a further sign that 302.) lb raid becorrna serious compet'r
`tor to better known wireless technologies such as BlMooth, HomeRF, or even nextgeneration
`cellular networks. ripple was the list to launch an 802] lb product line (called hfrPott). All
`Apple computers now include a builtin antenna which, in conirmction with a networking card,
`can exchange data with a small base station plugged into a broadband imenretcannecttoa up
`to 45 metros (150 feet) away. Although some PE laptops nowcome preecyripped with wire
`less hardware, most users boy a PCMCIrl cord, or PC card, that serves as a wireless modem
`and antenna. See also 302.11g, 302.1 lg, Illuetooth, El‘Slf, Chip, [SIM/EA, 055$, Ellil’,
`Ethernet, HameRF, MAC, 0P5If, Spread Spectnm, WECA and Witt.
`802.12 Standard for lUUVfiahnthN. Addresses 100 Mops demandpriarity access
`method physical-layer and repeater specifications. Approved in 1995.
`802.15 A developing IEEE standatd for Wireless Personal Area Networks lWPllrttsl. the
`302.15 Wetking Group (WE) comprises four Task Gm
`(139.151 is denvin e WPrlli
`standard based on the Bluetooth specifications. 132 is oveloping recommend
`practices
`to tecihtate the coexistence of 302.15 WE'th and 302.11 Wilttts (Wireless Local Area
`Networks) 1153 is chartered to draft a new standard for high-rate WPth running at 20
`Mbps or better. Development is focusing on the 2.4 0H,;r hand, using 00PSll (Orthogonal
`Quaternary Phase Shift Keying) as the modulation technique. 104 is charged with investi-
`gating a low data rate WPer solution running atna more than 200 Kbps in support of appli-
`cations such as wireless interactive toys, serrson, automation, and smart tags and badges,
`802.16 A developing IEEE standard for broadband wireless access.
`lhe 30216
`Working Etoup (WE) is working on a variety affixed wireless standards intended to serve
`hih-speed applications.
`002.10 Standard lot LAN/(llth management, approved in 1992; along with 3020:,
`became the basis of ISO/IEE 15302-2.
`802.10 IEEE standard for interconnecting Lth thraa h MAC bridges (specifically
`between 302.3, 302.4, and 302.5 nenvarks).1'he stando was approved in 1990, and
`was incorporated into ISO/IE1 10033. Works at the Milt level.
`802.1! lEEE standard for LAN and MAN load protocols. npptoved in 1990, leaned the
`basis for 150/(EC 15302-4.
`002.11 Standard for defining network mnagement information specified in 302
`umbrella standards. Ihpproved in 1993.
`002.10 A developing standard for remote bridging at the MAC layer.
`802.111 IEEE practices recommended for bridging Ethernet Lhtls at the MAC layer.
`hpptoved in 1995.
`002.11 iEEE standard for using EDDI (Fiber Distributed Data interface) as a Mitt-layer
`bridge. Approved in 1992, the standard was incerpomred into l50/lEC 10033.
`802.11 IEEE standacd for Lilli connectivity using MAC-layer bridges. A supplement to
`302.10, it was approved in 1996.
`802.111 IEEE standard for the discovery and dynamic control of network management
`information. Approved in 1993.
`In conjunction with 302.13, was the basis for (SD/IE1
`153022.
`802.118 tr conformance statement for 302.] E, it addresses definitions and protocols for
`system land management. Approved in 1993, it was incorporated into lSD/lEC 15302-4.
`002." IEEE extens‘an of 302.10. Specification for the use of MAC-layer brid es in filter-
`ing and ercpediting moiticost traffic. Prioritization of traffic is accomphshed thraug the addi
`tion of a 331i, priority value in the frame header. Eight tapalogyindependent priority values
`(07} are specified, with all eight values mapping directly into 302.4 and 302.6. Switches
`that support 302.1P and 302.10 provide a homework for bandwidth prioritization.
`Essentially what all these words mean is that you can assign a priority to the type of traf-
`fic with IEEE 3021p class-of-servica ((oS) vines and these allow network devices along
`the way to recognize and deliver highpriority traffic in a predictable manner. When can-
`QIESTIEIEIZJCICUIS, 09$ drops lawprionty traffic to allow delivery of higlrpriority traffic. See
`a so
`. 0.
`802.10 IEEE specification for implementation of 'thNS in Layer 2 LAN switches, with
`emphasis an Ethernet. Similar to 302.1P, prioritization of traffic is accomplished through
`an additional four bytes of data in the frame header. Most data fields in this addition to
`the header are specific to llLAhl opemtian. rllsa included is a field which provides the same
`3-bit priority flag specified in 302.1 P’s prioritycnapping scheme.
`in addition to conven
`
`18
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1006/1106
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1006/1106
`Page 7
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