INTERNATIONAL
`STANDARD
`
`ISO/IEC
`11172-1
`
`First edition
`1993-08-01
`
`
`
`Information technology — Coding of
`moving pictures and associated audio for
`digital storage media at up to about
`1,5 Mbit/s —
`
`Part 1:
`Systems
`
`Technologies de l'information — Codege de l'image animée et du son
`associé pour les supports de stockage numérique jusqu'a enviran
`1.5 Mbitts —
`
`Parte 7; Systémes
`
`
`
`
`
`IEC
`5
`
`Reference number
`ISGVEC 111 72-1: 1993{E}
`
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`PETITIONERS' EXHIBIT 1018
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`ISO/IEC 11172-1: 1993 (E)
`
`Contents
`
`Page
`
`Beese ee See ade ted ee COaLl
`
`Section bt General yi...a aeeEe eel
`
`Lid
`
`iGOPe isaeeaei i ae
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`1.2«=Mormative referemees.. is .c.cis ceed deste see e ee ee dena ea dea a eee eeeeeeee cee eisseaeaneeeeeel
`
`Section 2: Techoical
`
`clemeats..ciccccccccusseeereesrececgescistrnenraeseregs sees cies cereneeescrees ene 3
`
`2.1
`
`Exefinthinuwencncc cose eases rear ri nase aa eee ee ee Re SpE TET aoc
`
`2.2
`
`Symbols and abbreviations, .......2.2.....2...ccceeeses ier cetscssceeeesscsseseresertsascnren El
`
`2.3 Method of describing bil streagm SYMLAM ...
`
`0.066 cee reece See eee ere Ter) 13
`
`BA Regt OES yo c eee icee ener eererriasaseiasdesreseetages se pesaaneetisseregesentas scene LS
`
`Annexes
`
`a
`
`B
`
`Description of the system codimp Doyer.......0..ccccc ccs ccsceeescseneeecsesseeeeererenrse wo
`
`Lots. OF patent.ders: ce ccnenns canme cee ne centre ewe amen eteciraiene ernewe eres eens neereew eee oe
`
`© TSOJEC 1993
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
`any means, electronic or oechunical, including photwcupying and microfilm, without
`permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`ISOVIEC Copyright Office + Case Postale 56 * CHI211 Cien¢ve 20 © Switecrland
`
`Printed in Switeerland.
`
`iil
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`© ISOIEC
`
`ISO/MEC 11172-1: 1993 (E)
`
`Foreword
`
`iSO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the Inter-
`national Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for
`worldwide standardization, National bodies that are members of ISO or
`IEC participate in the development of
`international Standards through
`technical committees established by the respective organization ta deal
`with particular fields of technical activity.
`[SO and IEC technical com-
`mittees collaborate in fields of mutual interest, Other international organ-
`izations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC,
`also take part in the work.
`
`In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint
`technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted
`by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for vot-
`ing. Publication as an international Standard requires approval by at least
`75% of the national bodies casting a vote.
`
`International Standard ISOQMEC 11172-1 was prepared by Joint Technical
`Committee ISOMEC JTC 1, Information technolegy, Sub-Committee SC 29,
`Coded representation of avalo, picture, multimedia and hypermedia infor-
`mation.
`
`ISQWIEC 11172 consists of the following parts, under the general title In-
`formation technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated audia
`for digital storage media at up to about 7.5 Mbitys:
`
`— Part 1: Systems
`
`— Part 2: Video
`
`- Part 3: Audio
`
`— Part 4: Compliance testing
`
`Annexes A and B of this part of ISOMEC 11172 are for inforrnation only.
`
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`ISOVIEC 11172-1: 1993 (E)
`
`© (SOMES
`
`Introduction
`
`Note — Readers interested in an overview of the MPEG Systems layer should read this Introduction and then
`proceed to annex A, before returning to the clauses | and 2. Since the system target decoder conceptis
`referred to throughout both the normative and informative clauses of this partof (SO/TRC LLi72, it may
`
`also be useful to refer to clause 2.4, and purticularly 2.4.2, where the system target decoder is described.
`
`The systems specification addresses the problem of combining one or more data streams from the video and
`audio parts of this Intemational Standard with timing infonmation to form a single stream. Omce combined
`into a single stream, the data are in a form well suited to digital storage or transmission. The syntactical
`and semantic rules imposed by this systems specification enable synchronized playback without overflow or
`underflow of decoder buffers under a wide range of stream retrieval or receipt conditions. ‘The scope of
`syntactical and semantic rules set forth m the systems specification differ the syntactical mules apply to
`systems layer coding only, and do not extend to the compression layer coding of the video-and audio
`specifications; by contrast, the semantic rules apply to the combined stream in its entirety.
`
`The systems specification does not specify the architecture or implementation of encoder or decoders.
`However, bitstream properties do impose functional and performance requirements on encoders and decoders.
`For instance, cucoders must meet minimum clock tolerance requirements. Norwithstanding this and other
`requirements, a considerable degree of freedomexists in the design and implementation of encoders and
`decoders.
`
`A prototypical audio/video decoder system is depicted in figure | to illustrate the function of an ISOVIEC
`11172 decoder. The architecture is not unique — System Decoder functions including decoder iming control
`might equally well be distributed among elementary stream decoders and the Medium Specific Decoder -- but
`this figure is useful for discussion. The prototypical decoder design does not imply any nonnative
`requirement for the design of an ISCWTEC 11172 decoder,
`Indeed non-audio/video data is also allowed, but
`not shown.
`
`TT 7 ~~ ~~ Bole 2 TT |]
`
`
`ISCWIEC 11172 A
`
`
`
`L. WilesSe Lt 5 er pe=ose=ell
`
`Figure 1
`
`-- Prototypical
`
`ISO,IEC 11172 decoder
`
`The prototypical ISQ/TEC 11172 decoder shownin figure 1 is composed of System, Video, and Audio
`decoders conforming to Parts 1,2, and 3, respectively, of INOVIEC 11172.
`In this decoder the multiplexed
`coded representation of one or more audio and/or video streams is assumed to be stored on a digital storage
`medium (OSM), or network, in some medium-specific fonmat, The medium specitte format is not povenved
`by this Intemational Standard. nor is the medium-specific decoding part of the prototypical ISO/MEC 11172
`deomder
`
`The prototypical decoder accepts as input an ISO/TEC 11172 multiplexed steam and relies on a System
`Decoder to extract timing infonnation from the stream. The System Decoder demultiplexes the stream, anc
`the elementary streams so produced serve as inputs to Video and Audio decoders, whose outputs are decoded
`video and audio signals. Included in the design, but not shown in the figure, is the flow of timing
`information among the System Decoder, the Video and Audio Decoders, and the Medium Specific Decoder.
`
`iv
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`Avudlio “ea
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`ISO1117T2
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`Dipital
`Sore
`Defeddiumn
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`Drerfiert
`Vink
`wedi
` Pooler
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`© ISOMEC
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`ISONEG 11172-1: 1993 (E)
`
`The Video and Audio Decoders are synchronized with each other and with the OSM using this timing
`information,
`
`ISQVIEC 11172 multiplexed streams are constructed in two layers: a system layer and a compression layer.
`The input stream to the System Decoder has a system layer wrapped about a compression layer. Input
`streams to the Wideo and Audio decoders have only the compression layer.
`
`Operations performed by the System Decoder either apply to the entire ISO/MEC 11172 multiplexed stream
`("multiplex-wide operations"), or to individual elementary streams ("stream-specific operations"). The
`ISOVIEC 11172 system layer is divided into two sub-layers, one for multiplex-wide operations (the pack
`layer), and one for siream-specific operations (the packet layer).
`
`0.1 Multiplex-wide operations (pack layer)
`
`Mulliplex-wide operations include the coordination of data retieval off the DSM, the adjustment of clocks,
`and the management of buffers. The tasks are intimately related. Lf the rate of data delivery off the DSM is
`controllable, then DSM delivery may be adjusted so that decoder buffers neither overflow nor underflow;
`but if the DSM rate is mot controllable, then elementary stream decoders must slave their timing to the
`DSM to avoid overflow or underflow.
`
`ISOMEC 11172 multiplexed streams are composed of packs whose headers facilitate the above tasks. Pack
`headers specify intended times at which each byte is to enter the system decoder trom the DSM,and this
`target arrival schedule serves as a reference for clock correction and buffer management. The schedule need
`not be followed exactly by decoders, bul they must compensate for deviations about it.
`
`An additional multiplex-wide operation is a decoder's ability to cstablish what resources are required to
`decode an [SQVTEC 11172 multiplexed steam, The first pack of each ISOEC 11172 multiplexed stream
`CONVEYS Parameters to assist decoders inthis task, [ncluded, for example, are the stream’s maximum data
`rate and the highest number of sumultancus video chiunmels.
`
`0.2
`
`Individual stream operations (packet
`
`layer)
`
`The principal stream-specific operations are 1) demultiplexing, and 2) synchronizing playback of multiple
`elementary streams, These lopics are discussed mext
`
`0.2.1 Demultiplexing
`
`On encoding, ISO/TEC 11172 multiplexed streams are formed by multiplexing elementary streams.
`Elementary streams may include private, reserved, and padding streams in addition to TSOVIEC 11172 audio
`and video streams. The streams are temporally subdivided into packets, and the packets are serialized, A
`packet contains coded bytes from one and only one elementary stream.
`
`Both fixed and variable packet lengths are allowed subject to constraints in 2.4.3.3 and in 2.4.5 and 2.4.6.
`
`On decoding, demultiplexing is required to reconstitute elementary streams from the ISO/IEC 11172
`multiplexed stream. This is made possible by stream_id codes in packet headers.
`
`0.2.2 Synchronization
`
`Synchronization among multiple streams is effected with presentation time stumps in the ISOVTEC 11172
`multiplexed stream. The time stamps are in unit of 90kHz. Playback of N streams is synchronized by
`adjusting the playback of all streams toa master time base rather than by adjusting the playback of one
`stream to mateh that of another. The master ime base may be one of the N decoders' clocks, the DSM or
`channel clack, or it may be some external clock.
`
`Because presentation time-stunps apply to the decoding of individual clementury streams, they reside im the
`packet layer, End-to-end synchronization occurs when encoders record lime-stamps al capture time, when
`the lime stamps propagate with associated coded data to decoders, and when decoders use those time-stamps
`to schedule presentations.
`
`Synchronization is also possible with DSM timing time stamps in the multiplexed data suweam.
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`ISOCHIEC 11172-1; 1993 (E)
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`eS iISGiec
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`0.2.3 Relation to compression layer
`
`It is independent in
`The packet layer is independent of the compression layer in some senses, but notin all.
`the sense that packets need not start at compression layer start codes, as defined in parts 2 and 3. For
`example, a video packel may start al any byte in the video stream, However, time stamps encoded in
`packet beaders apply to presentation times of compression layer constructs (namely, presentation units).
`
`0.3
`
`System reference decoder
`
`Part 1 of ISCWIERIC 11172 employs a “system target decoder,” (STD) to provide a formalism for timing and
`buffering relationships. Because the STD is parameterized in tens of fields defined in ISQVIEC 11172 (for
`example, buffer sizes) cach ISOVIEC 11172 multiplexed stream leads to its own parameterization of the
`STD. Itis up to encoders to ensure that bitstreams they produce will play in normal speed, forward play on
`corresponding STDs, Physical decoders may assume thal a stream plays properly on its ST; the physical
`decoder must compensate for ways in which its design differs from that of the STD.
`
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`INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ® !SO/EC ISOMEC 11172-1; 1993 (E)
`
`Information technology — Coding of moving
`pictures and associated audio for digital storage
`media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s —
`
`Part 1:
`systems
`
`Section 1: General
`
`1.1
`
`Scope
`
`It was developed principally to
`This part of ISOMEC 11172 specifies the system layer of the coding.
`support the combination of the video and audio coding methods defined in ISO/IEC 11172-2 and ISOVIEC
`11172-3. The system layer supports five basic functions:
`a) the synchronization of multiple compressed streams on playback,
`b) the interleaving of multiple compressed streams into a single stream,
`¢) the initialization of buffering for playback stant up,
`W) continmwows bulfer management, aed
`¢) time identification,
`
`An TSOVIEC 11172 multiplexed bit stream is constructed in two layers: the outermost layer is the system
`layer, and the innermost is the compression Lvyer, The system layer provides the functions necessary for
`using one or more compressed data streams in a system. The video and audio parts of this specification
`define the compression coding layer for audio and video data, Coding of other types of data is not defined by
`the specification, but is supported by Uhe system layer provided that the other types of data adhere to the
`constraints defined in clause 2.4.
`
`1.2 WNormative references
`
`The following Intemational Standards contain provisions which, hrough reference in this text, constitute
`provisions of this part of TROWIRC PLIT2. At the time of publication, the eclitions indicated were valid. All
`standards arc subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 11172 are encouraged
`to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edilions of the standards indicated below.
`Members of IEC and 1S0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
`
`TSQVIEC 11172-2:1993 Informanon technology - Coding of moving piciures and associated audiofor digital
`storage media at up toabour 1,5 Mbie's - Part 22 Video,
`
`ISOWIEC 11172-3:1993 Information technology - Codie of moving pictures and assoctated audiofor digital
`storage media at up te about J,5 Mbit’s - Part 3 Audra,
`
`CCIR Recommendation 601-2 Encoding parameters of digital television for studios,
`
`CCIR Report 624-4 Characteristics of systems for monochrome and colour television.
`
`CCIR Recommendation 648 Recording ofaudio signals,
`
`CCIR Report 955-2 Sound broadcasting by satellite for portable and mobile receivers, including Annex IV
`Surunary description ofAdvanced Digital System fH.
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`ISOMNEG 11172-1: 1999 (EF)
`
`© ISOVEC
`
`CCITT Recommendation J.17 Pre-emphasix used on Sound-Programme Circuits.
`
`TEEE Draft Standard PL1S0D2 1990 Specification for the inplementation of dx & inverse discrete cosine
`transform”.
`
`TECpublication 908:1987 COD Digital Audio System.
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`© ISOEC
`
`ISQIEG 11172-1: 1993 (E)
`
`Section 2: Technical elements
`
`2.1 Definitions
`
`Por the purposes of ISOVIEC 11172, the following definitions apply. If specific to a part, this is noted in
`square brackets.
`
`2.1.1 ac coefficient [video]: Any DCT coefficient for which the frequency in one or both dimensions
`is nom-7era,
`
`In the case of compressed audio an access unil is an audio access unit.
`2.1.2 access unit [system]:
`the case of compressed video an access unit is the coded representation of a picture.
`
`In
`
`2.1.3 adaptive segmentation [audio]: A subdivision of the digital representation of an audio signal
`in variable segments of tine.
`
`2.1.4 adaptive bit allocation [audio]: The assignment of bits to subbands in a time and frequency
`varying fashion according to a psychoacoustic model.
`
`2.1.5 adaptive noise allocation [audio]; The assignment of coding noise to frequency bands in a
`time and frequency varying fashion according to a psychoacoustic model.
`
`2.1.6 alias [audio]: Mirrored signal component resulling from sub-Nyquist sampling.
`
`2.1.7 analysis filterbank [audio]: Pilterbank in the encoder that transforms a broadband PCM audio
`signal into a set of subsampled subband samples.
`
`2.1.8 audio access unit Jaudio|: For Layers TI and Tl an audio access unit is defined as the smallest
`part of the encoded bitstream which can be decoded byitself, where decoded means “fully reconstructed
`sound". For Layer U1 an audio access unit is part of the bitstresm that is decodable with the use of
`previously acquired main information.
`
`2.1.9 audio buffer [audio]: A buffer in the system target decoder for storage of compressed audio data.
`
`2.1.10 audio sequence [audiol: A non-internipted secrics of audio frames in which the following
`parameters are no changed:
`-ID
`~ Layer
`- Sampling Frequency
`- For Layer | and 1: Bitrate index
`
`2.1.11 backward motion vector [video]: A motion vector that
`from. a referenec picture ala later tome in display order,
`
`is used for motion compensation
`
`2.1.12 Bark jaudio|: Unit of critical band rate. The Bark scale is a non-linear mapping of the frequency
`scale over the audio range closely corresponding with the frequency selecuvity of the human ear across the
`beri.
`
`2.1.13 bidirectionally predictive-coded picture; H-picture |video|: A picture that is coded
`using motion compensated prediction froma past andor future reference picture.
`
`2.1.14 bitrate: The rate al which the compressed bitstream is delivered from the storage medium to the
`input of a decoder,
`
`2.1.15 block companding [audio]: Nonmnalizing of the digital representation of an audio signal
`within a certain ime period.
`
`2.1.16 block [video]: An 8-row by 8-column orthogonal block of pels.
`
`2.1.17 bound [audio]: The lowest subband in which intensity stereo coding is used.
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`ISOVIEC 117172-1: 1993 (E)
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`© ISONEC
`
`2.1.18 byte aligned: A bit in a coded bitstream is byte-aligned if its position is a multiple of 8-bits
`from Lhe first bit in the stream.
`
`2.1.19 byte; Sequence of 8-bits.
`
`2.1.20 channel: A digital medium that stores or transports an ISOVWIEC 11172 stream.
`
`2.1.21 chanmel [audio]: The left and right channels of a stereo signal
`
`2.1.22 chrominance (component) [video]: A matrix, block or single pel representing one of the
`two colour difference signals related to the primary colours in the manner defined in CCIR Rec 601, The
`symbols uscd for the colour difference signals are Cr and Cb.
`
`2.1.23 coded audio bitstream |audio]: A coded representation of an audio signal as specified im
`ISOMIEC 11172-3.
`
`2.1.24 coded video bitstream [video]: A coded representation of a series of one or more pictures as
`specified in ISO/IEC 11172-2.
`
`2.1.25 coded order [video]: ‘The order in which the pictures are stored and decoded. This order is not
`necessarily the same as the display order.
`
`2.1.26 coded representation: A data clement 45 represented in its encoded form.
`
`2.1.27 coding parameters [video]: ‘The set of uscr-definable parameters that charactenee a coded video
`bitstream. Bitstreams are characterised by coding parameters. Decoders are characterised by the bitstreams
`thal they are capable of decoding.
`
`2.1.28 component [video]: A matrix, block or single pel from one of the three matrices (luminance
`and two chrominance) that make up a picture.
`
`2.1.29 compression: Reduction in the number of bits used tu represent an item of data.
`
`2.1.30 constant bitrate coded video [video]! A compressed video bitstream with a constant
`average bitrate.
`
`2.1.31 constant bitrate: Operation where the bitrate is constant from start to finish of the compressed
`bitstream.
`
`2.1.32 constrained parameters [video]: The values of the set of coding parameters defined in
`2.4.3.2 of ISO/TEC 11172-2.
`
`2.1.33 constrained system parameter stream (CSPS) [system]: An ISQ/IEC L172
`multiplexed stream for which the constraints defined in 2.4.6 of this part of ISOVTEC 11172 apply.
`
`2.1.34 CRC: Cyclic redundancy code.
`
`2.1.35 critical band rate [audio]: Psychoacoustic function of frequency. Ata given audible
`frequency it is proportional to the number of critical bands below that frequency. “The units of the critical
`hand rate scale are Barks.
`
`2.1.36 critical band [audio]: Psychoacoustic measure in the spectral domain which corresponds to the
`frequency selectivity of the human ear, This selectivity is expressed in Bark,
`
`2.1.37 data element: An item of data as represented before encciling and after decoding.
`
`2.1.38 de-coefficient | video]: The DCTcoefficient for which the frequencyis zero in both
`dimensions.
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`®soiec
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`2.1.39 de-coded picture; D-picture [video]: A picture that is coded using only information from
`itself,
`(Of the DCT coefficients in the coded representation, only the de-coefficients are present.
`
`2.1.40 DCT coefficient: The amplitude of a specific cosine basis function.
`
`2.1.41 decoded stream: The decoded reconstruction of a compressed bitstream.
`
`2.1.42 decoder input buffer | video): ‘The first-in first-out
`buffering verifier,
`
`(FIFO) buffer specified in the video
`
`2.1.43 decoder input rate [video]: The data rate specified in the video buffering verifier and encoded
`in the coded video bitstream.
`
`2.1.44 decoder: An embodiment of a decoding process.
`
`2.1.45 decoding (process): The process defined in ISQVIEC LII72 that reads an inpul coded bitsiream
`and produces decoded pictures or audio samples.
`
`2.1.46 decoding time-stamp; DTS [system]: A field that may be present in a packet header that
`indicates the time that an access unit is decoded in the system target decoder.
`
`2.1.47 de-emphasis [audio]: Filtering applied to an audio signal after storage or transmission to undo
`a linear distortion duc to emphasis.
`
`2.1.48 dequantization [video]: The process of rescaling the quantized DCT cocfficients afier their
`representation in the bitstream has been decoded and before they are presented to the inverse DCT.
`
`2.1.49 digital storage media; DSM: A digital storage or transmission device or sysiem.
`
`2.1.50 discrete cosine transform; INCT [video]; Either the forward discrete cosine transform or the
`inverse discrete cosine unnsform. The DCT is an invertible, discrete orthogonal transformation, The
`inverse DCT is défined in annex A of ISOAEC 11172-2,
`
`2.1.51 display order [video]: The order in which the decoded pictures should be displayed, Normally
`this is the same order in which they were presented at the input of the cncader.
`
`2.1.52 dual channel mode [audio|: A mode, where two audio channels with independent programme
`contents (e.g. bilingual) are encoded within one bitstream. The coding process is the same as for the stereo
`mode.
`
`2.1.53 editing: The process by which one or more compressed bitstreams are manipulated to produce a
`new compressed bitstream. Conforming edited bitstreams must meet the requirements defined in ISO/IEC
`1172.
`
`2.1.54 elementary stream [system]: A generic term for one of the coded video, coded audio or other
`coded bitstreams.
`
`2.1.55 emphasis [audio]; Filtering applied to an audio signal befure storage or transmission to
`improve the signal-to-noise ratio at high frequencies,
`
`2.1.56 encoder: An embodiment of an encoding process,
`
`2.1.57 encoding (process): A process, not specified in ISO/IEC 11172, that reads a stream of input
`pictures or audio samples and produces a valid coded bitstream as defined in ISOVMEC 11172,
`
`2.1.58 entropy coding: Variable length lossless coding of the digital representation of a signal to
`reduce redundancy .
`
`2.1.59 fast forward playback [video]: The process of displaying a sequence, or parts of a sequence,
`of pictures in display-order faster than real-time.
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`© ISOMEC
`
`2.1.60 FFT: Past Fourier Transfonnation, A fast algorithm for performing a discrete Fourier transform
`(an orthogonal transform).
`
`2.1.61 filterbank [audio]: A set of band-pass filters covering the entire audio frequency range.
`
`2.1.62 fixed segmentation [audio]: A subdivision of the digital representation of an audio signal
`into fixed segments of time.
`
`2.1.63 forbidden: The term “forbidden” when used in the clauses defining the coded bitstream indicates
`that the value shall never be used. This is usually to avoid emulation of stan codes.
`
`2.1.64 forced updating [video]: The process by which macroblocks are intra-coded from time-to-time
`to ensure that mismatch errors between the inverse DCTprocesses in encoders and decoders cannot build up
`excessively.
`
`2.1.65 forward motion vector [video]: A motion vector that
`a reference picture at.an earlier time in display onder.
`
`is used for motion compensation from
`
`2.1.66 frame [audio]: A part of the audio signal that corresponds to audio PCM samples from an
`Audio Access Lnit.
`
`2.1.67 free format (audioj: Any bitrate other than the defined bitrates that is less than the maximum
`valid bitrate for cach layer.
`
`2.1.68 future reference picture [video]: The future reference picture is the reference picture that
`oovurs al a later Gime nan the current picture in display order,
`
`2.1.69 granules [Layer U1] [audio}: The set of 3 consecutive subband samples from all 32 subbands
`that are considered together before quantization. They correspond to 96 PCM samples.
`
`2.1.70 granules [Layer TT) [audio]: 4576 frequency limes that carry their own side infonmation.
`
`2.1.71 group of pictures [Video]: A series of one of more coded pictures intended to assist random
`access. The proup of pictures is one of the layers in the coding syntax defined in ISO/MEC 11172-2.
`
`2.1.72 Hann window [audio]: A time function applied sample-by-sample to a block of audio samples
`before Pourier wansformation,
`
`2.1.73 Huffman coding: A specific method for entropy coding.
`
`2.1.74 hybrid filterbank [audio]: A serial combination of subband filterbank and MDCT.
`
`2.1.75 IMDCT [audio]: Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform.
`
`2.1.76 intensity stereo |audio|]: A method of exploiting stereo inelevance or redundancy in
`stereophonic audio programmes based on retaining at high frequencies only ibe energy covelope of ihe ciglit
`and left channels.
`
`2.1.77 interlace [video]: The property of conventional television pictures where alternating lines of
`the picture represent different instances im lime.
`
`2.1.78 intra coding [video]: Coding of a macroblock or picture that uses information only from that
`macroblock or picture.
`
`2.1.79 intra-coded picture; I-picture [video]: A picture coded using information only from itself.
`
`2.1.80 ISOVIEC 11172 (multiplexed) stream [system]: A bitstream composed of zero or more
`elementary streams combined in the manner defined in this partoft ISO/IEC 11172.
`
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`© ISO/IEC
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`ISOIEG 11172-1: 1993 (E)
`
`2.1.81 joint stereo coding [audio]: Any method that exploits stereophonic irrelevance or
`stereophonic redundancy.
`
`2.1.82 joint stereo mode (audio): A mode of the audio coding algorithm using jomt stereo coding.
`
`2.1.83 layer [audio): One of the levels in the coding hierarchy of the audio system defined in ISOMMEC
`111 72-3.
`
`2.1.84 layer [video and systems): Cme of the levels in the data hierarchy of the video and system
`specifications defined in this part of ISQVTEC 11172 and ISOV/TEC 11172-2.
`
`2.1.85 luminance (component) [video]; A matrix, block or single pel representing a oiowochrome
`representation of the signal and related to the primary colours in the manner defined in CCIR Rec 601, The
`symbol used for luminance is ¥.
`
`2.1.86 macroblock [video]: The four & by 8 blocks of luminance data and the two corresponding & by
`& blocks of chrominance data coming from a 16 by 16 section of the luminance component of the picture,
`Macroblock is sometimes used to refer to the pel data and sometimes to the coded representation of the pel
`values and other data clements defined in the macroblock layer of the syntax defined in ISOVIEC 11172-2.
`The usage is clear from the contest.
`
`2.1.87 mapping [audio]; Conversion of an audio signal from time to frequency domain by subband
`filtering and/or by MDCT.
`
`2.188 masking [audio]: A property of the human auditory system by which an audio signal cannot be
`perceived in the presence of another audio signal .
`
`2.1.89 masking threshold [audioj: A function in frequency and time below which an audio signal
`cannot be perceived by the human auditary system,
`
`2.1.90 MDCT [audio]: Modified Discrete Cosine Transfonn.
`
`2.1.91 motion compensation [video}: The use of motion vectors to improve the efficiency of the
`prediction of pel values. The prediction uses motion vectors to provide offsets into the past and/or future
`reference pictures containing previously decoded pel valves that are used to form the prediction error signal,
`
`2.1.92 motion estimation [video]: The process of estimating motion vectors during the encoding
`
`2.1.93 motion vector |video|: A two-dimensional vector used for motion compensation that provides
`an offset from the coordinate position im the current picture to the coordinates in a reference picture,
`
`2.1.94 MS stereo [audio]: A method of exploiting stereo irrelevance or redundancy in stereophonic
`audio programmes based on coding the sumand difference signal instead of the left and right channels.
`
`2.1.95 non-intra coding [video]: Coding of a macroblock or picture that uses information both from
`itself and from macroblocks and pictures occurring at other times.
`
`2.1.96 non-tonal component [audiol: A noise-like component of an audio signal.
`
`2.1.97 Nyquist sampling: Sampling at or above twice the maximum bandwidth of a signal,
`
`2.1.98 pack [system]: A pack consists of a pack header followed by one or more packets.
`in the system coding syntax described in this part of ISOVIEC 11172.
`
`It is a layer
`
`2.1.99 packet data |system|: Contiguous bytes of data from an elementary streany present in a packet,
`
`2.1.10packet header [system]: The data structure used to convey information about the elementary
`stream data contained in the packer data,
`
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`ISOMEC 11172-1: 1993 (E)
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`@ ISONEC
`
`2.1.101 packet [system]: A packet consists of a header followed by a number of contiguous bytes
`from an elementary data stream. It is a layer in the system coding syntax described in this part of ISOVIEC
`11172.
`
`2.1.102 padding [audio]: A method to adjust the average length in time of an audio frame to the
`duration of the corresponding PCM samples, by conditionally adding a slot to the audio frame,
`
`2.1.103 past reference picture [video]: ‘The past reference picture is the reference picture that occurs
`at an earlier time than the current picture in display order.
`
`2.1.104 pel aspect ratio |video|: The ratio of the nominal vertical height of pel on the display to ils
`nominal horizcital width.
`
`2.1.105 pel [video]: Picture element.
`
`2.1.106 picture period [video]: The reciprocal of the picture rate.
`
`2.1.107 picture rate [video]; The nominal rate at which pictures should be output from the decoding
`process.
`
`2.1.108 picture [video]: Source, coded or reconstructed image data. A source or reconstructed picture
`consists of three rectangular matrices of $-bit numbers representing the luminance and two chrominance
`signals. The Picture layer is one of the layers in the coding syntax defined in ISQVIEC 11172-2. Note that
`the term "picture" is always used in ISO/IEC 11172 in preference to the terms field or frame.
`
`2.1.109 polyphase filterbank [audie}; A sct of equal bandwidth filters with special phase
`interrelationships, allowing for an efficient implementation of the filterbank.
`
`2.1.110 prediction [video]: The use of a predictor to provide an estimate of the pel value or data
`element currently being decoded,
`
`2.1.111 predictive-coded picture; P-picture [video]: A picture that is coded using motion
`compensated prediction from the past reference picture.
`
`2.1.112 prediction error [video]: The difference between the actual value of a pel or data element and
`its predictor.
`
`2.1.113 predictor [video]: A linear combination of previously decoded pel values or data elements.
`
`2.1.114 presentation time-stamp; PTS [system]: A f