THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF
`
`
`
`Second Edition
`
`Edited by D. W. A. S HA RP, M.A., PH.D.,
`
`C.CHEM., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.E.
`
`PENGUIN BOOKS
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`PENGUIN BOOKS
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`Published by the Penguin Group
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`Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, 182—190 Wuirau Road, Auckland [0, New Zealand
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`Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Ha-tmiondsworth. Middlesex, England
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`An abridged edition 01' Mini! '5 Dictionary of Chemistry 5if: Edition,
`edited by Professor D. W'. A. Sharp, first published by Longrnan Group Ltd, 198!
`First published in Great Britain by Penguin Books 1983
`Second edition 1990
`1 3 5 7 9 l0 8 6 4 2
`
`Fil‘th Edition of .-l'ft'(u’f's Dictionary of Chemistry copyright (if) Longrntm Group Ltd, 1981
`This adaptation copyright {1;} Penguin Books Ltd, 1983, I990
`
`All rights reserved
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`i1
`
`Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc
`Set in Monophoto Times
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`this book is Sold subject to the condition
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`133
`
`1,2-dihydroxyhenzene
`
`agent. Used in preparations for application to
`the skin to simulate a sun—tan.
`
`1,2-diiiydroxyhenzene, catechol, pyrocatechol,
`Calla-03. Colourless crystals; mp. 105”C,
`hp. 240T. Strong reducing agent.
`Obtained by fusing 2-ben2enedisulphonic
`acid with NaOH. It is used as a photographic
`developer, for preparation of dyes and phar-
`maceuticals, and as an antioxidant.
`
`1,3-dihydrox ybenzene
`
`See resorcinol.
`
`1,4-dihytlroxyheneene
`
`See hydroquinone.
`
`dihydroxyhutanes
`
`See butylene glycols.
`
`2,2'-dihydroxydiethyl ether See diethylene-
`glycol.
`
`1,2-tlihydroxyethane, ethylene glycol,
`HOCHyL‘rleH. Colourless,
`odourlcss,
`rather viscous hygroscopic liquid having a
`sweet taste, b.p. 197°C. Manufactured from
`ethylene chlorohydrin and NaHCOa solution,
`or by the hydration of ethylene oxide with
`dilute sulphuric acid or water under pressure
`at 195°C. Used in anti-freezes and coolants for
`
`engines (50 “/u) and in manufacture ofpolyester
`fibres (eg. Terylene) and in the manufacture
`of various esters used as plasticizers. US pro-
`duction 1986 2‘16 megatonnes. See ethylene~
`glycol monomethyl ether.
`
`dihydroxymalonic acid See mesoxalic acid.
`
`3,4-diilydroxyphenylalanine, Dopa,
`CQHHN04. Mp 282°C (decomp.). The
`naturally occurring substance is laevorotatory.
`It is an amino-acid isolated from various plant
`sources, but not found in the animal body. It
`is formed from tyrosine as the first stage in the
`oxidation of tyrosine to melanin. It is used in
`the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
`
`1,2-dihyrlmxypropane, propylene glycol,
`CHa-CHOH-CHEOH. A colourless, almost
`odourless liquid. It has a sweet taste, but is
`more acrid than ethylene glycol; b.p. 18?°C.
`Manufactured by heating propylene chlorohy-
`drin with a solution of Nal—ICO3 under pres-
`sure. It closely resembles dihydroxyethane in
`its properties, but is less toxic. Forms mono-
`and di—esters and ethers. Used as an anti-freeze
`
`and in the preparation of perfumes and
`flavouring extracts,
`as
`a
`solvent and in
`mould growth inhibition. US production
`1986 2?5 000 tonnes.
`
`diimide, diimine, HN=NH. A reagent gen—
`erated in site by oxidation (CuH/air, H203,
`HgO) of hydrazine, for the reduction of sym-
`metrical multiple bonds (C=C, CEC, Ne N)
`by stereospecifie ctr-addition of hydrogen.
`
`Polar double bonds (C=C, CEN, N02) are
`reduced less easily. In the absence of a sub—
`strate
`for
`reduction
`diimide
`dispropor-
`tionates to nitrogen and hydrazine.
`
`3,5—diiodotyrosine, iodogorgie acid,
`CQHQIENOT Pale,
`straw-coloured needles,
`m.p. 198°C. Found in certain marine organ-
`isms, sueh as corals and sponges, and in the
`thyroid gland.
`
`isovalerone, 2,6-dimethyl-
`
`diisobutyl ketone,
`4-heptanone,
`(CH3)2CHCH 2COCIJIEC‘I-lt’Cl‘ly):.
`Obtained by reduction oi‘phorone, b.p. 169“C.
`Very good solvent for aldehyde resins.
`
`toluene-2,4-diisocy-
`2,4-diisocyanatotoluene,
`anate,
`2,4-toiylenediisoeyanate,
`T.D.I.,
`Naccolmtc 100 A lachrymatory liquid; b.p.
`251”C. Manufactured from phosgene-and 2,4-
`diaminotoluene. Used for preparing poly-
`urethane foams and other elastomers by reac-
`tion with poiyhydroxy compounds. Produces
`skin irritation and causes allergic eczema and
`bronchiai asthma.
`
`diisopmpyl ether Sec isopropyl ether.
`
`diisopropylideneacetone
`
`See phorone.
`
`diketen, C4H401. A
`
`colourless
`
`highly
`
`HZC
`
`O
`
`O
`
`lachryinatory liquid; b.p. 127°C, mp. “66°C.
`Manufactured from propanone via keten. It
`reacts with alcohols and amines to give aceto~
`acetic esters and amides respectively.
`
`containing
`compounds
`diketones Organic
`two keto (> C: 0) groups. They are classified
`according to the number of carbon atoms
`separating the two keto groups. at- or 1,2-
`diketones are formed from their mono-oximes,
`
`the isonitrosol:etones, by boiling with dilute
`sulphuric acid. The aliphatic a-diketones are
`yellow oils with pungent odours, while the
`aromatic diketones are crystalline solids. They
`react
`characteristically with
`2—phenylene-
`diamines
`to give quinoxalines;
`they form
`mono- and di-oitirnes with hydroxylamine and
`osazones with hydrazines. B- or 1,3-diketones
`R-CO-CHl-CO-R are obtained by the reaction
`between an ester and a ketone in the presence
`of metallic sodium or sodamide. They show
`acidic properties and form metallic derivatives,
`many of which are insoluble in water but sol-
`uble in organic solvents. These diketones can
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