THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF
`
`
`
`Second Edition
`
`Edited by D. W. A. SHARP, M.A., PH.D.,
`
`C.CHEM., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.E.
`
`PENGUIN BOOKS
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`PENGUIN BOOKS
`
`Published by the Penguin Group
`Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England
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`Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`
`An abridged edition of Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry 5th Edition,
`edited by Professor D. W. A. Sharp, first published by Longman GroupLtd, 1981
`First published in Great Britain by Penguin Books 1983
`Second edition 1990
`13579108642
`
`Fifth Edition of Miall’s Dictionary of Chemistry copyright © Longman Group Ltd, 1981
`This adaptation copyright © Penguin Books Ltd, 1983, 1990
`All rights reserved
`
`Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives ple
`Set in Monophoto Times
`
`Except in the United States of America,
`this book is sold subject to the condition
`that it shall not, by way oftrade or otherwise,
`be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated
`without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of
`binding or cover other than that in whichit is
`published and without a similar condition
`including this condition being imposed
`on the subsequent purchaser
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`138
`
`1,2-dikydroxybenzene
`
`agent. Used in preparations for application to
`the skin to simulate a sun-tan.
`.
`
`1,2-dihydroxybenzene, catechol, pyrocaiechol,
`C,H,;0,. Colourless crystals; m.p. 105°C,
`b.p. 240°C. Strong reducing agent.
`Obtained by fusing 2-benzenedisulphonic
`acid with NaOH. It is used as a photographic
`developer, for preparation of dyes and phar-
`maceuticals, and as an antioxidant.
`
`1,3-dihydrexybenzene
`
`See resorcinol.
`
`See hydroquinone.
`1,4-dihydroxybenzene
`dihydroxybutanes
`See butylene glycols.
`
`2,2'-dihydroxydiethyl ether See diethylene-
`glycol.
`
`Polar double bonds (C=O, C=N, NO,) are
`reduced less easily. In the absence of a sub-
`strate
`for
`reduction
`diimide
`dispropor-
`tionates to nitrogen and hydrazine.
`
`3,5-diiodotyrosine, iodogorgic acid,
`C,HoI,NO;. Pale,
`straw-coloured needles,
`m.p. 198°C. Found in certain marine organ-
`isms, such as corals and sponges, and in the
`thyroid gland.
`
`isovalerone, 2,6-dimethyl-
`
`diisobutyl ketone,
`4-heptanone,
`(CH,),CHCH,COCH,CH(CH;),.
`Obtained by reduction of phorone, b.p. 169°C,
`Very good solvent for aldehyderesins.
`
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`
`toluene-2,4-diisocy-
`2,4-diisocyanatotoluene,
`anate,
`2,4-tolylenediisocyanate,
`T.D.L,
`Nacconate 100 A lachrymatory liquid; b-p.
`251°C. Manufactured from phosgene-and 2,4-
`diaminotoluene. Used for preparing poly-
`urethane foams and other elastomers by reac-
`tion with polyhydroxy compounds. Produces
`skin irritation and causes allergic eczema and
`bronchial asthma.
`
`diisopropyl ether See isopropyl ether.
`
`diisopropylideneacetene
`
`See phorone.
`
`Cy
`ub]
`aci
`
`tor
`of
`
`qui
`
`i1,2-dihydroxyethane, ethylene glycol,
`odourless,
`HOCH,-CH,OH. Colourless,
`rather viscous hygroscepic liquid having a
`sweet taste, b.p. 197°C. Manufactured from
`ethylene chlorohydrin and NaHCO,solution,
`or by the hydration of ethylene oxide with
`dilute sulphuric acid or water under pressure
`at 195°C. Used in anti-freezes and coolants for
`engines (50 %) and in manufacture of polyester
`fibres (e.g. Terylene) and in the manufacture
`dil:
`of various esters used as plasticizers. US pro-
`sta
`duction 1986 2:16 megatonnes. See ethylene-
`diketen, C,H,O,. A colourless—highly
`hay
`glycol monomethy] ether.
`ext
`HC
`enc
`
`dihydrexymalonic acid See mesoxalic acid.
`
`3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, Dopa,
`CoH,,NO4. M.p.
`282°C (decomp.). The
`naturally occurring substanceis laevorotatory.
`It is an amino-acid isolated from various plant
`sources, but not found in the animal body. It
`is formed from tyrosineasthefirst stage in the
`oxidation of tyrosine to melanin. It is used in
`the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
`
`1,2-dihydroxypropane, propylene glycol,
`CH,-CHOH-CH,OH. A colourless, almost
`odourless liquid. It has a sweet taste, but is
`more acrid than ethylene glycol; b.p. 187°C.
`Manufactured by heating propylene chlorohy-
`drin with a solution of NaHCO, underpres-
`sure. It closely resembles dihydroxyethane in
`ils properties, but is less toxic. Forms mono-
`and di-esters and ethers. Used as an anti-freeze
`and in the preparation of perfumes and
`flavouring extracts,
`as
`a
`solvent and in
`mould growth inhibition. US production
`1986 275000 tonnes.
`
`diimide, diimine, HN=NH. A reagent gen-
`erated in situ by oxidation (Cu?+/air, H,O;,
`He)of hydrazine, for the reduction of sym-
`metrical multiple bonds (C=C, C=C, N=N)
`by stereospecific cis-addition of hydrogen.
`
`O
`
`O
`lachrymatory liquid; b.p. 127°C, m.p. —6:5°C.
`Manufactured from propanone via keten. It
`reacts with alcohols and amines to give aceto-
`acetic esters and amides respectively.
`
`containing
`compounds
`diketones Organic
`two keto (> C=O) groups. They are classified
`according to the number of carbon atoms
`separating the two keto groups. «- or 1,2-
`diketones are formed from their mono-oximes,
`the isonitrosoketones, by boiling with dilute
`sulphuric acid. The aliphatic o-diketones are
`yellow oils with pungent odours, while the
`aromatic diketones are crystalline solids. They
`react
`characteristically with
`2-phenylene-
`diamines
`to give quinoxalines;
`they form
`mono- and di-oximes with hydroxylamine and
`osazones with hydrazines. B- or 1,3-diketones
`R-CO-CH,-CO-R are obtained by the reaction
`between anester and a ketone in the presence
`of metallic sodium or sodamide. They show
`acidic properties and form metallic derivatives,
`many of which are insoluble in water but sol-
`uble in organic solvents. These diketones can
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