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`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`_________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`_________________
`
`TWITTER, INC.
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`YOUTOO TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
`Patent Owner
`_________________
`
`U.S. Patent No. 8,601,506
`Issued: Dec. 3, 2013
`Application No.: 13/571,476
`Filed: Aug. 10, 2012
`Title: Content Creation and Distribution System
`_________________
`
`DECLARATION OF HENRY HOUH
`
`
`
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`_________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`_________________
`
`TWITTER, INC.
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`YOUTOO TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
`Patent Owner
`_________________
`
`U.S. Patent No. 8,601,506
`Issued: Dec. 3, 2013
`Application No.: 13/571,476
`Filed: Aug. 10, 2012
`Title: Content Creation and Distribution System
`_________________
`
`DECLARATION OF HENRY HOUH
`
`
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`Page(s)
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`I.
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`INTRODUCTION AND ENGAGEMENT .................................................... 4
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`II.
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`BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS ................................................. 4
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`III. MATERIALS CONSIDERED AND
`INFORMATION RELIED UPON REGARDING ’506 PATENT ...............10
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`IV. UNDERSTANDING OF PATENT LAW ....................................................12
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`V. OVERVIEW OF THE ’506 PATENT ..........................................................15
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`VI. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN
`THE PERTINENT ART FOR THE ‘506 PATENT .....................................16
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`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION: BROADEST REASONABLE
`INTERPRETATION OF TERMS IN THE ’506 PATENT ..........................18
`
`A.
`
`“Predetermined constraints” ................................................................19
`
`B.
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`“Video length defined by the instructions, with the
`video length predefined at the server system in accordance
`with a time slot in a linear television programming broadcast” .........21
`
`C.
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`“Transcoding” .....................................................................................22
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`D.
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`“Buffered on the client computing device using scripts” (cl. 5) .........23
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`VIII. DETAILED ANALYSIS AND OPINION ...................................................24
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`A. Ground 1: Lahti Combined with Conway and Novak ........................25
`
`1.
`
`The Prior Art References ..........................................................25
`
`a)
`
`b)
`
`c)
`
`Background on Lahti ......................................................25
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`Background on Conway .................................................27
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`Background on Novak ....................................................30
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`DECLARATION OF HENRY HOUH
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`2.
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`Rationale and Motivation to
`Combine Lahti, Conway and Novak .........................................32
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`3.
`
`Analysis .....................................................................................41
`
`B. Ground 2: Lahti Combined with
`Novak and the Current TV References. ............................................144
`
`1.
`
`Overview of the Prior Art .......................................................144
`
`a)
`
`b)
`
`c)
`
`Lahti ..............................................................................144
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`Novak ............................................................................144
`
`The Current TV References ..........................................145
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`2.
`
`Rationale and Motivation to
`Combine Lahti, Novak and Current TV .................................145
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`3.
`
`Analysis ...................................................................................154
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`
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`DECLARATION OF HENRY HOUH
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`I, Henry Houh, do hereby declare as follows:
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION AND ENGAGEMENT
`
`1.
`
`I have been retained as an independent expert on behalf of Twitter,
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`Inc. in connection with the above-captioned Petition for Inter Partes Review
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`(“IPR”) to provide my analyses and opinions on certain technical issues related to
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`U.S. Patent No. 8,601,506 (hereinafter “the ’506 Patent”).
`
`2.
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`I am being compensated at my usual and customary rate for the time I
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`spent in connection with this IPR. My compensation is not affected by the
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`outcome of this IPR.
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`3.
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`Specifically, I have been asked to provide my opinions regarding
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`whether claims 1, 4-8, 11-15, 23-26, 29, and 30 (each a “Challenged Claim” and
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`collectively the “Challenged Claims”) of the ’506 Patent would have been obvious
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`to a person having ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) as of January 25, 2011. It
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`is my opinion that each Challenged Claim would have been obvious to a POSITA
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`after reviewing the prior art discussed herein.
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`II. BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS
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`4.
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`I am an expert in the fields of distributed multimedia systems,
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`network architecture, networking, web site architecture, and Internet applications.
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`In formulating my opinions, I have relied upon my training, knowledge, and
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`experience in the relevant art. A copy of my curriculum vitae is appended to this
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`declaration as Appendix A and provides a description of my professional
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`experience, including my academic and employment history, publications,
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`conference participation, awards and honors, and more. The following is a brief
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`summary of my relevant qualifications and professional experience.
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`5.
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`I received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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`from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1998. I also received a Master
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`of Science degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1991, a
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`Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in
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`1989, and a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics in 1990.
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`6.
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`I am currently self-employed as an independent technical consultant. I
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`am also president of a company that provides supplemental science, technology,
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`engineering, and science education to children of all ages.
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`7.
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`I first worked in the area of digital and streaming media, including
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`real-time streamed audio and video, as part of my doctoral research at MIT from
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`1991-1998. During that time, I was a research assistant in the Telemedia Network
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`Systems (TNS) group at the Laboratory for Computer Science. The TNS group
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`built a high-speed gigabit network and created applications that ran over the
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`network. Example applications included ones for remote video capture,
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`processing, and display of video on computer terminals. In addition to working on
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`the design of core network components, designing and building the high speed
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`links, and designing and writing the device drivers for the interface cards, I also set
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`up the group’s web server.
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`8.
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`The TNS group was the first group to initiate a remote video display
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`over the web. Vice-President Al Gore visited our group in 1996 and received a
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`demonstration of – and remotely drove – a radio controlled toy car with a wireless
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`video camera mounted on it; the video was encoded by TNS-designed hardware,
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`streamed over the TNS-designed network and displayed using TNS-designed
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`software.
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`9.
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`I submitted and defended my Ph.D. thesis titled, “Designing Networks
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`for Tomorrow’s Traffic,” in January 1998. As part of my thesis research, I
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`analyzed local-area and wide-area flows to show a more efficient method for
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`routing packets in a network, based on traffic patterns at the time. My thesis also
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`addressed real-time streamed audio and video.
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`10.
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`I authored or co-authored twelve papers and conference presentations
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`on our group’s research. I also co-edited the final report of the gigabit networking
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`research effort with the Professor (David Tennenhouse) and Senior Research
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`Scientist of the group (David Clark), who is generally considered to be one of the
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`fathers of the Internet Protocol.
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`11.
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`I started building web servers in 1993, having set up the web server
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`for the MIT Telemedia, Networks, and Systems Group, to which I belonged. It
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`was one of the first several hundred web servers in existence, and went on to
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`provide what was likely one of the first live Internet video sessions initiated from a
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`web site. I co-authored papers on our web server video system and on database-
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`backed web sites for which I attended the first World Wide Web conference to
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`present.
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`12. From 1997 to 1999, I was a Senior Scientist and Engineer at NBX
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`Corporation, a start-up that made business telephone systems that streamed
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`packetized audio over data networks instead of using traditional phone lines. NBX
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`was later acquired by 3Com Corporation, and the phone system is still available
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`and being used at tens of thousands of businesses or more. As part of my work at
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`NBX, I designed the core audio reconstruction algorithms for the telephones, as
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`well as the packet transmission algorithms. I also designed and validated the core
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`packet transport protocol used by the phone system. The protocol is used millions
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`of times daily currently. Two of the company founders and I received US Patent
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`No. 6,967,963 titled “Telecommunication method for ensuring on-time delivery of
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`packets containing time sensitive data,” as a result of part of this work.
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`13. Starting in 2001, I was the architect for the next generation of web
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`testing product by Empirix known as e-Test Suite. e-Test Suite is now owned by
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`Oracle Corporation. e-Test provided functional and load testing for web sites. e-
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`Test emulated a user’s interaction with a web site and provided web developers
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`with a method of creating various scripts and providing both functional testing
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`(e.g., did the web site provide the correct response) and load testing (e.g., could the
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`web site handle 5000 users on its web site simultaneously). Among Empirix’s
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`customers was H&R Block, who used e-Test Suite to test the tax filing
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`functionality of their web site as whether the web site could handle a large
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`expected load prior to the filing deadline.
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`14. At Empirix, I also conceived, secured internal funding for, and
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`managed the engineering for a new data platform test product known as the
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`PacketSphere. The first capability the PacketSphere provided was to emulate a
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`network so that lab testing could be done under conditions that mimicked the
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`Internet, including configurable latency and packet loss. Later, PacketSphere
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`provided the capability to generate large numbers of Voice-over-IP streams as well
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`as measure the quality of the connection of VoIP streams. As part of my work, I
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`continued to study the development of the Voice-over-IP market and worked with
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`a number of Empirix customers to understand their market and product testing
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`needs. Sonus Networks, a leading manufacturer of Voice-over-IP equipment, was
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`a long-time customer of Empirix and one of the first customers of the
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`PacketSphere product.
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`15. Around 2006, at BBN, I helped create a search engine for audio and
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`video which could be searched based on spoken word content. Our system used
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`speech recognition and natural language processing to create a search index of
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`audio and video files posted publicly on the Internet. During the search process,
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`audio and video with matching spoken words could be streamed to users through
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`our web site. As the Vice President of Operations and Technology, I architected
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`and helped build-out the back end of the system, which supported speech
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`recognition, search indexing, and providing the capability for hosted audio and
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`video streaming in search results. Today, at RAMP Inc., the project has grown to a
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`product that is used by media outlets such as ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, and Reuters.
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`In addition, during this time at BBN, I continued to be engaged with Voice-over-IP
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`related projects through the time I left BBN.
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`16. Around 2008-2009, I was Chief Technology Officer at Eons, a
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`venture backed company founded by Jeff Taylor, who also founded the hiring web
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`site Monster.com. Eons built a social networking site.
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`17.
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`I have also continued to develop web sites for various business
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`projects, as well as setting up web sites on a volunteer basis for various groups that
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`I am associated with.
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`18.
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`I am the author of several publications devoted to a wide variety of
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`technologies in the fields of electrical engineering and computer science. These
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`publications are listed on my CV.
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`19.
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`In summary, I have extensive familiarity with systems, networks,
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`architectures, and methods related to traditional circuit-switched
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`telecommunications, packet-based telecommunications, and systems that merged
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`the two technologies, and I am familiar with what the states of these technologies
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`were at the relevant time of the ’506 Patent invention and before.
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`III. MATERIALS CONSIDERED AND
`INFORMATION RELIED UPON REGARDING ’506 PATENT
`
`20.
`
`In preparing this declaration, I have reviewed the following materials
`
`bearing Exhibit Nos. that I understand are being referenced in the IPR to which my
`
`declaration accompanies:
`
`No.
`
`1001
`
`1002
`
`1004
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`1006
`
`1007
`
`1008
`
`1009
`
`1010
`
`1011
`
`1014
`
`Description
`
`U.S. Patent No. 8,601,506 (“the ’506 Patent”)
`
`File History of U.S. Patent No. 8,601,506
`
`C.V. of Henry Houh
`
`“A Mobile Phone-based Context-aware Video Management
`Application,” Janne Lahti, et al., MULTIMEDIA ON MOBILE
`DEVICES II, PROC. OF SPIE-IS&T ELECTRONIC IMAGING, SPIE
`VOL. 6074, 60740O, 2006 (“Lahti”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0157697, titled
`“Systems And Methods For Creating Variable Length Clips From
`A Media Stream” to Conway et al. (“Conway”)
`
`U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0104099, titled
`“System And Method To Provide Media Programs For Synthetic
`Channels” to Novak (“Novak”)
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`Current TV “create & upload: mobile” webpage
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`Current TV “Submission Guidelines” webpage
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`Current TV “FAQ” webpage
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`Excerpts of Dictionary of Computing and Digital Media
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`1015
`
`Excerpts from Patent Owner’s Infringement Contentions
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`21.
`
`I understand that the ’506 Patent issued on December 3, 2013, from
`
`U.S. Patent Appln. No. 13/571,476, filed on August 10, 2012, which is a
`
`continuation of Appln. No. 13/185,471, filed on July 18, 2011, which is a
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`continuation-in-part of Appln. No. 13/013,775, filed on January 25, 2011.
`
`22.
`
`In forming the opinions expressed herein, I relied upon my education
`
`and experience in the relevant field of art, and have considered the viewpoint of a
`
`POSITA, as of January 25, 2011. I have also considered:
`
`a)
`
`the documents listed above,
`
`b)
`
`any additional documents and references cited in the analysis
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`below,
`
`c)
`
`the relevant legal standards, including the standard for
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`obviousness, and
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`d) my knowledge and experience based upon my work in this area
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`as described below.
`
`23.
`
`I understand that patent claims in an IPR are given their broadest
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`reasonable interpretation in view of the patent specification and the understandings
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`of a POSITA. I further understand that this is not the same claim construction
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`standard as one would use in a District Court proceeding.
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`IV. UNDERSTANDING OF PATENT LAW
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`24.
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`I am not an attorney. For the purposes of this declaration, I have been
`
`informed about certain aspects of the law that are relevant to my opinions. My
`
`understanding of the law was provided to me by Petitioner’s attorneys.
`
`25.
`
`I understand that prior art to the ’506 Patent includes patents and
`
`printed publications in the relevant art that predate the priority date of the ’506
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`Patent. For purposes of this Declaration, I have applied the date of January 25,
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`2011, the filing date of a parent application of which the application leading to the
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`’506 Patent was a continuation-in-part, as the priority date.
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`26.
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`I understand that a claim is invalid if it would have been obvious.
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`Obviousness of a claim requires that the claim would have been obvious from the
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`perspective of a POSITA at the time the alleged invention was made. I understand
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`that a claim could have been obvious from a single prior art reference or from a
`
`combination of two or more prior art references.
`
`27.
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`I understand that an obviousness analysis requires an understanding of
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`the scope and content of the prior art, any differences between the alleged
`
`invention and the prior art, and the level of ordinary skill in evaluating the
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`pertinent art.
`
`28.
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`I further understand that a claim would have been obvious if it unites
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`old elements with no change to their respective functions, or alters prior art by
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`mere substitution of one element for another known in the field and that
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`combination yields predictable results. While it may be helpful to identify a reason
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`for this combination, I understand that there is no rigid requirement of finding an
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`express teaching, suggestion, or motivation to combine within the references.
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`When a product is available, design incentives and other market forces can prompt
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`variations of it, either in the same field or different one. If a POSITA can
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`implement a predictable variation, obviousness likely bars its patentability. For the
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`same reason, if a technique has been used to improve one device and a POSITA
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`would recognize that it would improve similar devices in the same way, using the
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`technique would have been obvious. I understand that a claim would have been
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`obvious if common sense directs one to combine multiple prior art references or
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`add missing features to reproduce the alleged invention recited in the claims.
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`29.
`
`I further understand that certain factors may support or rebut the
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`obviousness of a claim. I understand that such secondary considerations include,
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`among other things, commercial success of the patented invention, skepticism of
`
`those having ordinary skill in the art at the time of invention, unexpected results of
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`the invention, any long-felt but unsolved need in the art that was satisfied by the
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`alleged invention, the failure of others to make the alleged invention, praise of the
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`alleged invention by those having ordinary skill in the art, and copying of the
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`alleged invention by others in the field. I understand that there must be a nexus—a
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`connection—between any such secondary considerations and the alleged invention.
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`I also understand that contemporaneous and independent invention by others is a
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`secondary consideration tending to show obviousness.
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`30.
`
`I am not aware of any allegations by the named inventors of the ’506
`
`Patent or any assignee of the ’506 Patent that any secondary considerations tend to
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`rebut the obviousness of any Challenged Claim of the ’506 Patent.
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`31.
`
`I understand that in considering obviousness, it is important not to
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`determine obviousness using the benefit of hindsight derived from the patent being
`
`considered.
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`32.
`
`I understand that other challenges to the validity of a patent, including
`
`patent ineligibility, enablement, written description, and definiteness, cannot be
`
`raised in inter partes review proceedings before the Board to challenge the validity
`
`of the ’506 Patent. Accordingly, I did not consider those other challenges.
`
`33.
`
`I understand that Petitioner has the burden of proving unpatentability
`
`by a preponderance of evidence, which means that the claims are more likely than
`
`not invalid.
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`34. The analysis in this declaration is in accordance with the above-stated
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`legal principles.
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`V. OVERVIEW OF THE ’506 PATENT
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`35. The ’506 Patent is titled “Content Creation And Distribution System.”
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`The ’506 Patent is directed at creating and sharing content over the internet. For
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`example, the patent admits that by the time the application was filed, it had
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`“become relatively easy for individuals and groups of individuals to take digital
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`photographs and to record video, and to distribute this content to others over the
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`Internet or other data networks.” (Ex. 1001, 1:22-25.) “Still and video cameras,
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`which are now common features on mobile phones, can be used to take
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`photographs and to record videos that are immediately available for sharing with
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`others through a multi-media messaging service or email, video file sharing sites,
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`social network and similar services on the Internet that publish (to selected
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`individuals or groups, or to everyone) or otherwise make available the photographs
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`and video over the Internet.” (Ex. 1001, 1:26-33.) Individuals “distribute their
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`photos and videos by uploading them to web-based services that publish them for
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`friends, family, social or business contacts or anyone with access to the Internet to
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`view. When user-generated content is uploaded or shared for a specific purpose,
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`such as for example, in response to a widely disseminated request for a certain type
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`of content, it may be referred to as crowd-sourced content.” (Ex. 1001, 1:36-43.)
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`36. The patent goes on to explain that “[i]nexpensive computer
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`application programs allow individuals to edit photographs, videos and other
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`graphics into a single work with nearly professional results, and to render the
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`resulting work or ‘content’ in standard formats for playback on a wide range of
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`devices. Services for sharing user-generated video, photographs, and music
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`abound on the Internet. For example, a number of video sharing sites allow people
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`to upload, encode and share videos on the web.” (Ex. 1001, 1:45-53.)
`
`37. As of the ’506 Patent’s 2011 priority date, the Internet and the World
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`Wide Web were well-developed and highly commercialized, with a variety of
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`video services available to users worldwide. YouTube, as one example, was
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`considered a popular website for sharing user-generated videos. YouTube allowed
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`users to upload their videos for other users to view, comment on, and rate.
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`VI. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN
`THE PERTINENT ART FOR THE ‘506 PATENT
`
`38.
`
`I understand that the level of ordinary skill may be reflected by the
`
`prior art of record, and that a POSITA to which the claimed subject matter pertains
`
`would have the capability of understanding the scientific and engineering
`
`principles applicable to the pertinent art. I understand that one of ordinary skill in
`
`the art has ordinary creativity, and is not a robot.
`
`39.
`
`I understand there are multiple factors relevant to determining the
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`level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, including (1) the levels of education and
`
`experience of persons working in the field at the time of the invention; (2) the
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`sophistication of the technology; (3) the types of problems encountered in the field;
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`and (4) the prior art solutions to those problems. There are likely a wide range of
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`educational backgrounds in the technology fields pertinent to the ’506 Patent. The
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`concepts disclosed in the ’506 Patent are relatively simple and would have been
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`covered by an undergraduate-level course on network architecture, website design,
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`and/or Internet application design.
`
`40.
`
`I am very familiar with the knowledge and capabilities that a person
`
`of ordinary skill in the art of content creation and distribution, such as capturing
`
`and transcoding video data, and distributing the content to others via the Internet.
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`Specifically, my experience prior to the relevant timeframe allowed me to become
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`personally familiar with the knowledge and capabilities of a person of ordinary
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`skill in the area of Internet applications involving various aspects of creating and
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`sharing multimedia, such as video data. Unless otherwise stated, my testimony
`
`below refers to the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in this art as of January
`
`2011.
`
`41.
`
`In my opinion, a person of ordinary skill in the art needed to have the
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`capability of understanding the creation of various types of multimedia
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`applications, network architecture, and associated distribution methods disclosed in
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`the ’506 Patent, and would possess (i) a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science,
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`Electrical and/or Computer Engineering, or equivalent training, and (ii)
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`approximately two years of experience in network architecture and multimedia
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`systems, including creating and distributing multimedia. Lack of work experience
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`can be remedied by additional education, and vice versa. Such academic and
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`industry experience would be necessary to appreciate what was obvious and/or
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`anticipated in the industry and what a person of ordinary skill in the art would have
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`thought and understood at the time.
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`42. For purposes of this Declaration, in general, and unless otherwise
`
`noted, my testimony below refers to the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the
`
`art during the time period around the earliest claimed priority date of the ’506
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`Patent. I would have been a person with at least ordinary skill in the art at that
`
`time.
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`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION:
`BROADEST REASONABLE
`INTERPRETATION OF TERMS IN THE ’506 PATENT
`
`43.
`
`It is my understanding that in order to properly evaluate the ’506
`
`Patent, the terms of the claims must first be interpreted. It is my understanding that
`
`the claims are to be given their broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the
`
`specification.
`
`44.
`
`In order to construe the claims, I have reviewed the entirety of the
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`’506 Patent along with the prosecution history of the ’506 Patent (Ex. 1002).
`
`Consistent with the ’506 Patent disclosure, I have given the terms in the
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`Challenged Claims the broadest reasonable interpretation, as understood by one of
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`ordinary skill in the art. The interpretations I used, as well as the reasons for using
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`such interpretations, are set forth below.
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`A.
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`“Predetermined constraints”
`
`45. The ’506 Patent specification does not provide an explicit definition
`
`for “predetermined constraints.” However, it does provide several examples of
`
`“predetermined constraints”:
`
`Video content is captured on a user device and formatted
`
`according to predetermined constraints using a web application
`
`or an installed application. The video content, for example, can
`
`be requested for inclusion in a television program. By formatting
`
`the video content according to predetermined constraints, the
`
`video content can be transcoded into a format appropriate for
`
`inclusion in a linear television programming schedule using an
`
`automated
`
`transcoding workflow corresponding
`
`to
`
`the
`
`predetermined format to ensure that the transcoded video file
`
`complies with requirements of a particular television broadcaster
`
`or television uplink facility. (Ex. 1001, 9:17-28.)
`
`When the content creation sub-system is implemented as a thin
`
`client application or a specialized application installed on a user
`
`device, the application can enforce predetermined constraints on
`
`the captured video. Such constraints can help ensure that the
`
`video is in condition to be rapidly transcoded for insertion into a
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`linear programming time slot. …
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`By ensuring that the crowd-sourced video or other user-
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`generated content complies with predetermined parameters
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`through the application of the content creation sub-system, it is
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`possible to transcode the video or other content and perform a
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`review and/or selection so that the video or other content can be
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`inserted within the same television show in which the request to
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`submit the video or other content is made. …
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`The client application (i.e., either thin client application or
`
`installed application) can also enforce restrictions on the length
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`of a video that is captured for submission. For example, if a video
`
`is generated in response to a specific request for video or other
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`content submissions, users may be directed to a particular web
`
`page associated with the request. By accessing the thin client
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`through that web page and/or by delivering parameters to a
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`locally installed application on the user device, a video length
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`restriction can be enforced (i.e., the user can be prevented from
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`capturing or submitting videos that do not comply with the length
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`restrictions). In some implementations, the content creation sub-
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`system can allow recordings of various durations suitable for
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`including in time slots of linear programming (e.g., 15 seconds,
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`30 seconds, etc.). For example, an affinity group may not have
`
`its own television program affiliated with its own private-label
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`social media website. In such an instance, members of the
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`affinity group may not have the option to record a 15-second
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`“famespot” for inclusion in that affinity group's television
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`program. They may, however, be given rights to record and
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`submit a 30-second “peoplemercial” that may be viewed on
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`various programs within a television programming lineup. Other
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`predetermined lengths may also be used. By enforcing length
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`restrictions, the need to edit the video can be avoided, which can
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`also expedite the process of inserting video into a linear
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`programming sequence. Users may also be allowed to submit a
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`video file of unspecified length for inclusion on an Internet video
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`blog or as part of a linear program, otherwise known as a “social
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`clip.” (Id. at 10:61-11:53.)
`
`46.
`
`In view of the specification, “predetermined constraints” means
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`“parameters, rules, or restrictions that ensure compliance or compatibility
`
`with system requirements or goals, including but not limited to video length,
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`video format type, video image resolution, video frame rate, or video
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`transmission bit rate, etc.”
`
`B.
`
`“Video length defined by the instructions, with the
`video length predefined at the server system in accordance
`with a time slot in a linear television programming broadcast”
`
`47. As discussed above, the ’506 Patent specification provides that video
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`length is an example of a “predetermined constraint” such that the recording is
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`“suitable for including in time slots of linear programming (e.g., 15 seconds or 30
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`seconds, etc.).” (Ex. 1001, 11:35-39.) The specification also explains that
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`“traditional television programming for a television network is linear.” (Id., 2:12-
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`21.) The ’506 Patent describes using “a set top box . . . that receives” traditional
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`television programming signals and “play[s them] on a television or monitor.”
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`(Ex. 1001, 17:31-33.)
`
`48.
`
`In view of the specification, this limitation “video length defined by
`
`the instructions, with the video length predefined at the server system in
`
`accordance with a time slot in a linear television programming broadcast” means
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`“computer instructions provided by a server computing device that identify a
`
`video length suitable for including video in a traditional television program or
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`broadcast.”
`
`C.
`
`“Transcoding”
`
`49. The ’506 Patent uses “transcoding” in its ordinarily understood sense,
`
`namely converting from one video format to another. This is consistent with
`
`standard computer reference texts such as THE DICTIONARY OF COMPUTING &
`
`DIGITAL MEDIA, which defines “transcoding” as “[t]o convert from one video
`
`format to another, as opposed to encoding, which refers to the original capture or
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`digitization of images.” (Ex. 1014, p. 4).
`
`50. This definition is also consistent with how the ’506 Patent uses the
`
`term. For example, the ’506 Patent provides:
`
`The content distribution sub-system 116 can include encoders
`
`(e.g., for encoding raw data or other uncompressed video format
`
`data into a compressed video format) and/or transcoders (e.g., for
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`transcoding one compressed video format
`
`into another
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`compressed video format) 118, storage servers 114 (e.g.,
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`computer-readable memory) and a review and authorization
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`interface 134. (Ex. 1001, 10:19-25.)
`
`51.
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`In view of the specification and the plain and ordinary meaning of the
`
`term, this limitation “transcoding” means “converting from one video format to
`
`another.”
`
`D.
`
`“Buffered on the client
`computing device using scripts” (cl. 5)
`
`52. The ’506 Patent specification uses the phrase “buffered on the client
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`computing device using scripts” in its ordinary sense. Although it does not define
`
`“buffered,” the specification does expressly explain what it means by scripts: “A
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`computer program (also known as a program, software, software application,
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`script, or code) can be writte
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