1
`
`CIP2092
`Argentum Pharmaceuticals LLC v. Cipla Ltd.
`IPR2017-00807
`
`

`

`ECONOMICS
`
`Nineteenth Edition
`
`PAUL A. SAMUELSON
`
`Institute Professor Emeritus
`
`Massachusetts Institute of Technology
`
`WILLIAM D. NORDHAUS
`
`Sterling Professor of Economics
`Yale University
`
`
`
`__——_—~_‘,—y——-—_
`
`McGraw-Hill
`Irwin
`
`St. Louis
`Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco
`Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
`Milan Montreal New Delhi
`Santiago
`Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei
`Toronto
`
`
`
`2
`
`

`

`Irwin
`
`To ourfamilies, students, and colleagues
`
`Published by McGraw—Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw—Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
`of the Americas, NewYork, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2010, 2005, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1985,
`1980, 1976, 1973, 1970, 1967, 1964, 1961, 1958, 1955, 1951, 1948 by The McGraw—Hill Companies,
`Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or
`by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The
`McGraw—Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage
`or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
`
`Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers
`outside the United States.
`
`ECONOMICS
`
`www.mhhe.c0m
`
`This book is printed on acid—free paper.
`
`1234567890WCK/WCK09
`
`ISBN 978-0-07—351 129-0
`MHID 0—07-351129—3
`
`Publisher: Douglas Reine:-
`Developmental editor 11: Karen L. Fisher
`Editorial coordinator: Noelle Fox
`Senior marketing manager: jen Lambert
`Senior project manager: Susanne Riedell
`Full—service project manager: Lori Hazzai‘d, Macmillan Publishing Solutions
`Lead production supervisor: Michael R MiICormick
`Lead designer: Matthew Baldwin
`’
`Media project manager: Balaji Sundai‘araman, Huiix Systems Pvt. Ltd.
`Cover image: The globes on thefront and back covers are courtesy of the GEcon Project, Yale University, and were
`created by Xi Chen and William Nordhaus. The height ofthe bars is proportional to output in each location. For
`more details on the data and methods, go to gecon.yale.edu.
`Typeface: 10/12 New Baskemille
`Compositor: Macmillan Publishing Solutions
`Printer: Quebecor World Versailles Inc.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in—Publication Data
`
`Samuelson, Paul Anthony, 1915—
`Economics / Paul A. Samuelson, William D. Nordhaus.—19th ed.
`p. cm.—(The McGraw—Hill series economics)
`Includes index.
`ISBN—13: 978-0—07—351129—0 (alk. paper)
`ISBN—10: 0—07-351129—3 (alk. paper)
`1. Economics. 1. Nordhaus, William D. 11. Title.
`HB171.5.S25 2010
`330—dc22
`
`2009003178
`
`3
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`0.1
`0.001
`
`|
`0.010
`
`|
`|
`4
`10.000
`1.000
`0.100
`Computer output (billions, 2006 prices)
`
`2008
`
`|
`100.000
`
`1,000.000
`
`FIGURE 3-3. Declining Computer Prices Have Fueled an Explosive Growth in Computer
`Power
`
`The prices of computers and peripheral devices are measured in terms of the cost of pur—
`chasing a given bundle of characteristics (such as memory or speed of calculations). The
`real price of computer power has fallen by a factor of 8000 since 1965. Falling prices along
`with higher incomes and a growing variety of uses have led to a 140,000—fold growth in the
`quantity of computers (or, really, computational power) produced.
`
`Source: Department of Commerce estimates of real output and prices Note that the data are plotted on ratio scales.
`
`Factors affecting the
`demand curve
`
`Example for automobiles
`
`H‘WN!“
`
`5.7!
`
`Average income
`
`Population
`
`As incomes rise, people increase car purchases.
`
`.
`
`A growth in population increases car purchases.
`
`Prices of related goods
`
`Lower gasoline prices raise the demand for cars.
`
`Tastes
`
`Special influences
`
`Having a new car becomes a status symbol.
`
`Special influences include availability of alternative forms of transportation,
`safety of automobiles, expectations of future price increases, etc.
`
`TABLE 3-2. Many Factors Affect the Demand Curve
`
`1,000.0
`
`100.0
`
`10.0
`
`1.0
`
`
`
`
`
`Computerprices(2000=1)
`
`ffac—
`
`;iven
`opu—
`pods,
`es.
`
`:1 in
`
`4
`
`