ETSI TR 101 496-1 V1.1.1(2000-11)
`
`Technical Report
`
`Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB);
`Guidelines and rules for implementation and operation;
`Part 1: System outline
`
`EuropeanBroadcastingUnbfiflnbnEuropéennecleRadio-Télévision
`M
`
`EBU-UER
`
`5@
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`
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`MTel., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS v. MTel., Page 1, IPR2016-00765
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`2
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`RBference
`DTRIJTC-DAB-8-1
`
`Keywords
`audio, broadcast, broadcasting, DAB. digital
`
`ETSl
`
`650 Route dos Lucioles
`F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
`
`Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 4716
`
`Siret N“ 348 623 562 0001? - NAF T42 C
`Association a but non lucratif enregistrée a la
`Sous-Prefecture de Grasse (06) N“ T803i83
`
`Important notice
`
`Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from:
`httg;flwww.etsi.or_q
`
`The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or
`perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF).
`In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive
`within ETSI Secretariat.
`
`Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
`Information on the current status of this and other EI'SI documents is available at http:IMww.etsi.orgflbistatusi
`
`If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to:
`editor@etsi.fr
`
`Copyright Notification
`
`No part may be reproduced except as authorized by wrim permission.
`The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in {ii mecia.
`
`© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2000.
`Q European Broadcasting Union 2000.
`All rights reserved.
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 2, |PR2016-00765
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`ETSI'
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`MTel., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS v. MTel., Page 2, IPR2016-00765
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`3
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`Contents
`
`Intellectual Property Rights .......................................................................................................................... 4
`
`Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`3.1
`
`3.2
`3.3
`
`4
`4.1
`4.2
`4.3
`4.3.1
`4.3.2
`4.3.3
`4.3.4
`
`4.3.5
`4.3.6
`4.3.7
`4.3.8
`4.3.9
`
`5
`5.1
`
`5.2
`5.3
`5.4
`5.5
`5.6
`5.7
`5.8
`5.9
`5.9.1
`5.9.2
`5.10
`5.1 1
`5.1 1.1
`5.1 1.2
`
`Scope.................................................................................................................................................. 5
`
`References .......................................................................................................................................... 5
`
`Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ............................................................................................... 6
`Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 6
`
`Symbols .................................................... 8
`
`Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 8
`
`General Outline9
`System overview ......................................................................................................................................... 9
`Summary of the major system features....................................................................................................... 10
`Outline of system implementation .............................................................................................................. 11
`General ................................................................................................................................................ 11
`
`Audio Services .......................................................................................................
`12
`Data Services ....................................................................................................................................... 12
`Service Information.............................................................................................................................. 12
`
`System Organization and Service Con1rol ............................................................................................. 13
`Channel Coding and Time Interleaving. ................................................................................................ 13
`Main Service Multiplex ........................................................................................................................ 13
`
`Transmission Frame and Modes .............................................................................
`14
`Modulation with OFDM....................................................................................................................... 15
`
`16
`Description ofsystem features
`Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 16
`
`
`16
`Transport mechanisms .........
`Multiplex Configuration Information ............................................................................................... 17
`Audio coding. .................................................................................................................................. 17
`Programme Associated Data ...................................................................................................................... 18
`Service Information ................................................................................................................................... 19
`Fast Information Data Channel .................................................................................................................. 20
`Conditional Access .................................................................................................................................... 20
`20
`20
`21
`System features summary .......................................................................................................................... 21
`The Capacity of the DAB Multiplex .......................................................................................................... 27
`Total Capacity of a DAB Ensemble ...................................................................................................... 27
`Examples of Multiplex Configurations ................................................................................................. 27
`
`
`
`History31
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`4
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`Intellectual Property Rights
`
`IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
`pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
`in ETSI SR 000 314: ’Tnteiiecmai Property Rights (IPRS); Essential. or potentialiy Essential, IPRS notified to ETS] in
`respect ofETS! standards”, which is available fi'om the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
`server 1 l_'1t_tp:iiwww.etsi.org{ipr 3.
`
`Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
`can be given as to the existence of other [PR5 not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
`server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
`
`Foreword
`
`This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by the Joint Technical Committee (JTC) Broadcast of the European
`Broadcasting Union (EBU), Comitaé Européen de Normalisation ELECtrobechnique (CENELEC) and the European
`Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
`
`NOTE 1: The EBUr'ETSI JTC Broadcast was established in 1990 to eo—ordinate the drafting of standards in the
`specific field of broadcasting and related fields. Since 1995 the ITC Broadcast became a tripartite body
`by including in the Memorandum of Understanding also CENELEC, which is responsible for the
`standardization of radio and television receivers. The EBU is a professional association of broadcasting
`organimtions whose work includes the oer-ordination of its members' activities in the technical, legal,
`programme-making and progranune—exchange domains. The EBU has active members in about 60
`countries in the European broadcasting area; its headquarters is in Geneva.
`
`European Broadcasting Union
`CH-121B GRAND SACONNEX (Geneva)
`Swimrland
`Tel: +412 717 2111
`Fax: +412 717 24 B1
`
`The Eureka Project 147 was established in 1987, with filnding from the European Commission, to develop a system for
`the broadcasting of audio and data to fixed, portable or mobile receivers. Their work resulted in the publication of
`European Standard, EN 300 401 [1], for DAB (see note 2) which now has worldwide acceptance. The members of the
`Eureka Project 147 are drawn from broadcasting organizations and telecommunication providers together with
`companies fi'om the professional and consumer electronics industry.
`
`NOTE 2: DAB is a registered trademark owned by one of the Eureka Project 14? partners.
`
`The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Guidelines and rules for implementation and
`operation for Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), as identified below:
`
`Part 1:
`
`"System outline";
`
`Part 2:
`
`"System feaulres";
`
`Part: 3:
`
`"Broadcast network".
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 4, |PR2016-00765
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`ETSI
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`MTel., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS v. MTel., Page 4, IPR2016-00765
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`5
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`1
`
`Scope
`
`The present document gives guidelines for the implementation and operation of the Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
`system. It forms Part 1 of the guidelines and rules developed by the Eureka Project 147 as the major companion
`document to the DAB system specification given in EN 300 401 [1]. They are intended to provide additional
`information to aid interpretation of the on-air signal and to assist broadcasters and manufacturers to implement systems
`using the specification features as intended. Part 1 focuses on the system outline. TR 101 496-2 [15] considers in detail
`the implementation and operation of the system features. TR 101 496-3 [16] focuses on the broadcast network.
`
`2
`
`References
`
`For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply:
`
`[1]
`
`[2]
`
`[3]
`
`[4]
`
`[5]
`
`[6]
`
`[7]
`
`[8]
`
`[9]
`
`[10d
`
`[11]
`
`[12]
`
`[13]
`
`[14]
`
`[15]
`
`[16H
`
`ETSI EN 300 401: "Radio Broadcasting Systems; Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile,
`portable and fixed receivers".
`
`[TU-R Recommendation BS.774—2: I‘Service requirements for digital sound broadcasting to
`vehicular, portable and fixed receivers using terrestrial transmitters in the VHFflJ'HF bands".
`
`[TU-R Recommendation 30389-2: "Service fUl' digital sound broadcasting to vehicular, portable
`and fixed receivers for broadcasting-satellite service (sound) in the fi'equency range
`1 4000 - 2 1'00 MHz".
`
`[TU-R Recommendation BS.1114—l: I‘System for terrestrial digital sound broadcasting to
`vehicular, portable and fixed receivers in the frequency range 30-3 000 MHz".
`
`[TU-R Recommendation BO.1130-2: "System selection for digital sound broadcasting to
`vehicular, portable and fixed receivers for broadcasting-service satellite (sound) bands in the
`fiequency range 1 400 - 2 1'00 MHz".
`
`ISOt'IEC 11172-3 (1993): "Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage
`media at up to about 1,5 Mbitt's - Part 3: Audio".
`
`ISOr'IEC JTC-l -SC29-WGl l MPEG 91-101 (1991): "The SR Report on The MPEGtAudio
`Listening Tests" - Stockholm.
`
`EN ISO 14819-1: "Traflic and Traveller Information (ITI) — TTI messages via Traffic Message
`Coding — Part 1: Coding protocol for Radio Data System — Traffic Message Channel (RDS-TMC)
`using ALERT-C".
`
`ETS] ETS 300 174 (1992): "Network Aspects (NA); Digital coding of component television
`signals for contribution quality applications in the range 34 - 45 Mbitt's".
`
`EN 50094 (1992): "Access control system for the MACI‘packet family: EUROCRYPT".
`
`Norwegian Telecom, Issue 2 (20111 July 1989): "NR-MSK Access Control System".
`
`ISOr'IEC 13818-3 (1998): "Information technology - Genetic coding of moving pictures and
`associated audio information - Part 3: Audio".
`
`ETS] TS 101 500: "Digital Audio Broadcast System (DAB) - Multicharmel audio".
`
`ITU-R Recommendation 30355-3: "Satellite sound broadcasting to vehicular, portable and fixed
`receivers in the range 500-3 000 MHz".
`
`ETS] TR 101 496-2: "Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Guidelines and rules for implementation
`and operation; Part 2: System features".
`
`ETS] TR 101 496-3: "Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Guidelines and rules for implementation
`and operation; Part 3: Broadcast networ ".
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 5, |PR2016-00765
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`ETS!
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`MTel., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS v. MTel., Page 5, IPR2016-00765
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`6
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`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`3
`
`Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
`
`3.1
`
`Definitions
`
`For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply.
`
`Access Control System (ACS): particular set of rules for managing entitlement checking and conditional access
`messages
`
`audio bit stream: sequence of consecutive audio fi'ames
`
`audio frame: frame of a duration of 24 ms (at 48 kHz sampling frequency) or of48 ms (at 24 kHz sampling fi'equency)
`which contains a Layer 1] encoded audio signal ISOHEC l 1 172-3 [6], ISOflEC 13818-3 [12], corresponding to
`l 152 consecutive audio samples; the smallest part of the audio bit stream which is decodable on its own
`
`audio mode: audio coding system provides single channel, dual channel, stereo and joint stereo audio modes
`In each mode, the complete audio signal is encoded as one audio bit stream
`
`Auxiliary Information Channel (AIC): all or part of sub-channel 63, used to carry information redirected from the
`Fast Information Channel
`
`Capacity Unit (CU): smallest addressable unit (64 bits) of the Common Interleaved Frame (CEF)
`
`change event indication (CEI): set of FIG fields with particular values to indicate a change of database content for
`certain service information features
`
`Common Interleaved Frame (CIF): serial digital output from the main service multiplexer which is contained in the
`Main Service Channel part of the transmission frame. It is common to all transmission modes and contains 55 296 bits
`(i.e. 864 CUs)
`
`Conditional Access (CA): mechanism by Which the user access to service components can be restricted
`
`convolutional coding: coding procedure which generates redundancy in the transmitted data strewn in order to provide
`ruggedness against transmission distortions
`
`DAB audio frame: The same as audio flame, but includes all specific DAB audio-related information.
`
`DAB ti'ansmision signal: transmitted radio fi'equency signal
`
`data service: service which comprises a non-audio primary service component and optionally additional secondary
`service components
`
`ensemble: transmitted signal, comprising a set of regularly and closely-spaced orthogonal carriers
`The ensemble is the entity which is received and processed. In general, it contains programme and data services
`
`Entitlement Checking Messages (ECM): messages containing information about the conditions required for accessing
`service components, which are intended for restricted access, and for descrambling the data
`
`Entitlement Management Messages (EMM): messages containing information about the conditions required for
`accessing service components which are inwnded for restricted access and for descrambling the data
`
`Equal Error Protection (EEP): error protection procedure which ensure a constant protection of the bit stream
`
`Extended Programme Associated Data (X-PAD): extended part of the PAD carried towards the end of the DAB
`audio flame, immediately before the Scale Factor Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
`Its length is variable.
`
`Fast Information Block (FIB): data burst of 256 bits
`The sequence of FIBs is carried by the Fast Information Channel. The structure of the FIB is common to all
`transmission modes
`
`Fast Information Channel (FIC): part of the transmission time, comprising the Fast Information Blocks, which
`contains the multiplex configuration information together with optional service Information and data service
`components
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 6, |PR2016-00765
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`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`Fast Information Data Channel (FIDC): dedicated part of the Fast Information Channel which is available for
`non-audio related data services, such as paging
`
`Fast Information Group (FIG): package of data used for one application in the Fast Information Channel
`Eight different types are available to provide a classification of the applications.
`
`Fixed Prograrrnrle Associated Data (F-PAD): fixed part of the PAD contained in the last two bytes of the DAB audio
`fi'ame
`
`joint stereo mode: audio mode in which two channels forming a stereo pair (left and right) are encoded within one bit
`stream and for which stereophonic irrelevance or redundancy is exploited for further bit reduction
`The method used in the DAB system is Intensity stereo coding.
`
`logical frame: data burst, contributing to the contents of a sub-channel, during a time interval of 24 ms
`For example, data bursts at the output of an audio encoder, a Conditional Access scrambler and a convolutional encoder
`are referred to as logical flames. The number of bits contained in a specific logical fi‘ame depends on the stage in the
`encoding process and the bit rate associated with the sub-channel.
`
`Main Service Channel (MSC): channel which occupies the major part of the transmission flame and Which carries all
`the digital audio service components, together with possible supporting and additional data service components
`
`Multiplex Configuration Information (MCI): information defining the configuration of the multiplex
`It contains the current (and in the case of an imminent reconfiguration, the forthcoming) details about the services,
`service components and sub-channels and the linking between these objects. It is carried in the FIC in order that a
`receiver can interpret this information in advance of the service components carried in the Main Service Channel. It also
`includes identification of the ensemble itself and a date and time marker.
`
`null symbol: first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) symbol of the transmission time
`
`OFDM symbol: transmitted signal for that portion of time When the modulating phase state is held constant on each of
`the equi-spaced, equal amplitude carriers in the ensemble
`Each carrier is four-phase differentially modulated fi'om one symbol to another, giving a gross bit rate of two bits per
`carrier per symbol.
`
`packet mode: mode of data transmission in which data are carried in addressable blocks called packets
`Packets are used to convey MSC data groups within a sub-channel.
`
`primary service component: first and mandatory component of a service
`It can be used as a default selection in the receiver.
`
`Programme Associated Data (PAD): infonnation which is related to the audio data in terms of contents and
`synchronimtion
`The PAD field is located at the end of the DAB audio fi'ame.
`
`programme item: time-slice of a programme, for example, a piece of music or a news report
`
`programme service: service which comprises an audio Primary service component and optionally additional
`Secondary service components
`
`protection level: level specifying the degree of protection, provided by the convolutional coding, against transmission
`errors
`
`protection profile: Defines the scheme of convolutional coding applied.
`
`secondary service component: In case a service contains more than the primary service component, the additional
`service components are secondary service components.
`
`service: user-selectable output which can be either a programme service or a data service
`
`service component: part of a service which carries either audio (including PAD) or data
`The service components of a given service are linked together bythe Multiplex Configuration Information. Each service
`component is carried either in a sub-channel or in the Fast Information Data Channel.
`
`Service Identifier (Sld): 16- or 32-bit code used to identify a particular service
`
`Service Information (SI): auxiliary information about services, such as service labels and prograrrune type codes
`
`MTe|., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 7, |PR2016-00765
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`8
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`senice label: alphanumeric characters associated with a particular service and intended for display in a receiver
`
`single channel mode: audio mode, in which a monophonic audio programme is encoded within one bit stream
`
`Single Frequency Network (SFN): network of DAB transmitters sharing the same radio frequency to achieve a large
`area coverage
`
`stereo mode: audio mode in which two channels forming a stereo pair (left and right) are encoded within one bit stream
`and for which the coding process is the same as for the Dual channel mode
`
`stream mode: mode of data transmission within the Main Service Channel in which data are carried transparently fi'om
`source to destination
`
`Data are carried in logical frames.
`
`sub-channel: A part of the Main Service Channel which is individually convolutionally encoded and comprises an
`integral number of Capacity Units per Common Interleaved Frame.
`
`synchronization channel: part of the transmission fi'ame providing a phase reference
`
`transmis-on frame: actual transmitted fi'ame, specific to the four transmission modes, conveying the Synchronization
`channel1 the Fast Information Channel and the Main Service Channel
`
`transmis-on mode: specific set of transmission parameters (e.g. number of carriers, OFDM symbol duration)
`Four transmission modes (i.e. I, II, III and IV) are defined to allow the system to be used for different network
`configurations and a range of operating fi-equencies.
`
`Unequal Error Protection (UEP): error protection procedure which allows the bit error characteristics to be matched
`with the bit error sensitivity of the different parts of the bit stream
`
`X-PAI) data group: package of data used for one application in the Extended Programme Associated Data (X-PAD)
`
`3.2
`
`Symbols
`
`For the purposes of the present doc1nnent, the fi)llowing symbols apply:
`
`N
`
`p
`Rave
`Tf
`
`Tm."
`Ts
`ta
`t5
`
`number of carriers
`
`padding
`mean code rate
`fi'ame duration
`
`null symbol duration
`Total symbol duration
`useful symbol duration
`guard interval duration
`
`3.3
`
`Abbreviations
`
`For the purposes of the present doc1nnent, the fi)llowing abbreviations apply:
`
`AIC
`AM
`CfN
`CA
`CIF
`
`CRC
`CU
`DAB
`DFT
`
`DRC
`EAN
`EBU
`ECC
`ECM
`
`Auxiliary Information Channel
`Amplitude Modulation
`Carrier to Noise ratio
`Conditional Access
`Common Interleaved Frame
`
`Cyclic Redundance Check
`Capacity Unit
`Digital Audio Broadcasting
`Discrete Fourier Transform
`
`Dynamic Range Control
`European Article Number
`European Broadcasting Union
`Extended Celmtry Code
`Entitlement Checking Message
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 8, |PR2016-00765
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`MTel., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS v. MTel., Page 8, IPR2016-00765
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`9
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`EEP
`EMM
`EWS
`FPT
`FIC
`FIDC
`
`FM
`F-PAD
`I-[EO
`IEC
`
`130
`ISRC
`I'I‘TS
`ITU
`LTO
`
`MCI
`MJD
`
`MPEG
`MSC
`
`MUX
`OE
`
`OFDM
`PAD
`PCM
`
`PTy
`QPSK
`SC
`SCCA
`SFN
`SI
`TII
`
`TMC
`UEP
`UHF
`UPC
`
`VHF
`X—PAD
`
`Equal Error Protection
`Entitlement Management Message
`Emergency Warning System
`Fast Fourier Transfiztrm
`Fast Information Channel
`Fast Information Data Channel
`
`Frequency Modulation
`Fixed Programme Associated Data
`Highly inclined Elliptical Orbit
`International Electrotecbnical Commission
`
`International Organization for Standardization
`International Standard Recording Code
`Interactive Text Transmission System
`International Telecomrmmications Union
`Local Time Offset
`
`Multiplex Configuration Information
`Modified Julian Date
`
`Moving Picture Experts Groups
`Main Service Channel
`
`Multiplex
`Other Ensemble
`
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
`Programme Associated Data
`Pulse Code Modulation
`
`Programme Type
`Quadrature Phase Shifi Keying (4—PSK)
`Service Component
`Service Component Conditional Access
`Single Frequency Network
`Service Information
`Transmitter Identification Information
`
`Trafiic Message Channel
`Unequal Error Protection
`Ultra High Frequency
`Universal Product Code
`
`Very High Frequency
`Extended Programme Associated Data
`
`4
`
`General Outline
`
`4.1
`
`System overvuew
`
`The Eureka DAB system is designed to provide reliable, multi-service digital sound broadcasting for reception by
`mobile, portable and fixed receivers, using a simple, non-directional antenna. It can be operated at any fi'equency up to
`3 GHz for mobile reception (higher for fixed reception) and may be used on terrestrial, satellite, hybrid (satellite with
`complementary terrestrial), and cable broadcast networks. In addition to supporting a wide range of sound coding rates
`(and hence qualifies), it is also designed to have a flexible, general-purpose digital multiplex which can support a wide
`range of source and channel coding options, including sound-programme associated data and independent data services.
`It i5, in tact, the only system available in the world which is able to meet all of the demanding requirements drawn up
`within the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), in order to take a new and revolutionary step in all-digital
`sound broadcasting, and having a long-term fiJture. 'Ihese requirements are given in ITU-R Recommendations
`35.774—2 [2] and B03894 [3]. The system itself is recommended world-wide by the Inter-Union Technical Committee
`ofthe World Conference of Broadcasting Unions and now in ITU-R Recommendations BS.l 114-1 [4] and
`30.1 130-2 [5] and, for terrestrial and satellite broadcasting respectively. The detailed specification of the Eureka DAB
`System (also known as ITU Digital System A) is given by ETSI in EN 300 401 [l].
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 9, |PR2016-00765
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`ETSI
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`MTel., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS v. MTel., Page 9, IPR2016-00765
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`

`10
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`The Eureka DAB system is a rugged, yet highly spectrum- and power-efficient sound and data broadcasting system. It
`uses advanced digital techniques to remove redundancy and perceptually irrelevant information fi'om the audio source
`signal, it then applies closely controlled redundancy to the signal to be transmitted, to provide strong error protection.
`The transmitted information is spread in both the fiequency and time domains so that the defects of channel distortions
`and fades can be eliminated from the recovered signal in the receiver, even when working in conditions of severe
`multi-path propagation, whether stationary or mobile. Efiicient spectrum utilization is achieved by interleaving multiple
`programme signals and, additionally, by a special feature of fi'equency re-use, which permits broadcasting networks to
`be extended, virtually without limit, by operating additional transmitters carrying the same multiplexes on the same
`radiated fi'equency. The latter feature is known as the Single Frequency Network (SFN). This can also employ the gap
`filling technique. In this case, a gap filler transmitter receives and re-transmits the signal on the same fi'equency without
`demodulation and remodulation. This provides coverage of shadowed areas, which can arise within the overall coverage
`area provided by the main broadcast network transmitters. Nevertheless, the relatively low co—channel protection ratio
`ofthe DAB system also permits adjacent local coverage areas to be planned, on a continuously extending basis, with as
`few as four different fi'equency blocks.
`
`4.2
`
`Summary of the major system features
`
`The system provides a signal which carries a multiplex of several digital services simultaneously. The system
`bandwidth is about 1,5 MHZ, providing a total transport bit rate capacity ofjust over 2,4 Mbitt's in a complete
`"ensemble". Depending on the requirements of the broadcaster (transmitter coverage, reception quality), the amount of
`error protection provided is adjustable for each service independently, with a coding overhead ranging from about 33 %
`to 300 % (200 % for sound). Accordingly, the available bit rate for broadcast services ranges between about 1,? Mbitt's
`and 0,6 Mbitt's. The services can contain audio programme data or other data services, and a data service can or can not
`be related to the audio programme. The number and bit rate of each individual service is flexible and generally receivers
`are able to decode several service components or services simultaneously. The actual content of the flexible multiplex is
`described by the so-called Multiplex Configuration Information (MCI). This is transported in a specific reserved part of
`the multiplex known as the Fast Information Channel (FTC), because it does not suffer the inherent delay of time
`interleaving which is applied to the Main Service Channel (MSC). In addition, the FTC carries information on the
`services themselves and the links between the services.
`
`In particular, the following principal features have been specified:
`
`I Audio bit rates item 384 kbitt's down to 32 kbitt's, or even down to 8 kbitt's by applying the half sampling
`fi'equency coding technique of MPEG-2 Audio Layer 1] [12]. This enables the multiplex to be configured to
`pIOVide typically 6 high-quality stereo audio programme using MPEG-1 Audio at the fill] sampling frequency or
`up to 63 mono programmes using MPEG-2 Audio half-sampling fi'equency coding technique with moderately
`rugged error protection. An example table of multiplex options for audio services is given in table 4.2.1.
`
`I Program Associated Data (PAD), embedded in the audio bit stream, for data which is directly linked to the audio
`programme (eg. dynamic range control data, song lyrics, musici'speech flag, etc.). The amount of PAD is
`adjustable (minimum 667 bits with MPEG-1, or 333 bitt's with MPEG-2 Audio at half sampling fi'equency), at
`the expense of capacity for the coded audio signal within the chosen audio bit rate.
`
`I Data services, whereby each service can be a separately defined stream or can be divided fi1rther by means of a
`packet structure.
`
`Table 4.2.1: Examples of audio service capacities in a DAB ensemble
`(Equal Error Protection)
`
`Protection level “-1-
`—-e-—
`
`coded audio raise. kbitts 48
`
`36
`18
`9
`6
`5
`4
`
`63
`41
`20
`10
`7
`6
`5
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 10, |PR2016-00765
`
`EI'SI
`
`MTel., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS v. MTel., Page 10, IPR2016-00765
`
`

`

`11
`
`ETSI TR 101 496-1 v1.1.1 (2000-11)
`
`0 Conditional Access (CA), applicable to each individual service and to each individual packet of packet mode
`data. (Specific subscriber management does not form part of the DAB system specification [1]; DAB provides
`CA transport and the actual signal scrambling mechanisms.)
`
`0 Service Information (SI) for (textual) information on the selected DAB ensemble and selected programme, and
`also complementary machine code for ease of operation of the receiver. Another important SI-feature is to
`establish links between difl‘erent services in the multiplex and links to other (related) services in another DAB
`multiplex or even to FWAM broadcasts.
`
`4.3
`
`Outline of system implementation
`
`4.3.1
`
`General
`
`A conceptual block diagram ofthe DAB system is shown in figures 4.3.1 and 4.3.2; figure 4.3.1 shows a conceptual
`transmitter drive in which each service signal is coded individually at source level and then error protected and time
`interleaved. Then it is multiplexed into the Main Service Channel (MSC), with other similarly processed service signals,
`according to a predetermined, but changeable, services configuration. The muliiplexer output is fi'equency interleaved
`and combined with multiplex conlrol and service information which travel in a Fast Information Channel (FIC) in order
`to avoid the delay oftime-interleaving. Finally, very rugged synchronization symbols are added before applying
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and difi‘erential QPSK modulation onto a large number of
`carriers to form the DAB sigrlal.
`
`signal
`
`DAB
`
`
`DFT-ndA TlFde—interleaving
`audio
`I‘L
`
`demodulator-Ianden'orcorrection I decoder
`I‘R
`
`
`
`synchronisation
`
`
`Figure 4.3.2: Conceptual block diagram of the Eureka DAB system receiver
`
`MTeI., Exhibit 2004, ARRIS V. MTeI., Page 11, |PR2016-00765
`
`ETSI
`
`MTel., Exhibit 20