MODERN
`DICTIONARY
`of
`
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
`LIBRARY
`HOPES & GRAY LLP
`1211 AVE. OF THE AMERICAS
`NEW YORK, NY 10036
`212-596-9000
`
`Rudolf F. Graf
`
`@Newnes
`
`Boston Oxford Auckland
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`Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
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`IP Bridge Exhibit 2003
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`GlobalFoundries v. IP Bridge
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`Newnes is an imprint uI'ButterworrheflcinemaIm.
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`Copyright © 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
`
`& A member of the Reed Elsevier Group.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publlcation Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf F.
`"\ Modern dictionary of electronics / Rudolf F. Graf.—7th ed.,
`revised and updated.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics—Dictionaries. I. Title
`TK7804.G67
`1999
`621.381’03—dc21
`
`99—17889
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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`The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
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`filament saturation—Also called temperature sat-
`uration. The condition whereby a further increase in fila—
`ment voltage will no longer increase the plate current at
`a given value of plate voltage.
`filament transformer—A transformer used exclu-
`sively to supply filament voltage and current for vacuum
`tubes.
`filament voltage—The voltage value that must be
`applied to the filament of a vacuum tube to obtain the
`rated filament current.
`filament winding—A secondary winding provided
`on a power transformer to furnish alternating filament
`voltage for one or more vacuum tubes.
`file— 1. A collection of related records. For example,
`in inventory control, one line of an invoice containing data
`on the material, the quantity, and the price forms an item;
`a complete invoice forms a record; and the complete set of
`such records forms a file. 2. To insert an item into such a
`set. 3. A user-defined collection of information of variable
`length. 4. A list. Usually, a file is a list of instructions
`plus data and comments. 5. A collection of information
`consisting of records pertaining to a single subject. A file
`may be recorded on all or on part of a volume or on
`more than one volume. 6. A logical block of computer
`information, designated by name, and considered as a unit
`by a user. A file may be physically divided into records,
`blocks, or other units required by the memory device.
`7. A collection of related information stored on a disk.
`filed coil —A coil of insulated wire wound around an
`iron core. Current flowing in the coil produces a magnetic
`field.
`file gap—0n a data medium, an area intended to be
`used to mark the end of a file and, possibly, the start of
`another. A file gap frequently is used for other purposes,
`in particular for indicating the end or beginning of some
`other group of data.
`file layout— 1. The organization and structure of
`data in a file,
`including the sequence and size of the
`components. 2. By extension, the description thereof.
`file maintenance—The processing of a computer
`file in order to bring it up to date.
`file management—An operating system facility for
`the manipulating of data files to and from secondary
`storage devices (usually disk files or magnetic tapes); it is
`used for building files, retrieving information from them,
`or modifying the information.
`file mark—Also termed tape mark or end-of-file
`mark. A specially recorded block containing no data but
`acting as a data-block separator.
`file-protection device— 1. A device by which the
`existence and integrity of a file are maintained. 2. A ring
`that must be in place in the hub of a reel before data can
`be recorded on the tape contained by the reel. A reel of
`tape not provided with a file-protection device can be read
`but not written.
`file section —That part of a file which is recorded on
`any one volume. The file sections may not have sections
`of other files interspersed.
`file set—A collection of one or more related files,
`recorded consecutively on a volume set.
`file transfer—A procedure that calls for a commu-
`nication link (typically over telephone lines) to be estab-
`lished between two or more PCs using modems. This
`connection allows data files to be transferred from one
`computer's storage device (usually a floppy or hard-disk
`
`drive) to the other’s.
`
`File Transfer Protocol—Abbreviated FTP. 1. The
`protocol used for copying files
`to and from remote
`
`computer systems on a network using TCP/[P, such as
`the Internet. 2. A very common method of moving files
`
`between two intemet sites. FTP is a special way to log in
`
`
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`filament saturation — film scanning
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`_....
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`E4.51
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`2?th
`to anolher lnlcmcl silo for the purpose of retrieving
`undlw .
`sending files, There are many lnlcrncl $1ch [hm ha.
`established publicly accessible repositories of Inning":
`lal
`that can be obtained using FTP, by logging in m
`the account name “anonymous.” These sites are can; .
`anonymous FTP servers. See also FTP.
`fillil. The number of working lines in a parlicuL
`cable or cable ccnler. 2. The number of working ling;
`:I pcrccnlage ol' the Intel pairs provided.
`filler—l. 1n lI‘lECl‘tillllCfll recording,
`illl:
`illcrl
`Ina:
`fill] of a recording compound ins distinguished from
`binder).
`’2. Noncondtzcting component cabled with in“,"
`lation conductors to impart roundness, flexibility. mush:
`strength, or a combination of all three, to the cable
`film— Single or multiple layers or coatings of thin or
`thick material used to form various elements (resistors
`capacitors, inductors) or interconnections and cross-9v“;
`(conductors,
`insulators). Thin films are deposited b
`vacuum evaporation or sputtering and/or plating, Thick
`films are deposited by screen printing.
`film badger-A type of dosimeter consisting of a r
`small piece of film sensitive to radiation. placed in a
`ligln~tight holder and carried by a person who walks ,
`with radiation. When the film is developed. Ilic an'lourngf
`darkening can be measured to determine the total dose of
`ionizing radiation to which the badge has been subjected,
`film capacitor— 1. A capacitor with a diflieclrig
`consisting of a plastic film. 2. A capacitor that is made by
`winding metal and dielectric (such as polyester. pnlycnr-
`bonate, polystyrene, polypropylene. or polysull'one) rib.
`bons into a tubular shape. The metal electrodes can in;
`separate metal foil, or can be vacuum—deposited onto [he
`dielectric.
`film chain—An arrangement of a film projccror or
`projectors and a CCTV camera for transmitting moving
`pictures over a television system.
`film conductor—1. A conductor formed in situ on "
`a substrate by depositing a conductive material by screen
`ing, plating. or evaporation techniques. 2. Electrically
`conductive material formed by deposition on n substrule.
`film Integrated circuitgAlso called film microch-
`cuil.
`|. A circuit made up of elements that are films all
`formed in place upon an insulating substrate. To further
`define the nature of a film integrated circuit, additional
`modifiers may be prefixed. Examples: thin-film inlegruted
`circuit, thick-film integrated circuit. 2. Thin- or thicknfilnt
`network forming an electrical interconnection of numer-
`ous devices.
`5
`film microcircuit—See film integrated circuit.
`film pickup—A film projector combined with a
`television camera for telecasting scenes from a motion:
`picture film.
`rfilm reader—A computer input device that scans I ll
`opaque and transparent patterns on photographic film and
`relays the corresponding information to the computer.
`film recorder—An instrument designed to place
`nongraphic information, usually generated by a computer,
`onto photographic film. The information is generally
`encoded as a series of opaque and translucent spots, 0r
`light and dark spots.
`film reproducer—An instrument that reproduces a
`recording on film.
`film resistor— 1. A fixed resistor whose resistance I
`element
`is a very thin layer of conductive materiai 0}!
`
`an insiulated form. Some sort of mechanical protection 15
`
`placed over this layer. 2. A resistor whose characteristics
`
`depend on lilm ralhcr than bulk properties. 3. A devicfi
`whose resistive material is a film on an insulator substrate;
`
`final resistance value may be determined by trimming.
`
`film scanning — 1. The process of converting moVie
`film into corresponding electrical signals that can b6
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`maser~Acronym for microwave amplific
`“lion 1 -,
`stimulated
`emission
`of
`radiation.
`1. A law
`microwave amplifier in which a signal
`is boom“
`changing the energy level of a gas or crystal (cummd '
`ammonia or ruby. respectively). 2. A means of inc”?qu
`stream of particles, which concentrates only an {he In 1
`energy particles. These are passed into a resonator [In
`resonating at Ihe radiation frequency of the particle"?
`.
`particles are raised to a strong oscillation in this ski-k;
`'
`can be used for control purposes. By reducing the flow -,.
`particles to the resonator to maintain oscillations‘ it Ca .‘3
`used as an amplifier. (There are many other applicatio
`3. Device for amplifying a microwave frequency 3]
`.
`by stimulated emission of radiation—Le,
`the final
`microwave signal causes electrons in an atom to Chan
`orbit in such a manner as to emit an amplified Signal of gig
`same frequency as the weak signal. 4. Amplifimllon 5"
`a low-noise radio-frequency amplifier in which an in r «
`signal stimulates emission of energy stored in a momma"
`or atomic system by a microwave power supply,
`mask— 1. A frame mounted in front of a televis;
`picture tube to limit the viewing area of the screen,
`device (usually a thin sheet of metal that contains an up“
`pattern) used to shield selected portions of a base our;
`n deposition process. 3. A device used to shield 5210;;
`portions of a photosensitive material during photographi
`processing. 4. A logical technique in which ccnain bi
`of a word are blanked out or inhibited. S. 'I‘empia
`used to etch circuit patterns on semiconductor wafer
`Images of the circuit patterns are produced on glass
`metal photographically. The mask is then used to con
`the diffusion process, plus metallization. 6. A transpam
`(glass or quartz) plate covered with an array of pane”
`used in making integrated circuits. Each pattern coasts
`of opaque and transparent areas that define the Size an
`I
`shape of all circuit and device elements. The mask
`used to expose selected areas of photoresist, which define
`areas to be etched. Masks may use emulsion, chrome, no -_
`oxide, silicon, or other material to produce the opaq
`areas. 7. Thin metals or other materials with an ope ‘
`pattern designed to mask off or shield selected portio
`of semiconductors or other surfaces during depostuon
`processes. There also are photornasks or opLieal masks -
`for contact or projection printing of wafers; these may:
`use an extremely [lat glass substrate with iron oxidnl
`chrome, or emulsion coating. There also are [hicksfilnt'
`screen masks. 8. The photographic negative that serv -
`as the master for making thick-film scteens and th'
`film patterns. 9. The pattern, usually "printed" on gin
`used to define areas of the chip or wafer. Masks are
`used for the difoSion, oxidation, and metallization Sleij I
`used in manufacturing of semiconductors. 10. To hide. to,
`obscure. to make less noticeable. For example. as noise",
`masks crosstalk. 11. A metei'ialapplied to enabte sclectiVB'
`etching, etching, plating. or the application of solder to :
`a printed hoard. Also. the surface on which the mam!
`anwork ol‘ the circuit pattern is projected. 12. A thin 51661
`arrangement with fine holes (shadow mask) or atrisz (5'01
`mask) that concentrates the electron beam at points on
`the CRT.
`masked diffusion—The use of a mask pattern la
`obtain selective impregnation of portions of a seniicnn'.
`'_ 3
`doctor material with impurity atoms.
`read-only mentor? '
`masked ROM—A regular
`(ROM) produced by
`the usual masking process-
`.
`(Coutrasted with a PROM.)
`',
`masking—The process by which a sound is made 9 _
`audible.by the addition of a second sound called tlle
`masking sound. The unit of measurement is usually 1115 r
`decibel.
`'_
`
`mark - masking
`
`mark— 1. In telegraphy, the closed-circuit condition,
`i.e.,
`the signal that closes the circuit at the receiver to
`produce :1 click of the sounder or to print a churneler on a
`teletypewriter. 2. The presence of signal. A mark impulse
`is equivalent to a biumy l. 1 A term that originated with
`telegraphy to indicate a closed key condition. Present
`usage implies the presence of current or carrier on a circuit
`or the idle condition of a teletypewriter. It aiso indicates
`the binary digit 1 in computer language See flag. 4. In
`RTTY applications, the mark is one of two states. The
`mark is the condition characterized by a closed circuit.
`The space, the other state, is characterized by an open«
`circuit condition.
`mark and space impulses—In neutral operation
`of a teletypewriter system, the mark impulse is the closed-
`circuit signal, and the space impulse is the open-circuit
`signal. In other than neutral operation, the mark impulse
`is the circuit condition that produces the same result in
`the terminal equipment
`that a mark impulse produces
`in neutral operation. Similarly, the space impulse is the
`circuit condition that produces the same result
`in the
`terminal equipment that a space impulse produces in
`neutral operation.
`marker~—Also called marker beacon. A radio navi-
`gational aid consisting of a transmitter that sends a signal
`to designate the small area around and above it.
`marker antenna—The transmitting antenna for a
`marker beacon.
`marker beacon—See marker.
`marker generator—An rf generator that injects one
`or more pips of specific frequency onto the response curve
`of a tuned circuit being displayed on the screen of a
`cathode-ray oscilloscope.
`marker pip—The inverted V (A) or spot of light
`used as a frequency index mark in cathode-ray oscil-
`loscopes for alignment of TV sets. It is produced by
`coupling a fixed-frequency oscillator to the output of a
`sweep-driven signal generator.
`marker thread—A colored thread laid parallel and
`adjacent to the strands of an insulated conductor that iden—
`tifies the wire manufacturer and often the specification
`under which the wire was constructed.
`marking—and-spacing intervals—In telegraphy,
`the intervals corresponding to the closed and open posi-
`tions, respectively, of the originaLing transmitting con-
`tacts.
`marking bias—Bias that affects the results in the
`same direction they are affected by marking current.
`marking current—The magnitude and polarity of
`line current when the receiving mechanism is in the
`operated condition.
`marking pulse—The signal interval during Which
`the selector unit of a teletypewriter is operated.
`marking wave—Also called keying wave. In teleg-
`raphy, the emission while the active portions of the code
`characters are being transmitted.
`mark sense— 1. To mark a position on a punch card,
`using a special pencil that leaves an electrically conduc-
`tive deposit for later conversion to machine punching.
`2. A mechanized technique of punching data into com-
`puter cards. A graphite line positioned on the card is read
`electronically and converted into holes by special equip-
`ment.
`mark-sense card —A card designed to permit data
`to be entered on it with an electrographic pencil.
`mark sensing—A technique for detecting special
`pencil marks entered in special places on a card and
`automatically translating the marks into punched holes.
`‘ mark-to-space transition—The change from a
`marking impulse to a spacing impulse.
`'
`marshalling sequence—See collating sequence, 1.
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