`Streaming of MPEG Videos
`
`Susanne Boll, Christian Heinlein, Wolfgang Klas, Jochen Wandel
`Databases and Information Systems (DBIS)
`Computer Science Department, University of Ulm, Germany
`fb hei eik awade g@if aik. i .de
`
`ABSTRACT
`C i de ivey f edia ea ike vide ve e
`w k fa i ai y had ed by c ecia a ache
`ha de ive he ea f wad ieed i hei w
`ieay f a. Th gh e exiig ea ig ech
`gie ae ab e ada vayig badwidh hey d
` vide h eaci e ieaci wih he c
`i ea .
`
`We have deve ed he EG /R aegy a ada
`ive efechig a g ih f he EG 1 vide f a i
`c biai wih a ie ige b (cid:11)eig echi e ha a
` w f h ad ick eaci e ieaci wih
`he ea . Wih /R [12] a a ach a eady ha
`bee eeed de ive ad b (cid:11)e h gee c i
` daa ea ike i EG wih ecia f c
`fa eaci e ieaci . c a he EG 1
`ec dig wih i di(cid:11)ee fa e ye ad he deedecie
`bewee fa e e he d a e (cid:12)e gaied ada
`ai f he c i ea . weve he c exiy
` f EG 1 ca f c eheive adaai ad ecia
`a ed e f he /R a g ih ake i a eÆcie
`e adig ad b (cid:11)eig echi e f EG 1 vide .
`
`Wih he ea izai f EG /R i he c ex f
`a i edia eeai egie f a i edia
`e i y we have a eÆcie ea de ive c i
` ea f ieacive i edia eeai ve ex
`iig ifa c e yig ii ize ieaci e
` e i e ad i ize adig/e adig i f a
`vide ea .
`
`INTRODUCTION
`1.
` f e e f i edia a icai wi ge be
`ai(cid:12)ed wih e acked eeai ad a e y
`e ieay c ii e bedded i Web age
`ad edeed by b we g i. Rahe e a ized i
`eacive i edia eeai ae eeded de iveed
`de ad f a i edia eve ve a ew k a
` e (cid:13)exib e eeai evi e. hi c ex he
`de ivey f c i i edia daa a we a i ee
`ai be ai ed he eci(cid:12)c e ie e f hi
`evi e i. e. he vayig badwidh e e i e f
`he eve ad he ike.
`
`The ivai f w k i he aea f c i de
` ivey f ieacive i edia eeai ve a e
`w k e f eeach jec \Ga ey f Cadiac
`
`S gey" Cadi 1 [8] which ai a deve ig a
`ee baed ad daabae dive i edia if ai
`ye i he d ai f cadiac gey. The e f he
`ye e e i edia c e f di(cid:11)ee af
` ve di(cid:11)ee ew k c eci . Vide ea ae f
`high i ace i hi ed cai a evi e. D ig
`he eaig ce i i idieab e f he e ie
`ac he ea a wach a cee agai j
`a he ieeig a f he vide . Theef e he ye
` ieaci ad be e fied y h d
`eac i a vey e ive way. ece he eeai e
`vi e de ad f ea ig f c i
` edia wih iab e had ig f e ieaci .
`
` he jec c ex we deve ed a i edia ee
`ai egie which ic de f c i EG
`vide ea . F hi we deve ed he EG /R
`a g ih c i y de ive EG 1 vide ea
` ve a ew k which we ee i hi ae.
`
`C aed wih e. g. i EG he ec dig f c
`i vide ea wih EG 1 (cid:11)e a igi(cid:12)ca y
`highe c ei ae which i vey i a f a de
` ivey ve a ew k wih eia y w badwidh. We
`ai a c i y de iveig he EG 1 ea i a
` i ad a b (cid:11)eig hee i i a ie ige way a
`he c ie ch ha he e i vided wih a h ad
`c i eeai h gh he e ca ib y cay
` VCR ike ieaci he ea ike fa f wad
`evee j ig a b k ak i he vide . The b (cid:11)e
`ig echi e h d hide he e e ad b (cid:11)eig f i
`ad ahe de ive a c i EG ea f he be
` a iy ha ca be c e y vided he a icai .
`
`Wih /R [12] we (cid:12)d a e adig ad b (cid:11)eig a
`egy f c i ea ig ieaci ha ha
` ve ef bee ha \adii a " aegie ike
`e. g. RU F F FU ec.Thi a ach h weve ai
`a de iveig ad b (cid:11)eig h gee c i daa
`ea ike i EG wih ecia f c fa e
`aci e ieaci . The c exiy f EG 1
`
`
`
`wih i hee gee fa e ye f di(cid:11)ee i ace
`vayig fa e ize ad ie fa e deedecie ca f
`c eheive adaai ad ecia a ed e f he
` igia /R a g ih ake i a eÆcie e ad
`ig ad b (cid:11)eig echi e f EG 1 vide . Thi ae
`ee EG 1 eci(cid:12)c e adig ad b (cid:11)e a
`age e aegy EG /R f EG 1 vide .
`
`The e aide f hi ae i gaized a f w: Sec
`i 2 dic e e aed w k. Seci 3 evii he igia
`/R a g ih ad give a h veview f he a
` f EG 1 e eva a ach.
` Seci 4
`ew EG /R a ach i eeed which c i
` f a f a de ad a c e dig a g ih . Seci 5
`keche he i e eai f he a ach ad Seci 6
`c c de he ae.
`
`2. RELATED WORK
`Re aed w k c ceed wih he de ivey f i edia
`c e ve he ee c ve evea eeach a ache
`dea ig wih he adaive ea ig f EG vide . A
`a a f he UASAR jec a he eg Gad ae
` i e [19] a EG aye f adaive EG ea
`ig ve he ee ha bee deve ed which addee
`e ce cacee i he ed ed de ivey. The f c
` ie a a iy f evice S de ad a adaai
` echai f he aye. T faci iae adaive ea ig
`he EG vide i vided by he eve i di(cid:11)ee a
`iie. The ea i adaed i he e a di ei by
`d ig B fa e (cid:12) he fa e ad (cid:12)a y fa e.
` addii di(cid:11)ee aia e i ae vided a a
`ec d vaiab e a iy di ei . B (cid:11)eig i a ied
`c eae ew k jie b d e fa eac
`i e ieaci . A he a ach he edia
`Sea ig c [4] deve ed a he Uiveiy f i
` i vide adaive ea ig f EG vie .
`c gei he c c ide he di(cid:11)ee fa e ye
` f EG wih hei fa e iedeedecie ad i i a
` a ach d e i a EG fa e (cid:12).
`The c ie ide b (cid:11)e i e yed y h he jie
` f aivig daa b d e a w f ii izig ie
`aci e e i e ad e ad f daa afe ib e e
`ieaci .
`
` he c ecia aea ay a ache ca be f d ha
`dea vey we wih he ea ig f vide e. g. icki e
`[1] E b aze [2]. Wih VDive [17] ad Rea [14] a
` ache exi ha ae f he e ab e ada he vide
`ea (cid:13) c ai f he avai ab e badwidh. F i
`ace wih he i d ci f he S eSea ech gy
`[15] Rea a w ec de a vide c i ha eve f
`ix di(cid:11)ee badwidh. Thi ea ca a aica y be
`adj ed c eae f ew k c gei . weve
`a hi echi e ec de i e dij i ea i e
`(cid:12) e i ead a i(cid:13)ai f he age ize ad ed
`dacy. weve a he c ecia a ache ei ed
`have i c ha hey eae ieay vide f
` a ad ae eihe deiged ii izai f
`he ieaci e e i e i ize he e(cid:11) f
`e adig i f a vide ea .
`
`Wih /R [3] a ieeig a icai f /R ha
`ev ved. /R exed /R wih addii a ie
`
`aci e i de he eci(cid:12)c S e ie e
` f ceai e. weve he a ach d e dea wih
`EG eci(cid:12)c e adig ad e ace e aegie.
`
`3. L/MRP AND MPEG-1 REVISITED
`3.1 L/MRP
`/R ea/ Re eva f eeai [12] i a
`b (cid:11)e aage e aegy f ieacive c i daa
`(cid:13) w i a c ie/eve evi e. The c ie e e
`ad eceive a c i edi i a i ad b (cid:11)e
`ha a f he ea ha i e eva f he c e ad
`f e eeai . The ai idea i e e e ad
`ad b (cid:11)e h e i ha ae e eva be eeed
`i he ea f e. The ecia iy f he /R aegy
`hee i ha he e adig ad b (cid:11)eig ake i acc
`he ieaci a e ib y caie he ea
`e. g. wich fa f wad ayback j a b k ak.
`By ha ea he ieaci e e i e c aed
`c b (cid:11)e aage e ad e ace e aegie i
`ed ced cf. [12]. e adig ad e ace e ae he w
`ak he b (cid:11)e aage e aegy ha ae. D ig
`e adig he ex e eva i f he c i
`ea ae dee ied wheea he e ace e aegy
` decide which ae he ea e eva i a hee ae
`e ved f he b (cid:11)e fee ace f e e eva i.
`
`The /R b (cid:11)e aage e aegy ea he ea
`a a e ece f ca ed C i bjec eeai
`Ui CU wih a acedig beig f he i.
` kig a a e ece f CU f a eci(cid:12)c eeai
` i i i e he ig e CU ae di(cid:11)ee y e eva
`f he c e eeai which i exeed by aigig
`e evace va e each CU. C ide Fig e 1 f a
`i ai : The c e eeai i i = 43 ad
`he e i wachig he ea a d b e eed i f wad
`dieci . The evey he CU i f wad dieci
`c e he c e eeai i i ab e y e eva
`f he c ig eeai . Thee CU f he
`ca ed efeeced e a hey ae ike y be efeeced i
`he ea f e. weve hee ae CU ha a eady
`have bee viewed. Thee be g he hi y e f C
`U f he ea . A a e c d chage he dieci
` f he ay a ay i e hee CU ae i e eva
`f he eeai . Fia y he fa e i f wad diec
`i which ae kied d e he d b e eed ay ae
`e eva a he e c d wich a eed ay
`back a ay i e. Thee c ideai ca be c i ed f
`f he ieaci ye ch a fa backwad j ig
`b k ak ad he ike.
`
`The e evace f a CU wih eec e f hee e i
`dee ied by a ca ed diace e evace f ci which
`exee a CU e evace a a f ci f he diace f
`he CU he c e eeai i . F he ef
`eeced e he diace e evace f ci i y
`deceaig wih va e 1 f he ex few CU be e
`eed. A he fa e f he hi y ad kied e ae
` e ike y be eeed hei diace e evace f ci
`ae deceaig e aid y. Give e e e evace
`f ci f each CU a vea e evace f ci ca
`be ca c aed e. g. by akig he axi e evace va e
`f each CU. Thi g ba e evace f ci i he ed
`by he e adig ad e ace e f he b (cid:11)e. The e
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`PETITIONERS' EXHIBIT 1008
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`evace va e exee which CU ae ike y be e
`eed whe akig i acc he di(cid:11)ee ieaci
`a e c d ef he ea . /R ie kee
`h e e eva CU i he c ie b (cid:11)e achieve a
` ick ad h eaci he e ieaci . Deed
`ig he b (cid:11)e ize h e CU ab ve a ceai e evace
`va e ae ke i he b (cid:11)e ad h e be w he heh d
`va e ae aded/ae e ved f he b (cid:11)e ake
` f he e/ e eva CU. Wheeve he
`eeai i ceed he e evace va e ae e
`ca c aed he CU be e aded ae dee ied ad
`he CU wih he ea e evace va e i he b (cid:11)e ae
`e aced.
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`Presentation Point
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`p
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`Relevance
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`1
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`0.5
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`48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
`60
`COPU Indices
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`Interaction Sets:
`
`History
`
`Referenced
`
`Skip
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`Fig e 1: /R: ieaci e ad e evace
`va e
`
`3.2 MPEG-1
`The EG 1 adad [6] i a c dig f a f a di ad
`vide ea . hi ae we ae c ceed wih vide
`ea y [7]. The ai fea e f EG 1 ha i ie
`eig i hi ae i ha fa e ae ge ideede
` f each he a i he cae wih e. g. i EG which
`i a eie f ig e EG [18] i age. Fig e 2 h w a e
` ece f EG fa e ad hei iedeedecie which
`ae e eva f dec dig he ea . A EG 1 vide e
` ece i geea c i f hee di(cid:11)ee fa e ye B
`ad . U a y he fa e f e fa e he fa e
`bef e he ex fa e f a ca ed G f ic e
`G . Sice fa e ia c ded ic e ae ec ded
`i i ai y EG i age hei dec dig i ideede f
` he fa e. The dec dig f fa e edicive c ded
`ic e deed he ecedig fa e f he a e
`G . F B fa e bidieci a y c ded ic e dec d
`ig deed b h he ecedig ad he cceedig
` fa e. ad B fa e a w a ch highe c ei
`ae ha fa e by ex iig e a edici ig
` i vec .
` i i a e ha he di ay
` de i which he fa e ae eeed i di(cid:11)ee f
`he biea de i which he fa e ae dec ded d e
` ie fa e deedecie. Fig e 2 i ae b h he
`di ay de ad he biea de f a ea . The
`de f dec dig i vey i a a a e adig aegy
` f c e c ide he de f dec dig ad y
` f di ayig he fa e.
`
`A e adig ad b (cid:11)e aage e aegy f EG 1
`vide ay aei he di(cid:11)ee fa e ye ad
`
`Display order:
`
`0
`I
`
`1
`2
`B B
`
`3
`P
`
`4
`5
`B B
`
`6
`P
`
`7
`8
`B B
`
`9
`I
`
`Bitstream order by frame number:
`0
`2
`6
`4
`5
`3
`1
`
`9
`
`7
`
`8
`
`...
`
`Fig e 2: EG fa e ye ad hei iedee
`decie
`
`hei ie fa e deedecie he biea de f de
`c dig he ea ad he fac ha he biae/daa ae
` f he vide ad he ize f he fa e ca heavi y vay.
`
`4. MPEG-L/MRP MODEL
`4.1 Overview of MPEG-L/MRP
`Basic idea
`S fa he /R a ach ha ve [12] be ei
` adii a e adig ad b (cid:11)eig aegie eecia y
`whe i c e fa eaci e ieaci . The ba
`ic idea f EG /R i vide he a e ieaci
`e ivee a achieved wih /R b i aic a
`ake i acc he eci(cid:12)c fea e f he EG vide
`ea . The di(cid:11)ee fa e ye wih hei ie fa e
`deedecie ad hei di(cid:11)ee i ace f he ee
`ai ae he ai i e whe adaig /R EG.
`The EG /R aegy ex i he k w edge ab
`he i ace ad deedecie f he fa e ch ha
`he vide ca be i a y eeed de he avai ab e
`ew k badwidh. Theef e he ieaci e ad he
`a ciaed e evace f ci f he /R aegy ae
`adaed ch ha hey e(cid:13)ec hi eci(cid:12)c i ace f
`fa e f he eeai . Whe fa e d aive i
`i e a he c ie e a adaai i ed i de
` aiai a c i eeai .
`
`Choosing the appropriate COPU size
`The (cid:12) i e f adaig /R EG ea i he
`kid ad ize f he daa ha f a CU. The CU
`ae he baic i f a ai f he ea . k
`ig a EG 1 hee ae di(cid:11)ee ibi iie de(cid:12)e a
`CU:
`A CU c e d a G . The ahe big ize
` f he CU igh be a b e . f ch a CU ca
`be de iveed he c ie i aveage ha f a ec d f he
`vide i iig. Thi ize i a iab e f e. g. a fa
`f wad eeai f he vide ice a fa e had be
` aded he c ie h gh y a be f he w d be
`eeded.
`A CU c e d a a f a G . [5] ed
` e BB BB g . weve he g ad hee
`f e he CU ae he deede each he. Ad hi
`eic he ed c dig che e f he EG ea
` BBBB...BB ae.
` ee i he
`A CU c e d a fa e.
`CU ae deede each he ike he fa e f he
`EG ea ae. weve hi ga aiy a w f fa
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`ad ageed eaci vayig ew k badwidh ad
` e ieaci .
`
`We decided e he hid a eaive a i (cid:11)e he
`a iae ibi iy c eae (cid:13) c ai i he
`avai ab e ew k badwidh ad a he a e i e (cid:11)e
` f fa ad h eaci e ieaci
`he ea . Thi decii eve a he bai f he f a
` de f w.
`
`4.2 The MPEG-L/MRP Model
`Overview
` hi beci he EG /R de wi be deve
` ed e by e. F wig e e i iay de(cid:12)ii
`we i d ce eeai e a a ea c ec h e
`fa e which have be di ayed f a aic a kid f
`eeai f a vide ch a a ayback d b e
`eed eeai ad . Sice ad B fa e ca
`be dec ded ideede y addii a fa e igh
`be eceay ac a y dec de ad di ay he fa e f
`a eci(cid:12)c eeai e. Thee ie fa e deedecie
`ae ca ed by deedecy e eadig he i f
`c ed eeai e.
`
`Afewad aic ad dya ic e evace f ci ae de
`(cid:12)ed a a ea aify he e evace f fa e c
`aied i a aic a eeai e. Whi e aic e e
`vace f ci ae ed aig e evace va e fa e
` dig a aic efeece fa e eeeig e. g. a
`b k ak dya ic e evace f ci ae eeded c
` e he e evace va e f fa e dig he c e
`eeai i which i c a y vig i i e d ig
`a a eeai f he vide . B h aic ad dya ic
`e evace f ci ae baed geeic e evace f ci
`which de(cid:12)e e evace va e ideede f a aic a
`efeece fa e he c e eeai i.
`
`Fia y a g ba e evace f ci i i d ced which c
`bie he e evace va e f aic ad dya ic e evace
`f ci i a ig e vea e evace va e f each fa e
` f he vide which wi be ed by he EG /R a g
`ih dee ie e adig cadidae ad e ace e
`vici .
`
`Re ak: F eade fa i ia wih he deai f he igi
`a /R de [12] i h d be ed ha he f a
` de ev ved i evea aec i de ada i he
`ecia e ie e f he EG vide f a. aic
` a he i f ieaci e c aiig ai f fa e
` CU ad e evace va e dee ied by ca ed
`diace e evace f ci ha bee i i w h g
` a c ce: eeai e c aiig fa e y
`he e had ad e evace f ci aigig e evace
`va e fa e he he had. By ha ea ie
`fa e deedecie ca be ca ed ie eai y by i
`d cig deedecy e which ae c ee y ideede
` f he c ce f e evace va e. F he e geeic e
`evace f ci which ae a aed a aic a fa e
`ad eiced a aic a eeai e i de b
`ai aic ad dya ic e evace f ci ae ewha
`eaie e ha he c e dig diace e evace f c
`i f he igia de eecia y whe fa e ae
`e idia y diib ed wihi a eeai e.
`
`Preliminary Definitions
`e a a = f1; 2; 3; : : : g be he e f a a
`be ad //Z = f: : : ; 2; 1; 0; 1; 2; : : : g he e f iege
` be. F k 2 //Z e //Zk de e he e f iege f
`0 k i. e.
`
`//Zk = (cid:26) f0; 1; : : : ; k 1; kg
`
`fk; k 1; : : : ; 1; 0g
`
`f k (cid:21) 0;
`f k < 0:
`
`F a be (cid:18) //Z f iege e (cid:31) : //Z ! f0; 1g be
`he chaaceiic f ci f aigig a va e f 1 a
` e be f ad 0 a he be:
`
`(cid:31) x = (cid:26) 1
`Presentation Sets
`F a aic a vide c iig 2 fa e e
`
`f x 2 ;
` hewie:
`
`0
`
`F = f0; 1; : : : ; 1g
`
`be he e f i fa e be i di ay de. F he
` e e ad B be aiwie dij i be f F
`eeeig he e f a ad B fa e f he vide
`eecive y. A ig ha a vide d e c ai he
`fa e ye i aic a D fa e i h d:
`
`F = [ [ B:
`
`A eeai e i a be S (cid:18) F f fa e which have
` be di ayed f a aic a kid f eeai f he
`vide . F iace he eeai e
`
`F = ff 2 F j f = i ; i 2 0g = f0; ; 2; : : : g
`
`eci(cid:12)e he e f a fa e f which have be di ayed
`f a f wad backwad eeai f he vide wih a
`e aive eed ki fac f 2 .
`
`Dependency Sets
`D e ie fa e deedecie i de be ab e de
`c de ad di ay he fa e f a aic a eeai
`e S i igh be eceay h weve dec de addii a
`fa e. Thee ie fa e deedecie ae ca ed by he
`deedecy e Df (cid:18) F c aiig a fa e g 2 F which
`ae diec y aiive y eeded dec de ad di ay
`fa e f 2 F . Uig he a xi iay de(cid:12)ii
`
` f = axfg 2 j g (cid:20) f g
`
`ad
`
` f = ifg 2 [ j g (cid:21) f g
`
`ecifyig he c e ecedig fa e f fa e f ad he
`c e cceedig fa e f fa e f eecive y Df
`ca be de(cid:12)ed a f w:
`
`Df = ff g [ fg 2 [ j f (cid:20) g (cid:20) f g:
`
`Sice f = f = f f a fa e f 2 i h d
`Df = f i ha cae which ea ha addii a
`fa e i eeded dec de a fa e. F a fa e f 2
`i h d f < f = f ad h Df c ai f ad a
`ecedig fa e ad ic dig he c e eced
`ig fa e. The a e h d f a B fa e f 2 B b ice
` f < f < f i ha cae Df c ai he c e
` cceedig fa e f f .
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`PETITIONERS' EXHIBIT 1008
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`
`
`Re ak: F f ad f be we de(cid:12)ed f a fa e
`f 2 F he (cid:12) fa e f a vide be a fa e ad i
` a fa e be a fa e. Wih hee eic
`i he vide w d be adad c f ig h weve.
`
`Closed Presentation Sets
`The c e (cid:22)S f a eeai e S (cid:18) F ca be de(cid:12)ed a
`he e
`
`(cid:22)S = [f 2S
`
`Df
`
`c aiig a fa e which ae ac a y eeded f a aic
` a kid f eeai eihe diec y beca e hey have
` be di ayed idiec y d e ie fa e deede
`cie. A eeai e S i ca ed c ed if S = (cid:22)S h d.
`
`Give he de(cid:12)ii f F ab ve he c e (cid:22)F c ie
`f exa e a fa e which ae ac a y eeded f a e
`eai f he vide wih a e aive eed f . eecig
`(cid:22)F wih e f he e B yie d he aiwie di
`j i e = (cid:22)F \ = (cid:22)F \ ad B = (cid:22)F \ B
`c aiig a B fa e eecive y eceay f
` ch a eeai .
`
` f he c dig che e f a vide i a c a eeii f
`he ae i aed i Fig e 3 i f wed by a (cid:12)a
`fa e he eeai e F2 c ai a fa e deiced
`a haded b xe. Sice hi e c ie a ad fa e
` f he vide i i a eady c ed i. e. i h d (cid:22)F2 = F2
`i ha cae. The eeai e F3 he he had
`i aed i Fig e 3 ii i c ed ice addii a
` fa e idei(cid:12)ed by b ack a w ae eeded dec de he
`B fa e ha ae be eeed a a ki fac f 3. Tha
` ea ha he c e (cid:22)F3 c ai 6 iead f 4 fa e
` f each 12 fa e ae BBBBBBBBB e ig i a
` vehead f gh y 50 .2
`
`(i)
`
`(ii)
`
`2F :
`I
`
`F :3
`I
`
`BBB
`
`P
`
`BB
`
`B
`
`P
`
`B
`
`B
`
`B
`
`B B B
`
`P
`
`B B B
`
`P
`
`B B B
`
`frames to be
`presented
`additional
`frames needed
`for decoding
`
`Fig e 3: eeai e a di(cid:11)ee ki ae
`
`Relevance Functions
`A geeic e evace f ci i a f ci (cid:26) : //Z ! [0; 1] a
`igig a e evace va e (cid:26)x 2 [0; 1] each iege
`be x 2 //Z. Tyica y a geeic e evace f ci i eihe
` y iceaig f x (cid:20) 0 ad ze va ed f x > 0
` ze va ed f x < 0 ad y deceaig f
`x (cid:21) 0. F iace he iea f ci
`
`ax = (cid:26) axb 1 x=a; 0
`(cid:21)b
`
`0
`
`f x 2 //Za;
` hewie;
`
`wih a eak va e f b 2 [0; 1] f x = 0 ad iive va e
`f x 2 //Za fag a 2 //Z ae yica exa e f geeic
`
`
`
`Examples
`Example 1 – Forward Presentations
`F a ki fac 2 e !(cid:26) !(cid:26) ad !(cid:26)B be geeic
`
`
`
`e evace f ci 3 which ae ze va ed f x < 0 ad
` y deceaig f x (cid:21) 0. Sice fa e ae ge
`ea y e i a ha fa e which ae i e
`
`
`i a ha B fa e he e ai hi !(cid:26) x (cid:21) !(cid:26) x (cid:21)
`!(cid:26)B
` x ha h d f a x 2 //Z cf. Fig e 5 f a yica
`exa e ig a ki fac = 1.
`
`Re evace
`
`1.00
`
`0.75
`
`0.50
`
`0.25
`
`!(cid:26)
`1
`
`!(cid:26)
`1
`
`!(cid:26)B
`1
`//Z
`
`3
`
`6
`
`9
`
`12
`
`15
`
`18
`
`Fig e 5: Geeic e evace f ci !(cid:26)
`1 !(cid:26)
`1 !(cid:26)B
`1
`
`Baed hee geeic e evace f ci dya ic e e
`vace f ci
`
` ad
`ca be de(cid:12)ed ig he
`eeai e ad B eecive y de(cid:12)ed ea
` ie cf. Fig e 6 agai ig = 1:
`
`
`!Æ
`
`
`!Æ
`
`B
`!Æ
`
`f; = !(cid:26)
`f (cid:31) f ;
`f; = !(cid:26)
` f (cid:31) f ;
`f; = !(cid:26)B
` f (cid:31)B f :
`
`
`!Æ
`
`
`!Æ
`
`B
`!Æ
`
` 1 !Æ
`!Æ
`
`B1
`1 !Æ
`
`F
`
`
`
`3
`
`6
`
`9 12 15 18
`
`Re evace
`
`1.00
`
`0.75
`
`0.50
`
`0.25
`
`B1
`!Æ
`
`
`
`1
`!Æ
`
`
`
` 1
`!Æ
`
`Fig e 6: Dya ic e evace f ci
`
`Deedig he c e eeai i hee f c
`i exe he e evace va e f h e ad B fa e
`eecive y which wi be eeded i he ea f e f a f
`wad eeai f he vide wih a ki fac f . Sice
`he eeai e ad B ae aiwie dij i a
` e f he va e
`f;
`f; ad
`f; wi
`be iive f each fa e f 2 F whi e he he ae ze .
`
`B
`!Æ
`
`
`!Æ
`
`
`!Æ
`
`B1
`!Æ
`
`1
`!Æ
`
` 1
`!Æ
`
`C biig he f ci
`
` ad
`i a g ba e
`evace f ci ig weigh fac !(cid:25)
`1 = !(cid:25)
`1 = !(cid:25)B
`1 = 1
`yie d he f ci !(cid:13)1 h w i Fig e 7:
`
`f; (cid:17)
`
`B1
`!Æ
`
`f; ;
`
`1
`!Æ
`
`!(cid:13)1f; = ax(cid:16)!
`Æ
`1 f; ;
`
`
`
` igh be eib e i de give b k ak he a e ve
`a e evace a he c e eeai i.
` f he
` he had he be f b k ak i vey age a e
`weighig fac have be ch e i de av id ha
`b k ak fa e c ee y h fa e which ae e
`eva f he c e eeai .
`
`4.3 MPEG-L/MRP Algorithm
`Preloading and Replacement of Frames
`The EG /R a g ih which i baed he b (cid:11)e
` aage e a g ih eeed i [12] iegae e ad
`ig ad e ace e f fa e. Uig he g ba e evace
`f ci (cid:13) h e fa e f a EG vide ae dee ied
`ha ae be aded ex a hey ae e eva f
`he eeai . f he b (cid:11)e i f he g ba e evace
`f ci i a ed dee ie h e fa e ha ae
`be e ved ake f e e eva e. i
`ig 4.1 h w he eeia a f he a g ih which ae
`ex aied i he f wig.
`
`The b (cid:11)e c aiig he c e y aded fa e i e
`eeed by a bjec b f ye B ffe yig eh d
`f ad ad d ex aied be w. T
`i ify ai b i a ed a a e c iig a c
`e y aded fa e.
`
`The f ci ad Re evaFa e which i ca ed
`wheeve he c e eeai i chage ai
`ai w fa e ad wih c e dig e evace va
` e ad T cf. Fig e 11. The ad heh d e
`ee he axi e evace va e ax
`(cid:13)f; f a
`f 2F b
`fa e f 2 F b f he vie which ae c e y
` aded whi e he heh d T eee he ii
`(cid:13)f; f a fa e f 2 b which ae
`e evace va e i
`f 2b
`c e y aded. Th i i k w ha a fa e wih
`a g ba e evace va e geae ha ae a eady aded
`whi e h e havig a g ba e evace va e we ha T ae
` aded. The ad cadidae 2 F b ad he vici
` 2 b ae fa e wih g ba e evace va e (cid:13) ; =
`ad (cid:13); = T eecive y.
` he ah h w i
`Fig e 11 i h d f exa e = 9 ad = 5.
`
`Re evace
`
`1.00
`
`0.75
`
`0.50
`
`0.25
`
` 9
`
` 6
`
` 3
`
`
`
`3
`
`6
`
`9
`
`#
`
`" T
`
`F
`
`Fig e 11: ad ad heh d ad T
`
`The f ci eeaed y e ec a ad cadidae ie 5
`ad ad i i he b (cid:11)e ie 11 ca ig he ad heh
` d = ax
`(cid:13)f; gad a y deceae. A g a hee
`f 2F b
`i e gh b (cid:11)e ace f he ad cadidae h weve
` ie 6 a vici i e eced ie 7 ad ed f
`
`
`
`Æ
`
`1
`1 Æ
`
`
`
`ÆB
`1
`
`F
`
`Re evace
`
`1.00
`
`0.75
`
`0.50
`
`0.25
`
`"
`
`"
`
` 18
`
` 15
`
` 12
`
` 9
`
` 6
`
` 3
`
`
`
`Fig e 9: Dya ic e evace f ci
`Æ
`wih
`1 di(cid:12)ed
`
`
`
`
`
`Æ
`1
`
`
`
`Æ
`1
`
`
`
`ÆB
`1
`
`B1
`!Æ
`
`1
`!Æ
`
` 1
`!Æ
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`C biig he f wad f ci
`
` ad
`ad he
`Æ
`Æ
`ÆB
`backwad f ci
`1
`1 ad
`1 i a g ba e e evace
`
`
`
`
`f ci ig weigh fac !(cid:25) 1 = !(cid:25)1 = !(cid:25)B1 = 1 ad (cid:25) 1 =
`
`
` (cid:25)1 = (cid:25)B1 = 0:75 exeig ha he vea e evace f
`backwad ayig h d be weighed 0.75 c aed wih
`he vea e evace f f wad ayig yie d he f ci
` (cid:13)1 h w i Fig e 10:
`
` (cid:13)1f; = ax!(cid:13)1f; ;
`Æ
`0:75
`1 f; ; 0:75
`
`
`
`
`
`Æ
`1 f; ; 0:75
`
`
`
`ÆB
`1 f;
`
`Re evace
`
`1.00
`
`0.75
`
`0.50
`
`0.25
`
` 9
`
` 6
`
` 3
`
`
`
`3
`
`6
`
`9
`
`F
`
`Fig e 10: G ba e evace f ci (cid:13)1
`
`Example 3 – Bookmarks
`Seig a b k ak a a eci(cid:12)c fa e b 2 F h d a
` w a e j ha fa e a ay i e ad c
`i e he eeai f he vide a ha i. Thee
`f e fa e dig a b k ak fa e b h d have
`he a e e evace va e a h e dig he c e
`eeai i . Th deedig he eeai
`dieci f wad/backwad ad he ki fac 2
`which h d be a wed afe j ig a b k ak aic
`
`
`e evace f ci !(cid:27)T ad ib y (cid:27)T h d be de(cid:12)ed
`f each b k ak fa e b baed he geeic e evace
`f ci !(cid:26)T
` ad (cid:26)T
` eecive y i d ced ab ve:
`
` f = !(cid:26)T f b (cid:31)T f
`
`!(cid:27)T
`
` (cid:27)T f = (cid:26)T
` f b (cid:31)T f
`
`f T = ; ; B;
`f T = ; ; B:
`
` de ic de hee f ci i a g ba e evace
`f ci ike e. g. (cid:13)1 hei weighig fac !!T
` ad !T
`
`h d deed fac ike he fe ecy b k ak ae
`j ed he be f b k ak which have bee e
`ad he avai ab e b (cid:11)e ize. f f iace he be
` f b k ak i a wih eec he b (cid:11)e ize ad
`
`
`b k ak ae efeeced fe e y fac !!T = !T = 1
`
`PAGE 7 of 10
`
`PETITIONERS' EXHIBIT 1008
`
`
`
`he b (cid:11)e ie 9 ca ig he heh d T = i
`f 2b
` gad a y iceae. Sice fa e ize igh vay he