INTERNATIONAL
`
`STANDARD
`
`ISOIIEC
`
`11172-2
`
`First edition
`‘I 993-039-131
`
`
`
`Information technology — Coding of
`moving pictures and associated audio for
`digital storage media at up to about
`1.5 Mbitls —
`
`Perl: 2:
`
`Video
`
`Technologies o‘e .I'informefion — Codege o'e ”megs animée at m: son
`assoofé pan-r ies supports o‘e sired-cage numerfaus jusau '3 environ
`3.5 more —
`Fa rife 2: Wo'éo
`
`
`
`Heierenbe rlurnbai
`ISOIIEC 11i?2—2:1993:EI
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`PETITIONERS' EXHIBIT 1019
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`PETITIONERS' EXHIBIT 1019
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`ISG‘IEG 1T1T2-2: 1993 [E]-
`
`CO I1 ta nt 5
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`Page
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`1nLrudun-riun.........._....__._................___......._...____.....................______....._._._._.__iv
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`Section I: General I
`
`L]. Scupel
`
`I.2 Namath: :cfanfil
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`Station 2: Tachnical alum-ant:__________________________________________________________________________ 3
`
`2.I Defmmons3
`
`2.2
`
`Symbols and abbreviations”.....___..._........____._......................................11
`
`2.3
`
`Math-mi of describing hilslrnum syntax .................................................... L3
`
`2.4
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`Ruquir:menls....._......___...__..........__._.___.........__...__.............................. I5
`
`Annexes
`
`a".
`
`B
`
`I:
`
`E by El Invarm diamante casino maferm
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`39
`
`Variable langrh code [ablesdn
`
`Video buffering 1Imrill'uar...........49
`
`E. Bibliographylflfi
`
`F
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`L'uil: ui' pamul huldurs........................................................................ 1119
`
`El ISDJTEC L99?-
`All rights Wb'trfcd. Nu [.mfl of mis publication may be reproduced m" ulilimd in any l'cIr-m ur by
`any manna, :Eachnic ur mechanical. including mom-copying 1nd mziL-rufilm. Wilhflul
`pcrmixsiun l|1 wrirjng from the. publisher.
`
`ISCM'IEf' Copy-nigh! Office - (‘35:! Pnsralc 55 I PH 1 II I Gent-Ire 2D * Switzerland
`
`Printed in Swiuerland.
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`e leorteo
`
`teorieo 1111*2-2: 199a [at
`
`Foreword
`
`ISO [the International Organization for Standardizationi and IEC Ithe Inter-
`national EIectro-technioel Commission! form the speciaiieed eye-tam for
`worldwide atandardization. National bodies that are members of I513I or
`IE: participate In the development of
`International Standards through
`technical committees established by the respective organization to clear
`with particular fields of technical activity.
`ISO and IEC technical
`corn—
`rnitteea coilehorate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organ—
`izations, governmental and non—governmental. in liaison with ISD and IEC,
`also take part in the work.
`
`In the field of information technology. ISO and IEC have eeteinshed a joint
`technical committee. ISGIIEC JTC 1 . Draft International Standards adopted
`otr the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for trot;
`ing. Publication as an International Standard requires approval our at least
`?5 9a of the national bodies casting- a vote.
`
`international Standard IEOiIEC 1111'2-2 was prepared bar Joint Technical
`Committee ISC‘HIEC JTC 'i. Information technoi'flmr. Sub-Committee SC 291
`Coded representation of audio, picture. muitr'medi'a and hypermedia infor-
`mation.
`
`ISOi'IEC 11132 consists of the following pane. under the general titie in—
`formation rechnoiegy — Ceding of n'rotrim-.11I pictures and associated audio
`for digitai storage media at up to about 1,5 MDFUS:
`
`— Part 1': Systems
`
`— Part 2'; Video
`
`— Part 3.‘ Audio
`
`— Part 4; Compiiance testing
`
`Annexes A. B and C form an integral part of this part of ISDilEC 1117'2.
`Annexes D. E and F are for information only.
`
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`tsortEC 1 1 1 r2-2: 1993 {E}
`
`e ISDII'IEC
`
`Introduetlort
`
`Note 4- Readers interested in an mrerview 01' the MPEG Video iaytn' should read this Intro-d notion and then
`
`proceed to annett D, before returning to clauses l and 2.
`
`0.1
`
`Purpose
`
`This gent of ISDJ'IIEE i I]?! was deveioned itt response to the growing need for a. common fomtat for
`repreamting mpressofl video on various digital storage media such as [305, DATs, “thinnest-or disks and
`optical drives This part of iSDJIEC ill}? specifies a: coded telmsentation that can be used for
`compressing video sequences to nitrates around 1.5 Moitis The use ol‘ this part of ESGHEC 1 1112 means
`that motion vithio can he manipuhnetl its a fonn or computer data and can be transmitted and received over-
`existing and t'utm‘e runners-Its. The coded representation can be used with ham Isl'j-line and 525 -litt.e
`television and provide: flexibility for use with workstation and pet-soon! computer die-plays.
`
`This part of [SDHEC 11 112 was developed to operate principally l‘I-Inn strange media offering a oootinttotts
`transfer rate ofabont 1.5 Mews. Nevemteless it can be used more widely than this because the interns-eh
`mitten is genetic.
`
`0.1.1 Coding parameters
`
`The intention in developing this part or ISDIIEC 11112 has been to define a source coding algorithm with a
`large degree of flenittility that can he used in many different applications. To achieve this goal, a number of
`the parameters defining me mannerisms oreoden nitstreams and neon-cites are mntstoeti in the bitstream
`itself. This allows for example. the algorithm to he used [or pictures with a varitngtr of sizes and mpeet
`ratios and on channels or devices opetating at a wide range ofhia'ates.
`
`Bennett 01' the large range of the characteristics of bitsttearns that can he represented by this part of iSflflEC
`[11'1'21 a subset. 01' these coding parametets known as the 'Constrained Parameters" has been defined. The
`aim in defining the cmtstrnined {mm is to offer guidance ahouta widely useful range ofparnmetera
`Conforming to this set of mnstraints is not a requirement of this part of ISO-FIB: 11172. A flag. in the
`hitstrettm indicates whether or not it is a Cmsmtirtetl Panuueters hitstream.
`
`Summary oi‘
`
`the Constrained Porno-tutors:
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Motion 1rector range
`Less than 45:1 to +63,5 pols [using half-pet vectors}
`
`
`
`'tc-lmrttrd__f ootleanti Rim-tori f amine-=4 seetahieDJ']
`
`
`_nutbuffer size {in “'3‘! model
`less than or e- uni to 327 58!} hits
`_Less than or 't- nail to 1 356 000 hits-is {constant hitrate
`
`0.2 Overview of the algorithm
`
`The oodetl representation def‘merl in this part of [SDHEC 11 172 achieves a high compression ratio while
`preserving good pietttn: quality. The algofithm is not Iossless an the esaet pel values are not pie-served
`during coding. The ehoiee of the techniques is hate-ti on the need to balance a high picture auntie.r anti
`oompression ratio with the requirement to make random RETESS to the {flied hitstmmn. lfillttrtirting good
`picture qualityr at the hinates of interest demands a very high eotnpnession ratio. which is not achievable
`with ittu-at'ratne ending alone. The need for rantiotn aeoess, however, is host satisfied with pure intrai‘raote
`coding. This roquirm a earefirl halnnoe between intra— and into-frame coding and between recursive and non-
`meursive temporal redrettltutcy reduelion.
`
`i'I'
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`e tsorrcc
`
`Isotlec 11 ire-2: 1993 [E].
`
`A nttmhecr oftochniqnes are used to achieve a high compression ratio. The first. which is almost
`independent from this port of IS [MEG lllil is to select an appropriate spatial resolution for the signal.
`The algorithm then uses block-based motion oompcnsau'on to reduce tlte temp-coil redundancy. Motion
`compensation is used for causal prediction of the current picture front a previous picture; for non-causal
`prediction of the current pictune fnnn a future picntre. or for interpolation prediction from peel and future
`picltues. Motion vectors are defined for each Its-pel by iii-line region of the picture. The difference signal.
`the prediction error. is further compressed using the discrete cosine transform {DCT} to runove spatial.
`correlatiott before it is quantized in an irreversible process that discards the less important information.
`Fri-tally. the motion venues are combined with the DCT information. and coded using variable length codes.
`
`0. 2 . 1 Temporal processing
`
`Because of the conflicting requirements ofrandom access and highly efficient Cl‘lmI‘ll'ESSiflfi... three madn
`picture types are defined. Intro-coded pictures {I—Picuees) are untied without reference to other pichites.
`'I'ltey provide access points to the coded sequence where dccoding can begin. but are coded urn-Iii: only a
`moderate compression ratio. Predictive coded pictures (PrP'icturesl are coded more efficiently using motion
`unopettsnted peedlclion from a pest intre- or predictive coded pictttte atai are get-ternlly used as a reference for
`further pctdicliort. Bidirectionally-rmdictive titled plenum: [EL-Pictures} provide the highes: degree of
`compression but require both past and fttttee reference pictures for motion mmttsatiott. Bidirectionnlly—
`[Indictive mot-ad picnn-es are never used as references for pcediction. The organisation of the three picture
`types in e seqtmttce is very flexible. The choice is left to the murder and will depend on the requirements of
`tlte application. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the three different picture types.
`
`3 i-ditectional
`
`Prediction
`
`PredicLion
`
`Figure "I
`
`-- Example of temporal picture structure
`
`The fourth picture type defined in. this pen of ISOIIEC ] {172, the D—picture. is provided to allow a simple.
`but limited quality. fast-forward playback mode.
`
`0.2 .2 Motion representation -
`
`t-nacrohloclts
`
`The choice of 16 by In tnncrobloclts for the ntotion-ctenpettsetiott unit is a result of the Lottie-off between
`increasing the coding efficiency provided by using motion information flltd the overhead needed to store it.
`Eatdt Inner-mlocit can be one of n ntnnher of different types. For cxtnnple. intremded. forward—predictive-
`coded. bscltwurdvrnthjiclive crud-ed. end bidirectionelly‘pteditsivo—cmied mocrohlorzi-rs are permitted in
`hidircctiouelly-prcdictive coded pictures. Depending on the type of die tnttcmhiock. motion vector
`information and other side infonttntion are slot-int with the compressed prediction error signal in each
`mflCIDhIUL'liE. The motion vectors are ettcoded differentially with respect to the lust coded motion vector,
`using variable—length codes. The maximum length of the vectors that. may be reptesentecl can be
`wogmmmed. on a picture—by—pielttrc basis. so that the most demanding applications can be met without
`compromising the performance oflhc system in more normal sitttctljctns.
`
`It is the tesptstsibility ot' the encoder to calculate wort-update motion vectors. This part of [SDHEET ] It‘ll
`does ttot specify how this should be done.
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`ISDJ'IEC 111?2-2: 1993 {E}
`
`13.1 lSDi'lEC
`
`o.2.3 Spatial
`
`rantttnltlalnchlr
`
`reduction
`
`Bofi] on‘ginal pictures and prediction error signals have high spaniel redundancy. Tliis part of lSGt'EEC
`111?! uses a kacltshased DCT method with Vlfiually weighted quantization and run-leagllt ending. Each 3
`by 3 block of the original picntre for inns-coded mmhlmkfi rent the prediction error for ptedietive—coded
`macrobloctts is transformed into the DUI" domain WIJEI‘C'. it is scaled before being quantized. Mun
`quantizaeion nits-tr of the coci‘ficimn; are zero in value and so two—dimensiot'tel run-length and variable
`length coding is used to encode the remaining coefficients efi'tcicntly.
`
`0-3 Encoding
`
`It specifies the syntax and semantics of
`This part oflSGt'lEC lI [TE does not spec if}; an encoding process.
`the hitstream and the signal processing in the decoder. As a resultI many options are left open to encoders
`lo wade—off cost and speed against picture qualjly and minding efficiency. This clause is a. brief description of
`lite functions that need to be performed by fineneoder. figure 2 shows The main functional blocks.
`
` Swine input pielures
`
`where
`
`DCT is discrete cosine uansforot
`[JCT-I is inverse discrete cosine lraatsl'umt
`Q is quantization
`Q" is tie-quantization
`VLC is variable length coding
`
`Figure 2 -- Simplified video encoder bloelt diagram
`
`The input video signal must be digitized and represented as a Ituninanoe and two colour difference signals
`{‘t’, Cb, ET}. This may be folhwed by prepmcessing and forums conversion to select an appropriate
`wind-ow, resolution and input format. This part of [EU-“EEC II 1 ‘31 requires that the colour difference
`signals (Cb and Cf} are suhsampiod widl respect to the letnirntnee by 2:1 in bod: vertical and horizontal
`directions and are refonnaueti, ifneoegarg as :t mo-inteflaoed signal.
`
`The encoder tntxst choose which picture nrpe. to use for each picture. Having defined the picttn'e types. the
`encoder estimates motion vectors for each lti by in macro-block in the picture.
`in [rt—Pictures one vector is
`needed for each non-inns Insert-block and in B-Ptctnres one or nun seams are seated.
`
`If E—Picuucs are used some reonlering of the picture sequence is access-:11? before encoding. Because E-
`Piclures are coded using bidirectional motion compensated prediction. fltey can onlyr be decoded after the
`mhseqimt reference picture [an I or P~Pic1wl has. been Mei Therefore the picrures are reclaimed 113! the
`
`vi
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`E} ISOH EB
`
`ISDHEC ‘[ 1 1 ?2—2: 1993 {E}
`
`encoder sotbatthepiclures arrive at'me decoderin dten-rder fordeeoding. Thecorrcctdisplay under is
`
`The basic unit of coding 1within a picture is the tttacrohloc’tt. Within each picture. macrohlocks are encoded
`in sequence. left to right. top to MllIJlIt. Each macrobiock consists of six 3 h)- 3 blocks: four blocks of
`lmdrtanoc. one block of Ch chromium and one block of Cr chrominance. See figure 3. Note that the
`picture maneuvered by the four blocks ofltnninance is the contests the motivated by each ul'tlte
`chrotninance blocks. This is due to suhsampling of the chrominanoe information to match the sensitivity of
`the human visual system,
`
`Itlll
`
`IZI
`
`‘t'
`
`Cb
`
`Cr
`
`Figure J -- Macro-block structure
`
`It depends on the picture type, the
`Firstly. for a given macrohlock. the coding mode is chosen.
`effectiveness of motion commented prediction in that load region. and the nature of the signal within the
`block. Secondiv. depending on the coding mode. a motion compensated prediCti-Jn of the contents of the
`block based on past andt'ocr future reference pictures. is fanned. This prediction is subtracted from Ute actual
`data in the current macrobtoctt to form an ermr signal. Thirdiv, this error signal is separated into ii by 8
`blocks (4 luminance and 2 chromhtance blocks in each rnaerobloek} and a disu'cte cosine transform is
`performed on each block. Each resuiting E by 3 block of DCT coefficients is quantized and the two-
`dimensional block is scanned in a rig-rag rrder to convert it into a mterdhnensional string elf-quantized DCT
`coefficients. Fourthly. the sitie—infonnation for the macrobloclt {too-dc. motion vectors etc) and the
`quantized coefficient data are encoded. For masimmn efficiency, a number of variable length code rabies are
`tL‘fiIJ-tal fix the different data elements. Rttrt-ienglh coding is used for the quantized ottl'ficiettt. data.
`
`A muse-queue: of using different. picture types and variable lengd‘t coding is that the overall data rate is
`vtu'iahle.
`in applications that involve a fittedrrate channel. a FIFE} better may he used to- match tlte encoder
`output to the channel. The status of this buffer may be monitored to control the numb-er orbits generated
`by the encoder. Comtrollittg the quantization process is the Inn-st direct way of controlling the titrate. This
`pan ofISOa'IEC 11112 specifies an abstract model of the buffering system (die lt'ideo But’fcrhtg Verifier} in
`order to constrain the maximum variability in the number of bits that are user! for a given! picture. This
`ensures mat a bits-Imam can the decoded with a buffer of known size.
`
`At this stage. the coded representation of the picture has been generated. The final step in the encoder is to
`regenerate l-PiCtElI'ES and P-Pictnres by decoding the data no that they can he. used as rcfcrettoe pic-om for“
`suhmuent encoding. The quantized coefficients are thquantired and an inverse 3 by E DIST is perfumed on
`each block. The prediction error signal produmd is then added hack to the prediction signal and limited to
`die Inquire-d range to give a decoded reference picture.
`
`0.4 Decoding
`
`It is considetnbiy simpler than encoding as there is no
`Decoding is the inverse of the encoding operatirnt.
`need to perform motion estimation and there are many fewer options. The decoding process is defined by
`this part of ISO-PIECE 11 I T2. The description that follows is a very brief overview of one possible we).r of
`decoding a bitstteam. Other decoders with diflerent architectures are possible. Figure 4 shows the ntain
`functional blocks.
`
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`ISGJ'IEG 1 1 1 ?2-2‘. 1 993 [E]
`
`@ iSDt'IEC
`
`/"
`
`{3-3in Video
`hllfittm
`
`
`
`_ 1
`test: as: ual
`
`Mullen Vectors
`
`I I ‘I It.'-.
`
`i'iclufl:
`
`o
`
`P‘seture non:
`
`ml
`Predicta-
`
`
`+
`
`
`It-aennnnmed
`I'II‘ put pidurfis
`
`Mae
`
`DCPI
`
`is inverse discrete tun-sine txansl'tze‘ln
`
`or!
`MUX‘I
`VLD
`
`is dequantiratiort
`is demo Itiplesing
`is variable length decoding
`
`Figure 4 u Basic video decoder block diagram
`
`For fixed—rate applications. the channel fills a FIFO butler at a cmstant rate with the coded hitstream.
`decoder rmds this butter and decodes the theta eiemeots in the bitsuearn according to the defined syrnaa.
`
`'Jhe
`
`fits the decoder reads the bitstream, it identifies the starlflfa ended picture and then the type of the picture
`11 decodes we macrohlocl: in the picture in tum. The main-{block type and the motion vectors. ifpresem.
`are used to cease-Lu a prelim-on of the eta-rent maeroblodt based on post and future reference phones that
`havebeenstered in dteoeeoder. Tbeewt‘t‘teientdatata'edeeededaod daiutuitizal Each Shy it blocker
`coefficient data is transfonaed by an in terse DCT {specified in annex A). and the result is added to the
`prediction signal and limited to the defined range.
`
`After all the maerobloeks in the picture have been processed. the picmre has been :etxatsttrueted. [1' it is an [-
`plume or a P~pieture it is a reference picture for 5|].me uem pictures and is stored. replaeing the oldest stored
`refeseoee pietu‘e. Before the pictures are displayed They may need to be rte—ordered from the coded order so
`their natural display order. After reordering. the pictures are available“ in digital form. for post-pumasing
`and display in any manner mat: the application chooses.
`
`[LE
`
`Structure of the coded video bitstream
`
`This part of ISOJIEE' [[112 speedies a syntax for a ooded video hitstream.
`each of which either supp-tarts a signal gaming or a system function:
`
`'I‘II'IS syntax Cflfltflim' Six lay-rm,
`
`La ers of the s ntax I——|— —
`
`
`Sequence layer
`Rama-n access unit: contest
`
`
`Group- of pictures layer
`Random access nrtit: video
`
`
`
`
`
`Picture layer
`Primary coding unit
`
`Hesynehronirsflou unit
`Slice layer
`
`
`
`motock iayer
`Motion compensation uuit
`
`
`
` Blackla er
`DC’T' unit
`
`0.6
`
`Features supported by the algorithm
`
`Applications using rmpressed video on digital storage media need to be shit: to pesfena a number of
`operations in atldilitm to nonrtal {entree-d playback of the sequence. The coded bitstream has been designed
`to support a number of these operations.
`
`yiji
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`e ISOHEG
`
`13mm 1 1 1 232-2: 1993 {E}
`
`I]. E. 1 Randarn access
`
`Randmn aux-.35 is an essential team for widen on a. stunng Inedimn. 1131th access mqtfires file". any
`picttme can be decoded in a. limited amount of time.
`It implies the existence of access points in the
`bilstremn — that is segments of infnnnalitm that are identifiable and can he denuded without reference to ether
`segments of data. A spacing nl‘ two tandem; access points (tetra-Pictures) per second can be swine-cl
`without significant loss of picture quaJity.
`
`El .5.2 Fast search
`
`Defeat-ding [III the manage rue-chum. it is possible tn scan the mess leinlS in 11 ended biennium {with the
`help of an application-specific directory Nether knowledge beynnd tin: Scrape of this part of TSU-I'IEC
`11112] Inninain a East—forward and East—reverse playback effect.
`
`In . E . :1 Reverse playback
`
`Scene applieatims may require: the vicien signal to be played in reverse under. This can. be achieved in a
`{leaflet by using meme-r}.r tn store entire grmlps of [minim-es at‘te1 they have hat-m dear-dad hel'nre hating
`displayed in reverse under.
`.fltn encoder can make this feature easier by reducing the length ul gmups u;
`picmrcs.
`
`I] - E- 4 E rmr ruhu sine-$5
`
`M12151 digital storage media and mumunicatiun charmeis are not auteur—free. Apmprriate mannei coding
`schemes should be used nut! an: beyond the scope nf this. part {II-f [SCHUEC I. 1 I 1'1. NEVWEESS the
`cumpressiun scheme defined in This part of ISOJ'IEC I111? is robust In rt'sidual ermrs. The. slice slrnt'iure
`allows afleeoder tn reeevernfler a data errnr and to resynellmtiae its decoding. Themftn‘e. hit en‘nts in the
`compressed dam will (muse ermrs in the denuded pictures tn be limited in ma. Decoders my be able tn use
`concealment strategies to disguise mese errors.
`
`11.5.5 Edltlng
`
`There is a conflict between the require-mutt I'nr high ending efficiency and my editing. The crding snueture
`and syntax have IIDIl been. designed with the primary aim of simplifying editing at any picture. Nevertheless
`a Illll'llhET {If ft-‘lllllfifi have been ineluden That ennhle editing nr mhl data.
`
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`”115 page intentmnany Le11 bran}:
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`
`
`
`IMTEnmnoMAL STANDARD E3 iSOIIEG Isonec 111:2-2: 1993 {E}
`
`Information technology — Coding of moving
`pictures and associated audio for digital storage
`media at up to about 1.5 Mbitis —
`
`Part 2:
`
`Video
`
`Section 1: General
`
`1.1
`
`Scope
`
`'tltis part of lSlJIIhC 1 I I11 specifies the weed representation of video for digital storage media and
`specifies the decoding process. The representation sumurls normal speed fmvarct playback. as well as
`Special functions such as rendimt access. fest fotward playback. fast reverse playback. would speed reverse
`playback. pauso and still pictttfies. This part of ISOFLEC ill?! is cmnpotihle with standard 525— and 625-
`tinc television tot-mats. and it provides flexibility for use with permnal computer and workstation displays.
`
`ISUIIEC ll ”2 is prinouily applicable to digital storage media surlplfliflfi *1 mutinuous “MEET [ELIE IJD t9
`about 1.5 Mhiu's, such as Compact Disc. Digital Audio Tap-E. and magnetic hard disks. Nevertheless it can
`be used more widely than this because of the generic approach tat-ten. The mirage media may be directly
`connected to the decoder. or via commas-notions mums such 35 misses. lJ-Ns. or mlmmu-nunications
`links. This [tort of ISOFIEC I l 11"2 is kneaded for non-interlaced video formats haying approximately 233
`lines of 352 pols and picture mics around 24 Hz to SD Hz.
`
`1.2 Normative references
`
`The following International Summons contain pnwisiotts which. through reference in this text. constitute
`provisions of this part of llitlflEC 1 I I'll. At lltc time of publication, the editions indicated we valid.
`All standards are subject to rewrision. and mrtics to agreements tnscxl on this part of lsultt'l: 11 I‘ll are
`encouraged to in yesegste the possibility of applying the not recent editions ofthe sesntards indicated
`below. Members or lElt‘. and [SO Il'llilllllflifl registers of currently valid Lttcnmtional SWlflflfd-S.
`
`lSUl’l'EC 11 l'fl—l: [9'93 Infamous technology - Coding ofmving pic-tn res and associated oudiofor digital
`storage media at up in about L5 Mfit'fil'fi — For! A": Systems.
`
`ISGI'IEC l l1T2-3:i993 information technology - Coding ofmo sing pictures and associated oudiofiir digital
`stomge media or up to about LS only: - Part 3 Audio.
`
`CCIR Recommendation till-:1 Encoding paramters ofdigitoi televisienfor studios.
`
`CCIH Report (i244 Characteristics ry'systentsfor nomechmme and colour television.
`
`{.‘CTR Remnmeodsljoo 643 Recs rim-1:3 of Home signals.
`
`CCIR. Report 955—2 Sound broadcasting by mtcllt'l'c'fcrrponabfe and mobile receivers, including Annex fir"
`Summary chc-riptt'ott of Advanced fligt‘tcl System H.
`
`CCITI' Roctmmctniation J. 1'? Pro—emphasis used on Sound-Program Circuits.
`
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`ISOJ‘IEC 1 1 1T2v2.‘ 1 993 {E}
`
`Q ISCIHEC
`
`IEEE Draft Smflard Pl ISUJ'DE 1990 Speciflcan'onfnr ”m inmfemnmfion of ELI.“ 3 firm: r52! discrete cosine
`Iradgfbrm”.
`
`LEC publication 9013:1937 CD Digital Audio Systam.
`
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`e Lsonso
`
`Isonsc 111?2-2:1993(E}
`
`Section 2: Technical elements
`
`2.1 Definitions
`
`For the purposes of lS-DIIEC 1117‘2. the following definitions apply. If specific to a part. this is noted in
`squane brackets.
`
`2.1.1 as coefficient Ivldeol: Any DCT coefficient for which the frequency in one or holi- dimensions
`is asst-rem.
`
`in the casc- ct‘ compressed audio an access unit is an audio access unit.
`2.1.: access unit lsysteml:
`the case oi'cornpressed video an access unit is the mded representation ot'a picture.
`
`[a
`
`2.1.3 adaptive segmentation [audio]: A subdivision of the digits] representation of an audio signal
`in variable segments of time.
`
`2.1.4 adaptive bit allocation [audio]: The assignment of hits to suboands In a time and frequency
`wanting fashion according to a psychoacoustic model.
`
`2.1-5 adaptive noise allocation [audlo]; The assignment of coding noise to frequency hands in a
`time and frequencyr varying fashion according to a psychoacoustic model.
`
`2.1.6 adios Iaudioi: Mirrored signal component resulting from snh-Nyquist sampling,
`
`2.1-7 analysis fitterlistfik laudioi: Filterbanlt in. Ute. encoder that. transforms a broadband PCM audio
`signal into a set of subsampied snot-am samples.
`
`2.1.3 audio access unit [audioi: For Layers i and 11 an audio access unit is defined as the smaliest
`pan :9me encoded him which can be decoded by itself. where decoded means "fully rems‘tmcted
`sound“. ForLayer III an audio access unit is part of the bitstream that is deco-Gable with the use of
`previttmsly acquired l'nflilfil mi'ttroutfitm.
`
`2.1.9 audio buffer laudiol: A buffer in the system target deoider for storage of compressed audio data.
`
`2.].“1 audio sequence {audio}: A non-interrupted stories of audio frames in which the following
`[taranteters are notchanged:
`- [D
`_ Law
`- Emmi-ling Frequency
`— For LayerI and H: Bitrate index
`
`2.1-11 backward motion vector [tide-0|: A. motion vector that is used for motion compensation
`from a terse-use meme at a later time in disttltty order.
`
`LIJZ Earl: [audio]: Unit of critical band rate. The Dart-t scale is a non-[hater mapping. ofthe frequency
`sealer over the audio range closely mrresponding with the fnaqucncy selectivity of the human ear across the
`hand.
`
`2.1.1.} hidirectionall} predictive-coded picture: B-pictu re Itn'itieo]: A picture that is coded
`using motion compensated prediction from a past andfor future reference picture.
`
`2.1.14 hilt-ate: The rate at which the compressed bitstteam is delivered from the storage medium to the
`input oi‘a omelet.
`
`1.1.15 bis-cit: empanding [audio]: Normalizing of the digits] representation of an audio signal
`within. a certain lime period.
`
`2.1.Ifi lilo-sit Erideol: All E-mw by Ei-column orthogonal block of pets.
`
`1.1.17 bound laudio}: The lowest saith-and in which intensity stereo coding is. used.
`
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`ISWIEC 1 1 TTE-Z: 1993 {E}
`
`s} ISOJ'IEC
`
`2-1.13 byte Ilifln'fli: A bit in a eodud hitstrestm is byte-aligned If its msitiflri is a Milil-iliif 0f 3-bit?-
`from the. first hit in Ill-E: stream.
`
`2.1-19 byte: chufillce. or S—hits.
`
`1.1.1! channel: A digital medium that stores or mmspurts an [SWLEC 1117'2 stream.
`
`1.1.2] channel [audio]: The left and right channels of a stare-u signs]
`
`2-1.11 chmninanct! {cnmpnncnt} [trident A malflit. hluck IJr single flu! rcprescnting Blind: Dr the
`turn- mlmir difference signals minted in thc [JI'il'li'ifll'y colours in the manure: defined it: CCI'R Ree I501. The
`symbuls usud for the colour difference signals are C: and Ch.
`
`2.1.2.3 ended audio hital'rcam inuuinl: A added rcpmstmtuljcn Gr an audit: signal as specified in
`iSflflEC 11112.3.
`
`1.1.24 coded video. hitstresm [wide-3:: it. ended reprcseltlatim fit :4 sen-:5 [if mic {is more ptchtrcs as
`specified it: this part of lSlImEC 1] WI.
`
`1.1.2.5 coded net-der- E'l'idlfljl The urdct in which the pictures are stored and dueodcd. This order is not
`nmmily the same as the display order.
`
`2.1.2.6 tau-dell representatlun‘. A. dam elernenl as represented in its encoded form,
`
`1.1.2.1 mdlng parameters 'I'I-‘il'letljf 'Ihe set nt user-dcfmahte parameters that characterize :1 studied videu
`hitstrcam. flitstreams are ehamruisud 113,- cruling Immmctcrs. Docuders are emmcmriscd 113' The hitsuesms
`that they are capable of dam-ding.
`
`3.1.23 cud-inpatient ivideu]: A mantis. block Di' siligtfi pcl fmm Lilli: CI" E316 {Tl-TEE makings {luminunce
`and two ehmmhtancc} that make up a picturc.
`
`1.1.29 compression: Reduction in the nLunhu: ut‘ hits used to represenl an Itcnl of data.
`
`2.1.3! constant nitrate coded widen [wide-1]: A compressed vidut} hitstrchtu with a canstant
`average hitruth.
`
`1.1.3] constant hitrate: {hieratton where die hitmte is ennsthht from Still! to finish of the unmprcsscd
`hitstruam.
`
`1.1.32. constrained parameters Lfisleni: The values at “it: sucl [if finding [it'ifitl'lletttrs defined in
`2.4.3.2.
`
`1.1.33- cunxtraiued system parameter stream [CSPS} [syulelnh All ISOHEC 111T:
`muldpiemud stream for which the. ccnstrai nts defined in 2.4.6 ut‘IfiDflEC i I ITI—l apply.
`
`2.1.34 ERIC: Cyclic redundanq- code.
`
`2.1.35 erttiea] baud rate [audio]: Psychuaenustic function of frequcnssy. At a givcil audiblc-
`frequency it is prurI-urticnal tn- the Number nfcritical hands below that frequent-3r. The units (if the critical
`baud rate scale are Barks.
`
`2.1.36 critical baud [audht]; Psychuucuustie meastue it} llle spectral domain which edrrcspmids tn the
`ftaquency seleeti wit}.r of the human Bar. This scicctivity is txprcsscd in Bark
`
`2.1.3? data elemt: an. “an [if data as represented hefnre encoding and after deeming.
`
`2.1.33 dC-mfiicknt [tide-1!: The DC! coct‘ficicnt for which the frequiamc},r is zero in truth
`dimmis'mns.
`
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`fl ISDJ'IEG
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`ISDHEG l11?‘2—2: 1993 {E}
`
`2.1.39 dcwco-ded picture; D-picture [video]: A. picture that is coded using only information from
`itself. Of the DCT coefficients in theooded representatjtm. only the dc-eo-el'ficients are present.
`
`2.1.!“ DC!“ mlfieient: The ainplitudc of a specific cosine basis futtction.
`
`2.1.41 decoded she-In: The decoded reconstruction ofa compressed thinks-am.
`
`2.1.42 decoder input buffer [videolz The first-in first-out
`buffering verifier.
`
`(FlFU) buffer specified in the vision
`
`1.1.43- tlsender Input rate [ville-uh The data rate specified in the video buffering verifier and encoded
`in the coded vidon hitstream.
`
`2.1.44 decoder; All embodiment of it denaturing pmccss.
`
`1.1.45 decoding {process}: The process defined in iSCIfl'l-TC Illi‘Z that reads an input coiled hilstream
`and produces decoded picttu'es or audio samples.
`
`2.1.415 decoding titrte-stan'tp; TITS laystenti: A field that may he prose-mt it: a {wicket header that
`indicates the time that an access unit is decoded in tin: system target deoodor.
`
`1.1.47 lie-emphasis [audio]: Filtering applied to an audio signal after storago or unnsmissitm to undo
`:1 linear disttmion due to emphasis.
`
`2.1.43- dequantization {video}: The process of rescaling the quantized DCT coefficients alter their
`refn'csentatioo in the bitsu‘eant has been demded and before the).r are presented lo lite inverse DCT.
`
`2.1.49 digital storage media; DEM: A digital stot'age or transmission devioe or system.
`
`2.1.5tl discrete cosine transform; 0151' Nielsen}: Either the forward discrete cosine transfomt or the
`inverse discrete cosine tramsfcmn. The DC'I‘ is an invertible. discrete onhogonal transt'onnation. The
`invested DCT is defined in mine: A.
`
`2.1.5] displag.r order lvldeol: The order in which the decoded pictures should the. displayed. Nonpally
`IJtis is IJII: