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`Volume 15, Number 4
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`History Of Search Engines
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`Tom Seymour, Minot State University, USA
`Dean Frantsvog, Minot State University, USA
`Satheesh Kumar, Minot State University, USA
`
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`As the number of sites on the Web increased in the mid-to-late 90s, search engines started
`appearing to help people find information quickly. Search engines developed business models to
`finance their services, such as pay per click programs offered by Open Text in 1996 and then
`Goto.com in 1998. Goto.com later changed its name to Overture in 2001, and was purchased by
`Yahoo! in 2003, and now offers paid search opportunities for advertisers through Yahoo! Search
`Marketing. Google also began to offer advertisements on search results pages in 2000 through the
`Google Ad Words program. By 2007, pay-per-click programs proved to be primary money-makers
`for search engines. In a market dominated by Google, in 2009 Yahoo! and Microsoft announced
`the intention to forge an alliance. The Yahoo! & Microsoft Search Alliance eventually received
`approval from regulators in the US and Europe in February 2010. Search engine optimization
`consultants expanded their offerings to help businesses learn about and use the advertising
`opportunities offered by search engines, and new agencies focusing primarily upon marketing and
`advertising through search engines emerged. The term "Search Engine Marketing" was proposed
`by Danny Sullivan in 2001 to cover the spectrum of activities involved in performing SEO,
`managing paid listings at the search engines, submitting sites to directories, and developing
`online marketing strategies for businesses, organizations, and individuals. Some of the latest
`theoretical advances include Search Engine Marketing Management (SEMM). SEMM relates to
`activities including SEO but focuses on return on investment (ROI) management instead of
`relevant traffic building (as is the case of mainstream SEO). SEMM also integrates organic SEO,
`trying to achieve top ranking without using paid means of achieving top in search engines, and
`PayPerClick SEO. For example some of the attention is placed on the web page layout design and
`how content and information is displayed to the website visitor.
`
`
`Keywords: search engines; Internet; meta-search engine; Cern
`
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`
`W
`
`eb Search Engine is a software program that searches the Internet (bunch of websites) based on the
`words that you designate as search terms (query words). Search engines look through their own
`databases of information in order to find what it is that you are looking for. Web Search Engines are
`a good example for massively sized Information Retrieval Systems.
`
`HISTORY
`
`
`During the early development of the web, there was a list of web servers edited by Tim Berners-Lee and
`hosted on the CERN web server. As more web servers went online the central list could not keep up. On the NCSA
`site new servers were announced under the title "What's New!".
`
`
`The very first tool used for searching on the Internet was Archie.]The name stands for "archive" without the
`"v". It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, computer science students at McGill
`University in Montreal. The program downloaded the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous
`FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, creating a searchable database of file names; however, Archie did not index the
`contents of these sites since the amount of data was so limited it could be readily searched manually.
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`The rise of Gopher (created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota) led to two new
`search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index
`systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provided a keyword
`search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy
`Excavation and Display) was a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers. While the name
`of the search engine "Archie" was not a reference to the Archie comic book series, "Veronica" and "Jughead" are
`characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.
`
`
`In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed yet for the web, though numerous specialized catalogues
`were maintained by hand. Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva wrote a series of Perl scripts that would
`periodically mirror these pages and rewrite them into a standard format which formed the basis for W3Catalog, the
`web's first primitive search engine, released on September 2, 1993.
`
`
`In June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT, produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl-based
`World Wide Web Wanderer, and used it to generate an index called 'Wandex'. The purpose of the Wanderer was to
`measure the size of the World Wide Web, which it did until late 1995. The web's second search engine Aliweb
`appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a web robot, but instead depended on being notified by website
`administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format.
`
`
`Jump Station (released in December 1993) used a web robot to find web pages and to build its index, and
`used a web form as the interface to its query program. It was thus the first WWW resource-discovery tool to
`combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching) as described below.
`Because of the limited resources available on the platform on which it ran, its indexing and hence searching were
`limited to the titles and headings found in the web pages the crawler encountered.
`
`
`One of the first "full text" crawler-based search engines was WebCrawler, which came out in 1994. Unlike
`its predecessors, it let users search for any word in any webpage, which has become the standard for all major search
`engines since. It was also the first one to be widely known by the public. Also in 1994, Lycos (which started at
`Carnegie Mellon University) was launched and became a major commercial endeavor.
`
`
`Soon after, many search engines appeared and vied for popularity. These included Magellan (search
`engine), Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light, and AltaVista. Yahoo! was among the most popular ways for
`people to find web pages of interest, but its search function operated on its web directory, rather than full-text copies
`of web pages. Information seekers could also browse the directory instead of doing a keyword-based search.
`
`
`In 1996, Netscape was looking to give a single search engine an exclusive deal to be the featured search
`engine on Netscape's web browser. There was so much interest that instead a deal was struck with Netscape by five
`of the major search engines, where for $5Million per year each search engine would be in a rotation on the Netscape
`search engine page. The five engines were Yahoo!, Magellan, Lycos, Infoseek, and Excite.
`
`
`Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred
`in the late 1990s. Several companies entered the market spectacularly, receiving record gains during their initial
`public offerings. Some have taken down their public search engine, and are marketing enterprise-only editions, such
`as Northern Light. Many search engine companies were caught up in the dot-com bubble, a speculation-driven
`market boom that peaked in 1999 and ended in 2001.
`
`
`Around 2000, Google's search engine rose to prominence. The company achieved better results for many
`searches with an innovation called PageRank. This iterative algorithm ranks web pages based on the number and
`PageRank of other web sites and pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to
`more than others. Google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its
`competitors embedded a search engine in a web portal.
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`By 2000, Yahoo was providing search services based on Inktomi's search engine. Yahoo! acquired Inktomi
`in 2002 and Overture (which owned AlltheWeb and AltaVista) in 2003. Yahoo! switched to Google's search engine
`until 2004, when it launched its own search engine based on the combined technologies of its acquisitions.
`Microsoft first launched MSN Search in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi. In early 1999 the site
`began to display listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a short time in 1999 when
`results from AltaVista were used instead. In 2004, Microsoft began a transition to its own search technology,
`powered by its own web crawler (called msnbot). Microsoft's rebranded search engine, Bing, was launched on June
`1, 2009. On July 29, 2009, Yahoo! and Microsoft finalized a deal in which Yahoo! Search would be powered by
`Microsoft Bing technology.
`
`TYPES OF SEARCH ENGINES
`
`Archie - (1990)
`
`
`History of Search Engine can be said as started in A.D. 1990. The very first tool used for searching on the
`Internet was Archie. It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a student at McGill University in Montreal. The
`Archie Database was made up of the file directories from hundreds of systems. When you searched this Archie
`Database on the basis of a file‘s name, Archie could tell you which directory paths on which systems hold a copy of
`the file you want. Archie did not index the contents of these sites. This Archie Software, periodically reached out to
`all known openly available ftp sites, list their files, and build a searchable index. The commands to search Archie
`were UNIX commands, and it took some knowledge of UNIX to use it to its full capability.
`
`Gopher - (1991)
`
`
`Later in A.D. 1991 Gopher came into the scene. Gopher was a menu system that simplified locating and
`using Internet resources. Gopher was designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the
`Internet. Gopher offered some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on
`information stored on it. Gopher Software made it possible for the system administrator at any Internet site to
`prepare a customized menu of files, features and Internet resources. When you used the Gopher, all you had to do is
`select the item you want from the menu. Gopher was a protocol system, which in advance of the World Wide Web,
`allowed server based text files to be hierarchically organized and easily viewed by end users who accessed the
`server using Gopher Applications on remote computers. Initially Gopher Browsers could only display text-based
`files before developments such as Hyper Gopher, which were able to handle simple graphic formats.
`
`Veronica and Jughead - (1991)
`
`
`Archie, Gopher, Veronica and Jughead were three standard ―finding‖ tools on the Internet. The rise of
`Gopher led to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles
`stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica was a Resource-Discovery system providing access to information
`resources held on most (99% +) of the world‘s Gopher Servers. The Veronica Database was a collection of menus
`from most Gopher sites. When you did a Veronica Search, you were searching the menu items. Veronica used to
`build an on-the-spot menu consisting of just those items that matched your request. When the search was finished,
`Veronica would present you with a customized Gopher menu. Veronica would not only present you with a list of
`Gopher menu items, it would also act like a Gopher. Jughead on the other hand was distinct from Veronica. Jughead
`searched a single server at a time. Jughead indexed the servers quickly so it used to builds its database in memory.
`When Jughead used all of the available memory, it used to become unacceptably slow, limiting the size the servers it
`can index. Veronica does not have this problem.
`
`W3Catalog & Wanderer - (1993)
`
`
`Initially, the only widely available browsers were purely textual. Mosaic was the first browser to display
`images in line with text instead of displaying images in a separate window. While often described as the first
`graphical web browser. W3Catalog was one of the first search engines that attempted to provide a general
`searchable catalog for WWW resources.
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`Unlike later search engines, like Aliweb, which attempt to index the web by crawling over the accessible
`content of web sites, W3Catalog exploited the fact that many high-qualities, manually maintained lists of web
`resources were already available. W3 Catalog simply mirrored these pages, reformatted the contents into individual
`entries, and provided a Perl-based front-end to enable dynamic querying.
`
`
`In 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT, produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl-based
`World Wide Web Wanderer, and used it to generate an index called ―Wandex‖. The World Wide Web Wanderer,
`also referred to as just the Wanderer, was a Perl-based web crawler that was first deployed in June 1993 to measure
`the size of the World Wide Web. Wanderer was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by
`Matthew Gray, who now works for Google. It was used to generate an index called the Wandex later in 1993. While
`the Wanderer was probably the first web robot, and, with its index, clearly had the potential to become a general-
`purpose WWW search engine.
`
`Aliweb - (1993)
`
`
`Second search engine, Aliweb appeared in November 1993. Aliweb allowed users to submit the locations
`of index files on their sites which enabled the search engine to include WebPages and add user-written page
`descriptions and keywords. Aliweb, the search engine, distinguished from its contemporaries such as AltaVista by
`the fact that it does not automatically index sites. If a Webmaster wanted a site to be indexed by Aliweb then he or
`she would have to write a special file and register it with Aliweb Server. Because of the difficulty of doing this,
`ALIWEB has a much smaller database than search engines such as Lycos and has suffered in popularity. Aliweb
`provided a tool allowing users to just keep track of the services they provide, in such a way that automatic programs
`could simply pick up their descriptions, and combine them into a searchable database.
`
`Jump Station - (1993)
`
`
`Jump Station (released in December 1993) used a web robot to find web pages and to build its index, and
`used a web form as the interface to its query program. Jump Station was thus the first WWW resource-discovery
`tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching). Because of
`the limited resources available on the platform on which Jump Station ran, its indexing and hence searching were
`limited to the titles and headings found in the web pages the crawler encountered.
`
`
`Jump Station used document titles and headings to index the web pages found using a simple linear search,
`and did not provide any ranking of results. Jump Station had the same basic shape as Google search. Brian
`Pinkerton, a CSE student at the University of Washington, starts WebCrawler in his spare time. At first,
`WebCrawler was a desktop application, not a Web service as it is today.
`
`WebCrawler - (1994)
`
`
`Brian Pinkerton, a CSE student at the University of Washington, starts WebCrawler in his spare time. At
`first, WebCrawler was a desktop application, not a Web service as it is today. WebCrawler went live on the Web
`with a database containing pages from just over 4000 different Web sites. WebCrawler was the first Web search
`engine to provide full text search. It went live on April 20, 1994 and was created by Brian Pinkerton at the
`University of Washington. It was bought by America Online on June 1, 1995 and sold to Excite on April 1, 1997.
`Pinkerton built a web interface to his WebCrawler program, which was released on April 20, 1994, with a database
`containing documents from over 6,000 web servers. The WebCrawler was unique in that it was the first web robot
`that was capable of indexing every word on a web page, while other bots were storing a URL, a title and at most 100
`words.
`
`MetaCrawler - (1995)
`
`
`The concept of Meta-Search Engine came into existence in which a single interface provided search result
`that was generated by multiple search engines rather than a single Search Engine Algorithm. Daniel Dreilinger at
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`Colorado State University developed Search Savvy which let users searched up to 20 different search engines at one
`and a number of directories.
`
`MetaCrawler improved on accuracy of Search Savvy with the addition of its own search syntax and behind
`the scenes, matching its syntax to that of the search engines it was probing. MetaCrawler searched through six
`search engines, yet while providing better results, still could not match those achieved by searching each engine
`individually.
`
`AltaVista - (1995)
`
`
`AltaVista was once one of the most popular search engines but its popularity waned with the rise of
`Google. The two key participants who created the engine were Louis Monier, who wrote the crawler, and Michael
`Burrows, who wrote the indexer. AltaVista was backed by the most powerful computing server available. AltaVista
`was the fastest search engine and could handle millions of hits a day without any degradation.
`
`
`One key change that came with AltaVista was the inclusion of a natural language search. Users could type
`in a phrase or a question and get an intelligent response. For instance, ―Where is London?‖ without getting a
`million-plus pages referring to ―where‖ and ―is.‖
`
`Excite - (1995)
`
`
`Yahoo! was among the most popular ways for people to find web pages of interest, but its search function
`operated on its web directory, rather than full-text copies of web pages. Information seekers could also browse the
`directory instead of doing a keyword-based search. In 1995, Open Text provided the search technology used by
`Yahoo! as part of its Web index.
`
`
`In 1996, Netscape was looking to give a single search engine an exclusive deal to be their featured search
`engine. Resultantly five major Search Engines were Yahoo!, Magellan, Lycos, Infoseek, and Excite joined the deal.
`Excite is an Internet portal, and as one of the major ―dotcom‖ ―portals‖ of the 1990s (along with Yahoo!, Lycos and
`Netscape), it was once one of the most recognized brands on the Internet.
`
`
`Excite first appeared at the end of 1995 and was one of a spate of launches by the new ‗crawler‘ based
`search engines, sending out spiders to record websites and build a searchable index – others from this time were
`AltaVista, Lycos, WebCrawler and Infoseek. SAPO was created on September 4, 1995 at the University of Aveiro
`by seven members of the Computer Science Center of the University.
`
`Dogpile, Inktomi, & HotBot - (1996)
`
`
`Dogpile began operation in November 1996. The site was developed by Aaron Flin. Dogpile was a
`metasearch site. It searched multiple engines, filtered for duplicates and then presented the results to the user.
`Inktomi software was incorporated in the widely-used HotBot search engine, which displaced AltaVista as the
`leading web-crawler-based search engine, and which was in turn displaced by Google. The company Inktomi
`Corporation was initially founded based on the real-world success of the search engine they developed at the
`university. After the bursting of the dot-com bubble, Inktomi was acquired by Yahoo!
`
`
`HotBot is one of the early Internet search engines and was launched in May 1996. It updated its search
`database more often than its competitors. HotBot was one of the first search engines to offer the ability to search
`within search results. HotBot also offered free webpage hosting, but only for a short time, and it was taken down
`without any notice to its users. HotBot proved itself to be one of the most powerful search engines of its day, with a
`spider capable of indexing 10 million pages a day. This meant HotBot not only had the most up to date list of
`available new sites and pages, but was capable of re-indexing all previously indexed pages to ensure they were all
`up to date as well.
`
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`Ask Jeeves & Northern Light - (1996-1997)
`
`
`Ask Jeeves (Ask) was a search engine founded in 1996 by Garrett Gruener and David Warthen in Berkeley,
`California. The original idea behind AskJeeves was to allow users to get answers to questions posed in everyday,
`natural language, as well as traditional keyword searching. The current Ask.com still supports this, with added
`support for math, dictionary, and conversion questions.
`
`
`Northern Light was to the search engine world what Apple was to the computer world. Shortly after its
`launch, NorthernLight like Apple, developed a fanatical following, but held a relatively small market share
`compared to the likes of Lycos and AltaVista. NorthernLight, from its founding in 1996 until January 2002,
`operated a Web search engine for public use. During this time period it also developed an enterprise offering of
`private custom search engines that it built for large corporate clients and marketed under the trade name Single
`Point. Yandex was the largest Russian Internet search engine.
`
`Google - (1998)
`
`
`Google had its rise to success in large part due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web
`pages that match a given search string. Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many
`search engines would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the
`search terms were within each resulting page. The PageRank algorithm used by Google, instead analyses human-
`generated links, assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important.
`
`
`Google algorithm computes a recursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of the Page Ranks of
`the pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In addition to
`PageRank, Google over the years has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result
`lists, reported to be over 200 different indicators. The exact percentage of the total of web pages that Google indexes
`are not known, as it is very hard to actually calculate. Google not only indexes and caches web pages but also takes
`―snapshots‖ of other file types, which include PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text
`files, and so on
`
`Teoma, Vivisimo - (1999-2000)
`
`
`Teoma was an Internet search engine founded in 2000 by Professor Apostolos Gerasoulis and his
`colleagues at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Teoma were unique because of its link popularity algorithm. Unlike
`PageRank Algorithm by Google, Technology of Teoma analyzed links in context to rank a web page‘s importance
`within its specific subject. For instance, a web page about ―baseball‖ would rank higher if other web pages about
`―baseball‖ link to it.
`
`
`Vivisimo is a privately held enterprise search software company in Pittsburgh that develops and sells
`software products to improve search on the web and in enterprises. Vivisimo was founded in 2000 by a trio of
`computer science researchers at Carnegie Mellon University. Baidu was incorporated on January 18, 2000, was a
`Chinese and Japanese search engine for websites, audio files, and images.
`
`
`Exalead was a French search engine founded in 2000 by François Bourdoncle. Exalead provides thumbnail
`previews of the target pages along with the results, and allows advanced refining on the results page (language,
`geographic location, file type, categories) but also further data refinement, such as rich content (audio, video, RSS)
`and related terms, allowing users to browse the web by serendipity. Info is a Metasearch Engine which provides
`results from leading search engines and pay-per-click directories.
`
`Yahoo! Search - (2004)
`
`
`Yahoo! Search is a web search engine, owned by Yahoo! Inc. Originally, Yahoo! Search started as a web
`directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In the late 1990s,
`Yahoo! evolved into a full-fledged portal with a search interface. Yahoo! Search, originally referred to as Yahoo!
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`provided Search interface, would send queries to a searchable index of pages supplemented with its directory of
`sites. The results were presented to the user under the Yahoo! brand.
`
`
`In 2003, Yahoo! purchased Overture Services, Inc., which owned the AlltheWeb and AltaVista search
`engines. Initially, even though Yahoo! owned multiple search engines, they didn‘t use them on the main yahoo.com
`website, but kept using Google‘s search engine for its results. Starting in 2003, Yahoo! Search became its own web
`crawler-based search engine, with a reinvented crawler called Yahoo! Slurp. Yahoo! Search combined the
`capabilities of all the search engine companies they had acquired, with its existing research, and put them into a
`single search engine. Sogou was a Chinese search engine which can search text, images, music, and maps. It was
`launched 4 August 2004.
`
`MSN Search & GoodSearch - (2005)
`
`
`MSN Search was a search engine by Microsoft that comprised a search engine, index, and web crawler.
`MSN Search first launched in the third quarter of 1998 and used search results from Inktomi. In early 1999, MSN
`Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a
`short time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead.
`
`
`Since then Microsoft upgraded MSN Search to provide its own self-built search engine results, the index of
`which was updated weekly and sometimes daily. The upgrade started as a beta program in November 2004, and
`came out of beta in Feb 2005. Image search was powered by a third party, Picsearch. The service also started
`providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort to better compete in the market.
`
`
`GoodSearch was a Yahoo-powered search engine that donates 50% of its revenue, about a penny per
`search, to listed American charities and schools designated by its users. The money donated comes from the site‘s
`advertisers. SearchMe was a visual search engine based in Mountain View, California. It organized search results as
`snapshots of web pages.
`
`
`SearchMe was founded in March 2005 by Randy Adams and John Holland.
`
`
`Wikiseek, Guruji, Sproose And Blackle - (2006-2007)
`
`
`Wikiseek was a search engine that indexed Wikipedia pages and pages that were linked to from Wikipedia
`articles. The search engine was founded by Palo Alto and was officially launched on January 17, 2007. The first
`public beta of Windows Live Search was unveiled on March 8, 2006, with the final release on September 11, 2006
`replacing MSN Search. The new search engine used search tabs that include Web, news, images, music, desktop,
`local, and Microsoft Encarta.
`
`
`Guruji is an Indian Internet search engine that is focused on providing better search results to Indian
`consumers, by leveraging proprietary algorithms and data in the Indian context. Wikia was a free and open-source
`Web search engine launched as part of Wikia (originally Wikicities) operated by Wikia, Inc.
`
`
`Sproose is a consumer search engine launched in August 2007 by founder Bob Pack. Sproose provides web
`search results from partners including MSN, Yahoo! and Ask. Sproose intends to have better-quality results than
`algorithmic search engines because its users are able to influence the ranking order of the search results by voting
`for websites (which moves them up in the order of search results) and deleting bad or spam results. Blackle is a
`website powered by Google Custom Search, which aims to save energy by displaying a black background and using
`grayish-white font color for search results. The concept behind Blackle is that computer monitors can be made to
`consume less energy by displaying much darker colors.
`
`Powerset, Picollator, Viewzi - (2008)
`
`
`Powerset was a company based in San Francisco, California that is developing a natural language search
`engine for the Internet. Powerset is working on building a natural language search engine that can find targeted
`answers to user questions (as opposed to keyword based search). Picollator was an Internet search engine that
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`performs search for web sites and multimedia by visual query (image) or text, or a combination of visual query and
`text. Picollator recognized objects in the image, obtains their relevance to the text and vice a versa, and searches in
`accordance with all information provided.
`
`Viewzi is a search engine company based in Dallas, Texas that is developing a highly visual experience
`that tailors the way users look at information based on what they are looking for. The Viewzi search engine lightens
`the data overload by filtering and grouping results into several distinct interfaces.
`
`Cuil, LeapFish, Forestle, Valdo - (2008)
`
`
`Cuil is a search engine that organizes web pages by content and displays relatively long entries along with
`thumbnail pictures for many results. Boogami is a search engine that was developed by James Wildish, a sixteen
`year old college student from Kent in United Kingdom. It combines a search engine with a pixel advertising grid
`that appears every time someone uses Boogami to search the Internet, and for the fact that it offers free pixel
`advertising to charities.
`
`
`LeapFish is a search aggregator that retrieves results from other portals and search engines, including
`Google, Yahoo, Live Search, Blogs, and Videos etc. Forestle is one of the ecologically inspired web search sites
`created by Christian Kroll, Wittenberg, Germany, in 2008. Forestle saves 0.1 square meters (about 0.1 square yards)
`of rain forest per search event. Valdo caters to life sciences and biomedical researchers, educators, students,
`clinicians and reference librarians. In addition to providing focused search on biology research methods, databases,
`online tools and software, Valdo is also a resource for power points on biomedical topics.
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`Bing - (2009)
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`Bing (formerly Live Search, Windows Live Search, and MSN Search) is a web search engine (advertised as
`a "decision engine") from Microsoft. Bing was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009 at the
`All Things Digital conference in San Diego. It went fully online on June 3, 2009, with a preview version released on
`June 1, 2009. Notable changes include the listing of search suggestions as queries are entered and a list of related
`searches (called "Explorer pane") based on semantic technology from Powerset that Microsoft purchased in 2008.
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`Sperse, Yebol, Goby - (2009-2010)
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`Sperse Search is a metasearch engine that searches multiple search engines like Yahoo!, Bing, along with
`its own database and displays aggregated results, while removing duplicate results for better accuracy. Yebol is a
`vertical ―decision‖ search engine that has developed a knowledge-based, semantic search platform. Based in San
`Jose, CA, Yebol‘s artificial intelligence human intelligence-infused algorithms automatically cluster and categorize
`search results, web sites, pages and contents that it presents in a visually indexed format that is more aligned with
`initial human intent