old'90ZZl70Z_
`
`PROVISIONAL APPLICATION FOR PATENT COVER SHEET
`This is a request for filing a PROVISIONAL APPLICATION FOR PATENT under 37 CFR 1.53(c)
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`Exress Mail Label No.: EV600329084US
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`INVENTORS
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`Inventor Name
`
`Residence
`Cit and either State or Forein Count
`
`Brian K. Classon
`
`Palatine, Illinois, United States
`
`Additional inventors are being named on the
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`separately numbered sheet attached hereto
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`TITLE OF THE INVENTION (280 characters maximum)
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`MULTIFRAME CONCEPT FOR ENHANCED UTRA (EUTRA)
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`March 30, 2005
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0001
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`APPLE 1041
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`

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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0002
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`2
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`

`

`PROVISIONAL APPLICATION COVER SHEET
`
`Additional Page
`
`Docket Number: CML02476M
`
`INVENTOR S IAPPLICANT S
`
`Inventor Name
`
`.
`
`Residence
`Cit and either State or Forein Countr
`
`Robert T. Love
`
`Buffalo Grove, Illinois, United States
`
`Barrinton, Illinois, United States
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`Kenneth A. Stewart
`
`Gra slake, Illinois, United States
`
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`Number
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`of
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0003
`
`3
`
`

`

`Multiframe concept for Enhanced UTRA
`
`Brian Classon, Kevin Baum, Bob Love, Ken Stewart, Vij ay Nangia, Amitava Ghosh
`
`E O O u
`
`.|
`..|
`
`'5
`
`‘<7:
`?:
`E5
`|.|.l
`cn
`
`Background
`
`One of the key requirements for wireless broadband system development, such as in the
`3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE),
`is reducing latency in order to improve user
`experience. From a link layer perspective, the key contributing factor to latency is the
`round—trip delay between a packet transmission and an acknowledgment of the packet
`reception. The round—trip delay is typically defined as a number of flames, where a flame
`is the time duration upon which scheduling is performed. The round-trip delay itself
`determines the overall ARQ design,
`including design parameters such as the delay
`between a first and subsequent transmissions of a packet, or the number of hybrid ARQ
`channels (instances). A reduction in latency is therefore key in developing enhanced
`UTRA and UTRAN (also known as EUTRA and EUTRAN), with the focus on defining
`the optimum flame duration.
`
`traffic types requiring
`Unfortunately, no single frame duration is best for different
`different QoS characteristics or offering differing packet sizes. This is especially true
`when the control channel and pilot overhead in a frame is considered. For example, if the
`absolute control channel overhead is constant per user per resource allocation and a
`single user is allocated per frame, a flame duration of O.5ms would be roughly four times
`less efficient than a frame duration of 2ms. In addition, different frame durations could be
`preferred by different manufacturers or operators, making the development of an industry
`standard or compatible equipment difficult. Therefore, there is a need for an improved
`method for reducing both round—trip latency and overhead.
`
`Overview
`
`Detailed Description
`
`A Radio Frame (RAF) and subflame are defined such that the RAF is divided into a
`‘number (an integer number in the preferred embodiment) of subflames. For example, a
`lOms core RAF structure from UTRA may be defined, with Nrf subflames per radio
`frame (e.g., Nrf=2O Tsf=0.5ms subframes, where Tsfiduration of one subflame). For
`OFDM transmission, subflames comprise an integer number P of OFDM symbol
`intervals (e.g., P=1O for Tsn=50us symbols, where Tsn=duration of one OFDM symbol),
`and one or more subflame types may be defined based on guard interval or cyclic prefix
`(e.g., normal or broadcast).
`
`Within a RAF, frames are constructed flom an integer number of subflames for data
`transmission, with two or more frame durations available (e. g., a first flame duration of
`one subflame, and a second flame duration of three subflames). The different flame
`durations may be used to reduce latency and overhead based on the type of traffic served.
`The radio frame structure may additionally be used to define common control channels
`for the DL (such as broadcast charmel, paging channel, synchronization channel,
`indication channels) in a manner which is time-division multiplexed into the subflarne
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`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`sequence, which may simplify processing or increase battery life at the user equipment
`(UE). Similarly for UL, the radio flame structure may additionally be used to define
`contention charmels (e.g. RACH), control channels including pilot time multiplexed with
`the shared data channel.
`
`Radio FraIr£(10ms)
`
`.
`
`N Sub-frames
`
`‘_
`
`_..--"'i"Sub-Frame
`POFDMS mbols
`
`'
`
`SID
`
`Figure 1 — Radio frame with m=20 subframes of duration 0.5ms consisting of j=l0 symbols.
`
`Data transmission is provided by:
`
`0 Receiving data to be transmitted over a radio frame, wherein the radio frame is
`comprised of a plurality of subframes wherein the duration of a subframe is
`substantially constant and the duration of the radio frame is constant;
`
`Selecting a frame duration flom two or more frame durations, wherein the frame
`duration is substantially the subframe duration multiplied by a number;
`
`Based on the frame duration, grouping into a flame the number of subflarnes
`
`Placing the data within the subframes
`
`Transmitting the flame having the number of subframes over the radio flame.
`
`The data transmission may be a downlink transmission or an uplink transmission. The
`transmission scheme may be OFDM with or without cyclic prefix or guard interval such
`as IOTA, or single carrier with or without cyclic prefix or guard interval (e.g., IFDMA,
`DFT—Spread—OFDM), CDM, or other.
`
`The following sections provide details on:
`
`0
`
`Frame durations
`
`0 Reasons for selecting a flame duration
`
`0
`
`Subflame types
`
`Radio Frame Ancillary Function Multiplexing
`
`Framing Control
`
`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0005
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`5
`
`

`

`Resource Allocation Control
`
`Pilot Symbols
`
`Uplink and Downlink
`
`Scalable Bandwidth
`
`ARQ
`
`Frequency Selective Allocations
`
`Alternate Embodiments
`
`Miscellaneous Caveats
`
`Frame Durations
`
`There are two or more frame durations. If two frame durations are defined, they may be
`designated short and long. Fig. 2 shows a sequence of consecutive short frames (short
`frame multiplex), and Fig. 3 shows a sequence of consecutive long frames (long frame
`multiplex). Each short (long) frame is a schedulable unit composed of ns (n) subframes.
`In the example of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, a subframe is of duration O.5ms and 10 symbols,
`ns=l, n=6 (3ms), although other values may be used. As an example, a common pilot is
`time division multiplexed (TDM) onto the first symbol of each subframe, and control
`symbols are TDM onto the first symbols of each frame (other forms of multiplexing such
`as FDM, CDM, and combinations may also be used). Pilot symbols and resource
`allocation control configurations will be discussed in later sections — the intent here is to
`show that the control overhead for a long frame may be less than for a short frame.
`
`Schedulable
`
`‘.,5,,,s
`
`Short Frame Multiplex
`
`V
`. . .
`IlflllflllllflllllIflllllflllflllllfllflllllllflfiflll
`
`El Common Pilot
`3§§?§'°'
`
`Short Frame
`
`(O.5ms)
`
`Figure 2 — Short frame multiplex where each short frame is a schedulable unit.
`
`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0006
`
`6
`
`

`

`scheduIabIe\ 0_5,,,S
`Unit
`
`Long Frame Multiplex
`
`.4
`JEBUUHDU DUUUUDUUUBQUHUDSHllllllflflillfl UUDDUUUUUUDUUUHUUU
`
`D Common Pilot Symbol
`
`Long
`Control Symbol
`
`(time)
`IE Data Symbol
`
`Figure 3 — Long frame multiplex where each long frame is a schedulable unit and is composed of n=6
`subframes. Control symbols in the 1" subframe determine long frame resource allocation.
`
`A radio flame (RAF) can include short frames, long frames, or some combination of
`short and long frames. In general, a frame (e.g., short or long frame) may span may than
`one RAF. Several different long frame configurations are shown in Table 1 below for a
`lOms RAF and subflames of approximately 0.5ms, 0.55556ms, 0.625ms, and O.67ms. In
`this example, the short flame duration is one subflame, and the long flame duration is
`varied. The maximum number of long frames per RAF is shown for each configuration,
`as well as the minimum number of short flames per RAF. An optional RAF overhead (in
`subflames) is assumed (e.g., for the common control channels mentioned earlier), as will
`be discussed in the Radio Frame Overhead Multiplexing section. For simplicity and
`flexibility, it is preferred but not required that the RAF overhead be an integer number of
`subframes.
`
`Long Frame Configuration
`
`Table 1 — Exemplary long frame configurations vs. subframe duration.
`
`Fig. 4 shows examples for the third data column of the table, with 0.5ms subflames and 6
`subflames per long flame (3ms).
`In the figure,
`the radio frame starts with two
`synchronization and control subflames (RAF overhead) followed either by 18 short
`flames or 3 long flames where each long flame is composed of 6 subflames. An
`additional (optional) parameter in this example is the minimum number of short flames
`per radio flame (the last row of the table). This parameter determines whether a RAF
`must contain some short flames. By setting the minimum number of short flames per
`RAF to zero, the RAF is allowed to be filled completely with long flames and no short
`flames. Because the minimum number of short flames per radio flame is zero, a mix of
`short and long flames
`(in general Ipermitted) may be prohibited in a radio
`
`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0007
`
`7
`
`

`

`Radio Frame Constructed from Short Frames
`
`Synchronisation and
`Control Region
`.....«-'’''I Radio Frame Constructed from Long Frames ‘I
`
`"
`
`Figure 4 — Radio frame short frames or long frames (6-subframes)
`
`Long Frame
`
`Alternatively, Table 1 also shows the table entry with O.5ms subframes and 4 subframes
`per long frame (2ms). Fig. 5 shows two example radio frames are shown based on a
`combination of 2ms long frames and O.5ms short frames. The possible starting locations
`for long frames may be restricted to known positions within the RAF.
`
`‘NI
`
`Radio Frame (10ms)
`
`'i
`
`,..._....../Radio Frame Constructed from Long Framesxx
`
`\/
`Short Frames
`
`Long Frame
`
`OR
`
`Radio Frame Constructed from Long Frames
`
`\/
`
`Short Frames
`
`Long Frame
`
`Figure 5 - Radio frame with two alternative long and short frame structures.
`
`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0008
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`8
`
`

`

`Reasons for selecting a frame durations
`
`The following are only examples, and any use of the multiframe structure is consistent
`with the disclosed invention.
`
`A frame duration may be selected based in part on:
`
`Particular hardware that favors a frame duration, including the capability of the
`user equipment.
`
`Operator or manufacturer preference, which may include (among other factors)
`deployment preference or available spectrum and adjacency to other deployed
`wireless systems
`
`Channel bandwidth,
`
`A user condition from one or more users, where the user condition may be speed
`(Doppler), radio channel condition, user location in the cell (e. g., edge—of—cell), or
`other user condition.
`
`.
`
`A user traffic characteristic for one or more users, such as latency requirement,
`packet size, error rate, allowable number of retransmissions etc.
`
`A frame duration may be selected based in part on minimizing overhead for one
`or more users. Overhead may be control overhead, fragmentation overhead (e. g.,
`CRCS), or other overhead.
`
`Number of users to be scheduled in a frame
`
`The radio network state, including the system ‘load’ and the number of users in
`each cell.
`
`Backward compatibility with legacy systems
`
`Frequency and modulation partitioning of a carrier and assigned traffic types:
`Overall carrier may be split
`into two or more bands of different sizes with
`different modulation types used in each band (for example carrier bandwidth is
`split into a CDMA or single carrier or spread OFDM band and a multi-carrier
`OFDM band) such that different frame sizes are better or (near) optimal to the
`assigned or scheduled traffic type in each band (e.g. VoIP in the CDMA band and
`Web Browsing in the other OFDM band)
`
`As an example, consider selecting a frame duration for a single user between a short
`frame and a long frame. A short frame may be selected for lowest latency, smallest
`packets, medium Doppler,
`large bandwidth, or other reasons. A long frame may be
`selected for lower overhead, low latency, larger packets, low or high Doppler, edge-of-
`cell, small bandwidth, multi-user scheduling, frequency selective scheduling, or other
`reasons. In general, no hard—and-fast rules need be applied, however, so any latency,
`packet size, bandwidth, Doppler, location, scheduling method, etc. may be used in any
`frame duration (short or long).
`
`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0009
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`9
`
`

`

`The frame duration may be selected on any of a number of granularities, such as on a
`frame-flame-basis, within a RAF, between RAF, every multiple of RAF (10, 20, 100,
`etc.), every number of ms or s (e.g., 115ms, ls, etc.), upon handover, system registration,
`system deployment, on receiving a L3 message, etc. It may also be triggered on a change
`in any of the above ‘selection’ characteristics, or for any other reason.
`
`Subframe flpe
`
`In the downlink and the uplink there is at least one type of subflame, and typically for the
`downlink (and sometimes for the uplink) there are usually two or more types of
`subframes (each with substantially the same duration). For example, the types may be
`‘normal’ and ‘broadcast’ (for downlink transmission), or types A, B, and C etc. In this
`case, the data transmission procedure is expanded to include:
`
`0 Receiving data to be transmitted over a radio flame, wherein the radio flame is
`comprised of a plurality of subflarnes wherein the duration of a subflame is
`substantially constant and the duration of the radio frame is constant;
`
`Selecting a frame duration from two or more frame durations, wherein the frame
`duration is substantially the subframe duration multiplied by a number;
`
`Based on the flame duration, grouping into a frame the number of subframes
`
`Selecting a subflame type, wherein the type of subflame selected dictates an
`amount of data that can fit within a subflame
`
`Placing the data within the subflames of the subflame type
`
`Transmitting the frame having the number of subflames over the radio frame.
`
`As indicated, all subflames in a frame have the same type, though in general subflame
`types may be mixed in a flame.
`
`The subflame type may be distinguished by a transmission parameter. For an OFDM
`transmission, this may include guard interval duration, subcarrier spacing, number of
`subcarriers, or FFT size.
`In a preferred embodiment,
`the subframe type may be
`distinguished by the guard interval (or cyclic prefix) of a transmission. In the examples
`such a transmission is referred to as an OFDM transmission, though as is known in the art
`a guard interval may also be applied to a single carrier (e.g., IFDMA) or spread (e.g.,
`CDMA) signal. A longer guard interval could be used for deployment with larger cells,
`broadcast or multicast transmission, to relax synchronization requirements, or for uplink
`transmissions.
`
`As an example, consider an OFDM system with a 22.5kHz subcarrier spacing and a
`44.44us (non-extended) symbol duration. Fig. 6 shows a ‘normal’ subflame comprised of
`j=l0 OFDM symbols each with a cyclic prefix of 5.56us which may be used for unicast
`transmission. Fig 7 shows a ‘broadcast’ subflame comprised of j=9 symbols each with a
`cyclic prefix of 11.1 lus which may be used for broadcast transmission. In the figures the
`
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`use of the symbols in a subframe are not shown (e.g., data, pilot, control, or other
`functions).
`
`Normal Sub-Frame
`
`10 OFDM Symbols
`
`50.0us
`
`Figure 6 — Normal subframe consists of j=l0 symbols each with Cyclic Prefix length of 5.56us.
`
`Broadcast Sub-Frame
`
`9 OFDM Symbols
`
`Cyclic
`Prefix
`
`<——:—-—?—>
`44.44p.s
`4
`55.56p.S
`
`Figure 7 — Broadcast subframe consists of j=9 symbols each with Cyclic Prefix length of ll.1lus.
`
`Examples of three subfiame types are provided in the Table below for 22.5kHz subcarrier
`spacing and subframes of approximately 0.5, 0.5556, 0.625, and 0.6667 ms. Three cyclic
`prefix durations (for subframe types A, B, and C) are shown for each subframe duration.
`Also, in a subframe all the symbols may not be of the same symbol duration due to
`different guard durations (cyclic prefix) or different sub—carrier spacings or FFT size.
`
`Subframe Configuration
`
`iii
`
`'“
`=«'.:~r.
`11:11
`guard (us)
`symbolspersubframo ZZZIHZEZI
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`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`

`

`Table 2 — Exemplary subframe configurations vs. the number of OFDM symbols
`per subframe and subframe duration.
`
`The OFDM numerology used is exemplary only and many others are possible. For
`example, the table below uses a 25kHz subcarrier spacing. As shown in this example (e. g.,
`O.5ms subframe, 5.45us guard interval), there may be a non-uniform duration of guard
`intervals within a subframe, such as when the desired number of symbols does not evenly
`divide the number of samples per subframe. In this case, the table entry represents an
`average cyclic prefix for the symbols of the subframe. An example of how to modify the
`cyclic prefix per subframe symbol is shown in the Scalable Bandwidth section.
`
`rauloframa duration ms
`subframes I radloframe
`
`ml
`EZ—EHZIEZ$Z$Z3—1
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`=*=.;1:67¢,.» [E3
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`
`Table 3 — Further exemplary subframe configurations vs. the number of OFDM symbols
`per subframe and subframe duration
`
`A long frame may be composed entirely of broadcast subframes or composed entirely of
`normal subframes or a combination of normal and broadcast subframes (see Fig. 8). A
`short frame may also be composed of either a normal or a broadcast subframe and one or
`more broadcast type short frames can occur in a radio frame (see Fig. 9). Though not
`shown, at least one additional subframe type may be of type ‘blank’. A blank subframe
`may be empty or contain a fixed or pseudo—randomly generated payload. A blank
`subframe may be used for interference avoidance, interference measurements, or when
`data is not present in a frame in a RAF. Other subframe types may also be defined.
`
`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0012
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`12
`
`

`

`Nonnal Sub-Frame
`
`Broadcast Sub-Frame
`
`I Unicast Frame
`
`aaacmm
`4%%%%%%%%%
`
`Example: 1/3 Radio Frame Allocated to Broadcast
`
`Example: 2/3 Radio Framme Allocated to Broadcast
`
`' WWW
`
`Figure 8 — One or more long frames may be composed entirely of broadcast subframes.
`
`Nonnal Sub -Frame
`
`Broadcast Sub -Frame
`
`UUUSUEUUU lBr°adcastFrame UDDEDD D
`
`55.56315’.-’
`./
`
`Eixample: 1/3 Radio Frame Allocated to Broadcast
`
`EICIZIZIEIQIEIEIEI
`
`..‘
`
`Figure 9 — One or more short frames in a Radio frame may be broadcast subframes
`
`Radio Frame RA Ancilla
`
`Function Multi lexin
`
`[This section may also be referred to as RAF Overhead]
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`Motorola Confidential Proprietary
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`ZTE/SAMSUNG 1041-0013
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`13
`
`

`

`A part of a radio frame may be reserved for ancillary functions. Ancillary functions may
`comprise radio frame control (including common control structures), synchronization
`fields or sequences, indicators signalling a response to activity on a complementary radio
`charmel (such as an FDD carrier pair companion frequency), or other overhead types.
`
`In Fig. 10 one example of the RAF Overhead called “synchronization and control
`region”
`is
`illustrated. The
`synchronization and
`control
`region may include
`synchronization symbols of various types (including a cell-specific Cell Synchronization
`Symbol (CSS), a Global Synchronization Symbol (GSS) shared between 2 or more
`network edge nodes), common pilot symbols (CPS), paging indicator charmel symbols
`(PI), acknowledgement indicator channel symbols (AI), other indicator channel (01),
`broadcast indicator charmel (BI), broadcast control channel information (BCCH), and
`paging channel
`information (PCH). These charmels commonly occur within cellular
`communication systems, and may either have different names or not be present in some
`systems. In addition, other control and synchronization charmels may exist and be
`transmitted during this region.
`
`Figures 10C and 10D illustrate a hierarchical frame structure where a Super frame is
`defined to be composed of n radio frames.
`In Figure 10C the radio fi-ame and the Super
`frame each have a control and synchronization and control region respectively while in
`Figure lOD only the synchronization frame includes a control region. The RAF control
`and synchronization regions can be of the same type or can be different for different RAF
`frame locations in the Super frame.
`
`[Figs 10C and 10D say ‘long frame’, but still indicate short and long. Just an example]
`
`Radio Frame Constructed from Short & Long Frames
`
`l*
`synchronisation and
`Control Region
`
`Long Frame
`
`Figure 10 — Synchronization and Control Region consists of synchronization symbols, common pilot
`symbols, paging indicators (PI), acknowledgement indicators (AI), other indicators (OI), broadcast
`indicators (BI), broadcast control channel (BCCH), and paging channel information (PCH).
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`Radio Frame I Constructed from short 8. Long Frames
`
`synchronisation and
`Control Region
`(everyjth Radio Frame
`
`I
`
`sumpmme
`
`\Shor1 Frames
`
`Long Frame
`
`\
`Radio Frame i+1
`
`SUUHUUE?
`
`55.5693
`
`BUD
`
`Figure 10B — Alternate Radio Frame structure of arbitrary size where synchronization
`and control (S+C) region is not part of Radio flame but put of larger hierarchical frame
`structure composed of radio flames where the (S+C) region is sent with every j Radio
`Frames.
`
`Radio Frame:
`synchronisation and
`Control Region
`
`\
`Super Frame:
`control Region
`
`I
`
`_‘~._
`
`Radio Frame (10ms)
`
`Radio Frame Constructed from Long Frames
`
`/
`Short Frames
`
`Long Frame
`
`Figure 10C — Hierarchical frame structure composed of Super frames, Radio frames and
`respective control and synchronization regions.
`
`Radio Frame:
`Synchronisation and
`Control Region
`
`Q
`
`I
`
`Rad", Frame 9
`
`u u u
`
`Radio Frame n-1
`.
`
`Radio Frame n
`RadloFrame
`
`g
`
`Radio Frame 0
`
`Super Frame:
`Control Region
`
`Radio Frame Constructed from Long Frames
`
`1II
`
`\/
`Short Frames
`
`Long Frame
`
`Figure 10D - Hierarchical flame structure composed of Super frames, Radio flames and a
`super flame control region.
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`The synchronization and control part of a radio flame may be one or more subflames, and
`may be a fixed duration. It may also vary between radio frames depending on the
`hierarchical structure in which the radio flame sequence is embedded. For example, as
`shown in the previous figure, it may comprise the first two subflames of each radio flame.
`In another example,
`it may comprise two subflames in one radio flame and three
`subflames in another radio flame. The radio flame with additional subflame(s) of
`overhead may occur inflequently, and the additional overhead may occur in subflames
`adjacent or non-adjacent to the normal (flequent) radio flame overhead. In an alternate
`embodiment, the overhead may be in a radio flame but may not be an integer number of
`subflames which may occur if the radio flame is not equally divided into subflames but
`instead an overhead region plus an integer number of subframes. For example, a 10 ms
`radio flame may consist of 10 subframes, each having a length of 0.9 ms, plus a 1 ms
`portion for radio flame overhead (e.g., RAFpaging or broadcast channels).
`
`As will be discussed in the Framing Control section, the synchronization and control part
`of all or some radio flames RAFmay be (but is not required to be) configured to convey
`information about the layout of the radio flame, such as a map of the short/long subflame
`configuration (example — if the radio flame has two long flames followed by a short
`flame,
`then the configuration could be represented as L-L-S).
`In addition,
`the
`synchronization and control part may specify which subflames are used for broadcast, etc.
`Conveying the radio flame layout in this manner would reduce or potentially eliminate
`the need for subflame—by—subflarne blind detection of the flame layout and usage, or the
`delivery of a radio flame ‘schedule’ via higher layer signalling, or the a priori definition
`of a finite number of radio flame sequences (one of which is then selected and signaled to
`the user equipment at initial system access).
`
`It may be noted that the normal data flames may also be used to carry Layer-3 (L3)
`messages.
`
`Framing Control
`
`There are several ways that a subscriber station (SS) can detennine the flaming structure
`(and subflame types) within a radio flame. For example:
`
`0 Blind (e.g., dynamically controlled by the BS but not signaled, so the SS must
`determine flame start in a RAF. Frame start may be based on the presence of a
`pilot or control symbol within a flame.
`
`Superflame (e.g., every lsec the BS transmits information specifying the flame
`configuration until the next superflame)
`
`System deployment (base station) and registration (mobile)
`
`Signaled in the RAF synchronization and control part
`
`Signaled in a first flame in an RAF (may state map of other flames)
`
`(for uplink) within a control assignment allocating uplink resources
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`In general, two or more frame durations and subframe types may be in an RAF. If the
`system is configured such that the mix of short and long frames in a RAF can vary, the
`possible starting locations of long frames could be fixed to reduce signaling/searching.
`Further reduction of signaling/searching is possible if an RAF may have only a single
`frame duration, or a single subfrarne type. In many cases the determination of the framing
`structure of an RAF also provides information on the location of control and pilot
`information within the RAF, such as when the resource allocation control (next section)
`is located beginning in a second symbol of each frame (long or short).
`
`Some control methods may be more adaptive to changing traffic conditions on a frame by
`frame basis. For example, having a per-RAF control map within a designated subframe
`(first in RAF,
`last of previous RAF) may allow large packets (e.g., TCP/IP) to be
`efficiently handled in one RAF, and many VoIP users to be handled in another.
`Alternatively, superframe signaling may be sufficient to change the control channel
`allocation in the RAF if user traffic types vary relatively slowly.
`
`Resource Allocation 1%) Control
`
`A frame has a associated control structure — possibly uniquely associated — that controls
`the usage (alloction) of the resource to users. Resource allocation (RA) control
`is
`typically provided for every frame, of every frame duration, in order to reduce delay
`when scheduling retransmissions.
`In many cases the determination of the framing
`structure of a RAF also provides information on the location of the resource allocation
`control (per frame) within the RAF, such as when the resource allocation control is
`located beginning in a second symbol of each frame (long or short). The control channel
`is preferably TDM (e.g., one or more TDM symbols), and located at or near the start of
`the frame, but could also alternatively occur distributed throughout the frame in either
`time (symbols), frequency (subcarriers), or both. One or two-dimensional spreading and
`code division multiplexing (CDM) of the control information may also be employed, and
`the various multiplexing methods such as TDM, FDM, CDM may also be combined
`depending on the system configuration.
`
`In general, there may be two or more users allocated resources in a frame, such as with
`TDM/FDM/CDM multiplexing, though restricting to a single user per frame, such as
`TDM, is possible. Therefore, when a control channel is present within a frame, it may
`allocate resources for one or more users. There may also be more than one control
`charmel in a frame if a separate control channel is used for resource allocation for two
`users in the frame.
`
`This control field may also contain more information than just resource allocation for that
`frame. For example, on the downlink,
`the RA control may contain uplink resource
`allocation and acknowledgement information for the uplink. Fast acknowledgements
`corresponding to an individual flame maybe preferred for fast scheduling and lowest
`latency. An additional example is that the control field may make a persistent resource
`allocation that remains applicable for more than one fiame (e.g., a resource allocation that
`is persistent for a specified number of frames or radio frames, or until turned off with
`another control message in a different fi-ame)
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`The control information in a first frame of an RAF (or last frame in a previous RAF) may
`also provide flaming (and therefore control locations) for either a next (or more generally,
`future) frame or the rest of the RAF. Two additional variations:
`
`flame can make
`0 Overlapping Control Zones: A control channel a first
`assignme