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`APPLE INC.
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`EX. 1103 - Page 1
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`APPLE INC.
`Ex. 1103 - Page 1
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`PUBLISHED BY
`
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052—6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents'of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.-—5th ed.
`p. ; cm.
`ISBN. 0—7356~1495—4
`
`l. Computers-—Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers—-Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.O3—-dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`123456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936—7329. Visit our Web site at wWw.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsofi.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiVeStore, ActiveSyuc, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS~DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win325, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e~mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e—mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`a.-,..waxknr........g,<_..var-—WMwwm.“mm_e~_tflwnw_nmfl.~._
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editori Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08—41929
`
`
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`APPLE INC.
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`EX
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`APPLE INC.
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`computers and special-purpose devices such as digital
`cameras and cellular telephones.
`
`mlcrographlcs n. The techniques and methods for
`recording data on microfilm. See also microform.
`
`mlcro—electromechanlcal systems n. See MEMS.
`
`mlcroelechonlcs n. The technology of constructing
`electronic circuits and devices in very small packages. The
`most significant advance in microelectronics technology
`has been the integrated circuit. Circuits that 40 years ago
`required a roomful of power—hungry vacuum tubes can
`now be fabricated on a silicon chip smaller than a postage
`stamp and require only a few milliwatts of power. See also
`integrated circuit.
`
`mlcrofiche n. A small sheet of film, about 4 by 6 inches,
`used for recording photographically reduced images, such
`as document pages, in rows and columns forming a grid
`pattern. The resulting images are too small to read with the
`naked eye, and a microfiche reader is required to View the
`documents. Compare microfilm.
`
`microfilm n. A thin strip of film stored on a roll and used
`to record sequential data images. As with microfiche, a
`special device magnifies the images so that they can be
`read. See also CIM (definition 2), COM (definition 4).
`Compare microfiche.
`
`mlcrofloppy dlsk n. A 3.5-inch floppy disk of the type
`used with the Macintosh and with IBM and compatible
`microcomputers. A microfloppy disk is a round piece of
`polyester film coated with ferric oxide and encased in a
`rigid plastic shell equipped with a sliding metal cover. On
`the Macintosh, a single—sided microfloppy disk can hold
`400 kilobytes (KB); a double—sided (standard) disk can
`hold 800 KB; and a double-sided high-density disk can
`hold 1.44 megabytes (MB). On IBM and compatible
`machines, a microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or 1.44
`MB of information. See also floppy disk.
`
`mlcrofluldlcs n. Technology for control and manipulation
`of fluids on a microscopic scale using microscopic pumps
`and valves placed on a chip. Microfluidics devices have
`implications for a number of medical, pharmaceutical,
`genomics, and other biotechnology applications.
`
`mlcroform n. The medium, such as microfilm or micro-
`
`fiche, on which a photographically reduced image, called
`a microinmge, is stored. A microirnage usually represents
`text, such as archived documents. See also microfiche,
`microfilm, micrographics.
`
`mlcrolmage n. A photographically reduced image, usu-
`ally stored on microfilm or microfiche, that is too small to
`be read without magnification. See also microform, micro-
`graphics.
`
`mlerolnstructlon n. An instruction that is part of the
`microcode. See also microcode.
`
`mlcrojustlficatlon It. See microspace justification.
`
`mlcroker‘nel n. 1. In programming, the strictly hardware—
`dependent part of an operating system that is intended to
`be portable from one type of computer to another. The
`microkemel provides a hardware-independent interface to
`the rest of the operating system, so only the microkemel
`needs to be rewritten to port the operating system to a dif—
`ferent platform. See also kernel, operating system. 2. A
`kernel that has been designed with only the basic features
`and typically in a modular fashion.
`
`mlcrologc n. A set of instructions, stored in binary form,
`or a set of electronic logic circuits that defines and governs
`the operation within a microprocessor.
`
`mlcromlnlature n. An extremely small circuit or other
`electronic component, especially one that is a refinement
`of an already miniaturized element.
`
`microphone n. 1. A device that converts sound waves
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware can
`convert the microphone’s output into digital data that a
`computer can process; for example, to record multimedia
`documents or analyze the sound signal. 2. A communica—
`tions program that runs on the Macintosh computer.
`
`mlcrophotonlcs :1. Technology for directing light on a
`microscopic scale. Microphotonics employs tiny mirrors
`or photonic crystals to reflect and transmit specific wave-
`lengths of light, which can carry digital signals. Micro-
`photonics technology has implications for optical
`networks under development for the telecommunications
`industry. See also MEMS, optical switching.
`
`microprocessor n. A central processing unit (CPU) on a
`single chip. A modern microprocessor can have several
`million transistors in an integratedvcircuit package that
`can easily fit into the palm of one’s hand. Microprocessors
`are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory
`and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces,
`excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.
`
`338
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`} Upper'sideband
`]— Lower sideband
`
`Sldeband.
`
`sidebar n. A block of text placed to the side of the main
`body of text in a document, often set off by a border or
`other graphic element.
`
`slde—by-side execution n. The ability to install and use
`multiple versions of an assembly in isolation at the same
`time. This can occur on the same machine, or in the same
`process or application domain. Side—by-side execution can
`apply to applications and components as well as the com—
`ponents of the“ .NET Framework. Allowing assemblies to
`run side-by-side is essential to support robust versioning
`in the common language runtime.
`
`side effect n. Any change of state caused by a subrou-
`tine, such as a routine that reads a value from a file and
`advances the current file position.
`
`side head n. A heading placed in the margin of a printed
`document and top—aligned with the body text, rather than
`being vertically aligned with text, as is a normal head.
`
`sieve of Eratosthenes n. An algorithm for finding prime
`numbers. It is often used as a benchmark in testing the
`speed of a computer or programming language. See also
`benchmarkl.
`
`.slg n. A file extension for a signature file for email or
`Internet newsgroup use. The contents of this file are auto—
`matically appended to e-mail correspondence or news-
`group articles by their respective client software. See also
`signature file (definition 1).
`
`SIG n. Acronym for special interest group. An email
`online discussion group or a group of users who meet and
`share information, especially one of the groups supported
`by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM),
`such as SIGGRAPH for computer graphics.
`
`SIGGRAPH )1. Short for Special Interest Group on Com-
`puter Graphics, a part of the Association for Computing
`Machinery (ACM).
`
`sigmoid function n. A kind of S—shaped mathematical
`function arising in many dynamical systems, including
`neural networks, because it is the solution to a first—order
`differential equation. It typically maps a real value, which
`may be arbitrarily large in magnitude (positive or nega—
`
`tive), to another real value, which lies within some narrow
`range. The sigmoid function, in neural network computa—
`tion literature, is also sometimes referred to as the logistic
`function. The reason for its prevalence is that it is thought
`to resemble the probability that a true neuron generates as
`an action potential in response to particular input and out-
`put. See also artificial intelligence, neural network.
`
`sign n. The character used to indicate a positive or nega-
`tive number. In assembly~level programming, the sign is
`indicated by the sign bit accompanying the number. See
`also sign bit.
`
`'
`
`signal It. 1. Any electrical quantity, such as voltage, cur«
`rent, or frequency, that can be used to transmit informa~
`tion. 2. A beep or tone from a computer’s speaker or a
`prompt displayed on screen that tells a user that the com-
`puter is ready to receive input.
`
`signal converter 71. A device or circuit that converts a
`signal from one form to another, such as analog to digital,
`or pulse code modulation to frequency modulation.
`
`signal-to-nolse ratio It. The amount of power, measured in
`decibels, by which the signal exceeds the amount of channel
`noise at the same point in transmission. Abbreviation: S/N.
`See also noise (definition 2).
`
`signature )1. 1. A sequence of data used for identification,
`such as text appended to an e-mail message or a fax. 2. A
`unique number built into hardware or software for authen~
`tication purposes.
`
`signature block n. A block of text that an e—mail client or
`a newsreader automatically places at the end of every mes-
`sage or article before the message or article is transmitted.
`Signature blocks typically contain the name, e—mail
`address, and affiliation of the person who created the mes-
`sage or article.
`
`signature file 11.. 1. A file that contains information
`inserted by a user and automatically appended to e—mail
`correspondence or newsgroup articles by client software.
`A signature file typically contains the name or nickname
`of the user and might include such information as the
`user’s e—mail address, Web page, company, or job title.
`2. A file that updates an antivirus program so that the pro—
`gram recognizes signatures of new viruses and removes
`the viruses from the user’s computer. See also antivirus
`program, virus signature.
`
`sign bit n. The most significant, or leftmost, bit of a num—
`ber field, usually set to 1 if the number is negative.
`
`
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`System file n. A resource file on the Macintosh that con-
`tains the resources needed by the operating system, such
`as fonts, icons, and default dialog boxes.
`
`System folder 1:. The Macintosh file folder (directory)
`that contains the System file and other vital files, such as
`Finder, device drivers, INIT files, and control panel files.
`See also control panel, Finder, INIT, System file.
`
`system font It. On the Macintosh and in some PC appli-
`cations, the font used by the computer for on—screen teXt,
`such as menu titles and items (but not on—screen text
`within a word processor or other application). See also
`font.
`
`system generation a. The process of configuring and
`installing system software for a particular set of hardware
`components. Complex operating systems such as UNIX
`are shipped with device drivers and utilities that are often
`not relevant to a particular hardware configuration; pntting
`together only the necessary components, as well as speci—
`fying important system characteristics, is part of the sys-
`tem generation process. Also called: sysgen.
`
`system heap It. See heap (definition 1).
`
`systemJni n. In Windows 3.x, the initialization file used
`to store the hardware configuration information necessary
`to run the Windows operating environment. The sys-
`temini file was replaced by the registry database in Win-
`dows 9x and in Windows NT. See also ini file.
`
`system life cycle It. An information system’s useful life.
`At the end of a system’s life cycle it is not feasible to
`repair or expand it, so it must be replaced.
`
`system memory 72. See memory.
`
`System Object Model n. See SOM (definition 1).
`
`system on a chip It. See SOC.
`
`system operator It. See sysop.
`
`system prompt 72. See prompt (definition 1).
`
`system recovery 71. Processing that takes place after a
`system failure in order to restore a system to normal oper—
`ation. System recovery takes place after the operating sys-
`tem is initiated. It sometimes requires that tasks in process
`during the failure be backed out of and that structures in
`memory during the failure be reconstructed.
`
`System Registry 11. See registry.
`
`system replacement It. See replacement strategy.
`
`System Request key 11. See Sys Req key.
`
`
`
`Sys Req key a. Short for System Request key. A key on
`some IBM and compatible keyboards that is intended to
`provide the same function as the Sys Req key on an IBM
`mainframe computer terminal: to reset the keyboard or to
`change from one session to another.
`
`system )1. Any collection of component elements that
`work together to perform a task. Examples are a hardware
`system consisting of a microprocessor, its allied chips and
`circuitry, input and output devices, and peripheral devices;
`an operating system consisting of a set of programs and
`data files; or a database management system used to pro
`cess specific kinds of information.
`
`system administrator n. The person responsible for
`administering use of a multiuser computer system, com—
`munications system, or both. A system administrator per»
`forms such duties as assigning user accounts and
`passwords, establishing security access levels, allocating
`storage space, and watching for unauthorized access to
`prevent virus or Trojan horse programs from entering the
`system. Also called: sysadmin. See also superuser, Trojan
`horse, virus. Compare sysop.
`
`system area network a. See storage area network.
`
`system board 71. See motherboard.
`
`system clock a. See clock (definition 1).
`
`system console n. The control center of a computer sys—
`tem, primarily with reference to mainframe and minicom~
`puters. In networked or distributed systems, one
`workstation is designated as the system administrator’s;
`this workstation is analogous to the LAN system console.
`See also console, LAN.
`
`system conversion 12. Changing from one operating sys—
`tem to another—for example, from Windows 98 to Win-
`dows 2000, UNIX, or OS/Z.
`‘
`
`system development 11. The process of defining, design-
`ing, testing, and implementing a new system.
`
`system disk It. A disk that contains an operating system
`and can be used to boot a computer. Also called: startup
`disk. See also bootz, operating system.
`
`system error a. A softWare condition that renders the
`operating system incapable of continuing to function nor—
`mally. This type of error usually requires rebooting the
`system.
`
`system failure n. The inability of a computer to con—
`tinue functioning, usually caused by software rather than
`hardware.
`
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`EX. 1103 - Page 5
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`APPLE INC.
`Ex. 1103 - Page 5
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