Facebook's Exhibit No. 1010
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1010
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`A Flatiron Publishing, Inc. Book
`
`Published by Flatiron Publishing, Inc.
`
`Copyright © 1994 by Harry Newton
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan—Arnerican Copyright conventions,
`including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form
`whatsoever. Published in the United States by Flatiron Publishing, Inc., New
`
`York.
`
`ISBN O»936648-60—O
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`Eighth Edition, November 1994
`
`Cover Designed by Saul Roldan
`
`Printed at Bookcrafters, Chelsea, Ml.
`
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`NEWTON’5 TELECOM "DICTIONARY
`
`AP See ADD-ON or APPLICATIONS PROCESSOR. AP is an AT&T word for a
`piece of equipment which hangs off the side of their PBX and makes it do more
`things, like voice mail.
`ADA Ail Points Addressable (APA) method of host graphics implementation which
`uses vertical and horizontal pixel coordinates to create a more graphic image. An
`SNA definition.
`
`APAD Asynchronous Packet Assembler/Disassembler.
`AFC Adaptive predictive coding. A narrowband analog-to-digital conversion tech-
`nique employing a one-level or multilevel sampling system in which the value of
`the signal at each sample time is adaptively predicted to be a linear function of
`the past values of the quantized signals. APC is related to linear predictive cod-
`ing (LPC) in that both use adaptive predictors. However, APC uses fewer predic-
`tion coefficients, thus requiring a higher bit rate than LPG.
`APCC The American Public Communications Council, which is part of the North
`American Telecommunications Association (NATA).
`APB Avaianche PhotoDiode. Adiode that, when hit by light, increases its electri-
`cal conductivity by a multiplication effect. APDs are used in lightwave receivers
`because the APDs have great sensitivity to weakened light signals (i.e. those
`which have traveled long distances over fiber). APDs are designed to take advan-
`tage of avalanche multiplication of photocurrent.
`APEIIIODIC AIl1'EHHAAn antenna designed to have an approximately con-
`stant input impedance over a wide range of frequencies; e.g., terminated rhombic
`antennas and wave antennas.
`
`APEIITIIIIE For a parabolic reflector or a horn antenna, aperture is the dimen-
`sion of the open mouth and represents a surface over which it is possible to cal-
`culate the radiation pattern. For a series of n stacked transmitting elements such
`as dipoles or slots, the vertical aperture is usually defined as n times the element
`spacing in wavelengths.
`APEIITIJIIE DISTOIITIOII In facsimile, the distortions in resolution. density,
`and shape of the recorded image caused by the shape and finite size of the scan-
`ning and recording apertures or spots.
`API An Appiication Programming Interface is software that an application pro-
`gram uses to request and carry out lower—level services performed by the com-
`puter's or a telephone system's operating system. For Windows, the API also
`helps applications manage windows, menus, icons, and other GUI elements. in
`short. an API is a “hook" into software. An API is a set of standard software inter-
`rupts. calls, and data formats that application programs use to initiate contact with
`network services, mainframe communications programs, telephone equipment or
`program-to-program communications. For example. applications use APls'to call
`services that transport data across a network. Standardization of APIs at various
`layers of a communications protocol stack provides a uniform way to write appli-
`cations. NetBIOS is an early example of a network API. Applications use APls to
`call services that transport data across a network.
`API. Automatic Program Load in telecom. In data processing, its a popular pro-
`gramming language.
`
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`C'|'I OIIAIIY
`
`1 about 15 to 20,000 hertz.
`
`(approximately 20 hertz to 15
`ear.
`
`oh the human ear can detect
`those from 300 to 3,000 hertz
`a phone doesn't sound "Hi-Fl."
`
`:essing system. The user can
`; a menu option by hitting a
`two. Computer or voice pro-
`ays — menu-driven and non-
`or users to use, but they can
`bly spoken in a few seconds.
`omated attendantfvoice mes-
`sing applications. See also
`
`IIFICATION AMIS. Issued in
`I at addressing the problem of
`rent vendors can network or
`vendors could not exchange
`rion between two systems for
`rot describe the user Interface
`nent AMIS in a particuiar sys-
`
`'
`
`is based on com-
`IS-Digitai,
`iging systems. All the control
`ad between systems in digital
`Ils for the use of DTMF tones
`ie message itself is in analog
`oer 1990 issue of Business
`at Hinsdale, IL. AMIS specifi-
`=55-7785.
`
`tes computer output into spo-
`1 '‘If you want the weather in
`er. But that weather would be
`i more technical explanation:
`tthesized voice responses to
`«ices process calls based on
`ita base, and information car-
`ire used to increase the num-
`sistent quality in information
`'OICE RESPONSE.
`
`sound and visual images to
`idiographics generally refers
`Jposed to continuous frame
`'ansmission is often used to -
`iucational institution or busi-
`'
`
`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`"955 training center, saving travel and housing expense.
`‘up|O'I'EX A generic term for interactive voice response equipment and ser-
`vices_ Audiotex is to voice what on-line data processing is to data terminals. The
`idea is you call a phone number. A machine answers, presenting you with sever-
`al options, "Push 1' for information on Plays, Push 2 for information on movies,
`Push 3 for information on Museums." If you push 2, the machine may come back,
`“Push 1 for movies on the south side of town, Push 2 for movies on the north side
`oftown, etc." See also INFORMATION CENTER MAILBOX.
`”;p|o'l‘EXTA different, and less preferred, spelling ofAUDlOTFJ<. See AUDIO-
`TEX-
`Ll.lDl'l'0|IY PATTERN ucoetmlou Auditory pattern recognition is the
`ability to recognize spoken words.
`‘um!’ To conduct an independent review and examination of system records
`and activities in order to test the adequacy and effectiveness of data security and
`data Integrity procedures, to ensure compliance with established policy and oper-
`ational procedures. and to recommend any necessary changes.
`,'AI.IDl'l' TIIAILA record of all the events that occur when users request and use
`specific resources. An audit trail gives you the ability to trace who did what and
`who was responsible for what. An audit trail is a chronologicai record of system
`activities that is sufficient to enable the reconstruction, review, and examination of
`the sequence of environments and activities surrounding or leading to an opera-
`man, a procedure or an event in a transaction from its inception to final results.
`- Audit trail may apply to information in an automated information system, to the
`routing of messages in a communications system, or to material exchange trans-
`actions, such as in financial audit trails.
`
`'
`
`AUDITING An AT&T ISDN term for the monitoring of the status of either the
`network or the ISDN set.
`
`AIIIIIX VOICE POWER A voice processing application, part at Integrated
`Solution Ill {IS-Ill), that provides Automated Attendant, call answering, voice-
`mail, message drop, and information services for use with the AT&T Merlin tele-
`phone system.
`. AIIGIII A type of drill bit typically used to make large, deep holes for passing
`wire or cable through wood.
`Alll Autonomous Unit interface or Attachment Unit Interface. Most commonly
`used in reference to the 15 pin D type connector and cables used to connect sin-
`gle and multiple channel equipment to an Ethernet transceiver.
`All! Acceptable Use Policy. The term used to refer to the restrictions placed on
`use of a network; usually refers to restrictions on use for commercial purposes.
`IUIIAI. Relating to the sense of hearing.
`. AIISTHAC A packet-switched network implemented in Australia.
`MlI'I-IEIl1'lcAI'l To establish, usually by challenge and response, that a trans-
`I mission attempt is authorized and valid. To verify the identity of a user, device, or
`other entity in a computer system, or to verify the integrity of data that have been
`' Stored. transmitted, or otherwise exposed to possible unauthorized modification.
`
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`HEWTOH’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`consoles your chosen PBX can use.
`MULTIPLE CUSTOMER GROUP OPERATION A PBX shared by several
`different companies, each having separate consoles and trunks.
`MULTIPLE DOMAINS A set of domains on a single LAN, each of which has
`its own domain-wide post office. Hosts within each domain can exchange mail by
`going through one domain post office. Hosts in different domains must generally
`send mail though two intermediary post offices: the sender’s domain post office
`and the receiver’s domain post office.
`'
`
`MULTIPLE FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING MFSK. Aform of frequency—shift
`keying in which multiple codes are used in the transmission of digital signals. The
`coding systems may use multiple frequencies transmitted concurrently or sequen-
`tially.
`
`MULTIPLE HOMING Connecting your phone so it can be served by one or
`severalswitching centers. This service may use a single directory number. It may
`also use several directory numbers (another term for phone numbers).
`It all
`depends on how you set the service up with your local phone company. The idea
`is to give you more ways of reaching the switched network — in case one or more
`of your local loops breaks.
`
`MULTIPLE LISTED DIRECTORY NUMBER SERVICE Permits more than
`
`one listed directory number to be associated with a single PBX.
`
`MULTIPLE NAME SPACES The association of several names or other pieces
`of information with the same file. This allows renaming files and designating them
`for dissimilar computer systems such as the PC and the Mac.
`
`MULTIPLE PARALLEL PROCESSING A method of fault tolerance used with
`host computers. Several CPUs cooperate to process data.
`It one CPU fails, its
`processing tasks are automatically assigned to other processors.
`
`MULTIPLE PROTOCOL ROUTER A communications device designed to
`make decisions about which path a packet of information will take. The packets
`are routed according to address information contained within, and can route
`across different protocols.
`
`MULTIPLE ROUTING The process of sending a message to more than one
`recipient, usually. when all destinations are specified in the headerof the message.
`MULTIPLE SPOT SCANNING In facsimile systems, the method in which
`scanning is carried on simultaneously by two or more scanning spots, each one
`analyzingits fraction of the total scanned area of the subject copy.
`MULTIPLE TOILEN OPERATION Variant of token passing for rings in which
`a free token on a LAN is transmitted immediately after the last bit of the data pack-
`et, allowing multiple tokens on ring (but only one free token) simultaneously.
`MULTIPLE TUNED ANTENNA An antenna with connections through induc-
`tances to ground at more than one point and so determined that the total reac-
`tances in parallel are equal to those necessary to give the antenna the desired
`natural frequency.
`'
`
`‘
`MULTIPLE! To transmit two or more signals over a single channel.
`MULTIPLEI AGGREGATE BIT RATE The bit rate in a time division multi-
`
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`HE‘W'I'OH’S TELECOHI DICTIONARY
`
`plexer that is equal to the sum of the input channel data signaling rates available
`to the user plus the rate of the overhead bits required.
`IlI.|I.1'lPl.EX BASEBAIIID in frequency division multiplexing, the frequency
`band occupied bythe aggregate of the signals in the line interconnecting the mult
`tiplexing and radio or line equipment.
`
`M.I.lI.1'|PI.EX HIERAIICI-IY In the U.S. frequency division multiplex hierarchy,
`
`12 channels = 1 group
`
`5 groups (60 channels) = 1 supergroup
`
`10 supergroups (600 channels) = 1 mastergroup
`
`6 mastergroups = 1 jumbo group
`
`in contrast, the CCITT standard says 5 supergroups (i.e. 300 channels) = 1 mas-
`tergroup.
`
`MULTIPLEXED CHAIIHEI. A communications channel capable of carrying thg
`telecommunications transmissions of a number of devices or users at one time.
`
`MULTIPLEXER Electronic equipment which allows two or more signals to pass
`over one communications circuit. That “circuit’ may be a phone line, a microwave
`circuit, a through-the-air TV signal. That circuit may be analog or digital. There are
`many multiplexing techniques to accommodate both.
`
`HULTIPLEXIHG EFFICIENCY Figure of merit for multiplexers. The ratio of the
`aggregate channel input data rate to the composite output data rate. Many statis-
`tical multiplexers achieve a multiplexing efficiency of 8 or more.
`
`M|lI.I'IPOII'l'l' GROIINDIHG SYSTEH A system of equipment bonded
`together and also bonded to the facility ground.
`
`MIll.'l'IPOR'I' CARD Acircuit board with two or more ports for modems or other
`devices. Useful for enabling one PC to handle multiple incoming or outgoing calls
`at one time.
`
`MULTIPORT REPEATEII A repeater, either standalone or connected to stan-
`dard Ethernet cable, for interconnecting up to eight Thinwire Ethernet segments.
`
`MULTIPORT SWITCH A local area network term. A device which allows pack-
`ets to switch from one cable to another.
`
`Mlllfi PROCESSING A type of computing characterized by systems that use
`more than one CPU to execute applications. Multi processing is not multi tasking,
`which is the ability to have more one application running on a system at the same
`time. The technique is not associated with multi processing, nor does it require multi
`processing to take place. Multitasking typically uses a computer with one CPU (e.g.
`your desktop or laptop). Multi processing uses a computer with several CPUs, often
`a sewer. See MLJLTI-PROCESSING, MULTl-TASKING and MULTI-THREADED.
`
`HULTISESSIOH An incrementally updated Kodak Photo CD. See MULTl-SES-
`SION for a fuller explanation.
`
`M.|lI.'I'I TASKIHG See MULTI-TASKING.
`
`HULTITHREADED See MULTI-THREADED.
`
`IMJIIIEI. Muriel Fullam worked for me for ten years before she worked with me
`
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`HEVI‘I'ON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`And it's a success because the French phone company funds it.
`VIEW 1. in satellite communications, the ability of a satellite to “see" a satellite I
`earthstation, aimed sufficientiy above the horizon and clear of other obstructions
`so that it is within a tree line of sight. A pair of satellite earthstations has a satel-
`lite in "mutual" view when both enjoy unobstructed Iine—of~sight contact with the
`satellite simultaneously. 2. An alternative way of looking at the data in one or more
`database tables. A view is usually created as a subset of columns from one or
`more tables.
`
`VIEVIDATA An information retrieval system that uses a remote database acces~
`sible through the public telephone network. Video display of the data is on a mon-
`itor or television receiver. Another name for Videotex, the original English (UK)
`name for it. See VIDEOTEX.
`
`VIM Vendor Independent Messaging. A new E-mail protocol developed by Lotus,
`Apple, Novell and Borland to provide a common layer where dissimilar messag-
`ing programs can share data and back-end services. A group called the Vendor
`Independent Messaging Group will is intent on developing an open, industry—stan-
`dard interface that will allow email features to be built into a variety of software
`products.
`
`VIIIES Virtual NEtwork System. A network operating system developed and mar-
`keted by Banyan Systems. Westboro, MA. Vines is based on Unix system V. This
`network operating system provides transparent communication across heteroge-
`neous networks and is more expansive, although attracting far fewer users. than
`Novell’s Netware.
`
`VIIITIIAI. in the telephone industry, "Virtual" is something that pretends to be
`something it isn’t, but can be made to appear to be that thing. A virtual private line
`is effectively a dial up phone line with an auto—dia|er on it. To the user, it appears
`to be a private line. (But the phone company can re-sell that capacity when it's not
`in use.) The concept of "virtual" is to give the telephone company an excuse to
`lower the price to the end user. See VIRTUAL NETWORK.
`
`VIIITIIAI. 8036 MORE Virtual 8086 mode allows the Intel 80386 and beyond
`microprocessors to emulate multiple real mode processors and still switch to and
`from protected modem. The processor can load and execute real mode applica-
`tions (in virtual 8086 mode), then switch to protected mode and load and execute
`another application that requires access to the full extended memory available.
`The microprocessor, together with a control program like Microsoft Windows 3.x
`or OS/2 assumes the responsibility of protectin applications from one another.
`See REAL MODE and PROTECTED MODE.
`
`in WATS services, virtual banding is the ability of
`VIIITIIAI. IAHDIIIG 1.
`trunks to carry traffic to all WATS bands, with billing based on the end points of
`the call instead of the band over which the traffic went. 2. MCl's definition: Allows
`customers of MCl’s, PRISM, Hotel WATS, and University WATS to call nationwide
`while only paying for the distance to the actual area. For example, if a customer
`calls to a Band 1 area, Band 1 pricing is used. Similarly,
`if a call is placed to a
`Band 4 area, Band 4 pricing is used.
`VIIIHIAI. BYPASS Virtual bypass is a way smaller users can fill the unused
`portion of local T-1 dedicated loops going from a user site to a local office cl‘ a long
`
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`NE\V'I'ON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`distance company, called a PCP (Point of Presence}.
`VIIIIIIAI. CALI. CAPABILITY Provides setup and clearing on a per call basis.
`Each call placed appears to have a dedicated connection for the duration of the call.
`VIRTUAL CEI.I. A call, established over a network, that uses the capabilities of
`either a real or virtual circuit by sharing all or any part of the resources of the cir-
`cuit for the duration of the call.
`
`VIIITIIAI. CALI. CAPABILITY A data communications packet network service
`feature in which a call setup procedure and a call-clearing procedure will deter-
`mine a period of communication between two DTEs. This service requires end—to-
`end transfer control of packets within a network. Data may be delivered to the net-
`work before the call setup has been completed but it will not be delivered to the
`destination address if the call setup is not successful. The user's data are deliv-
`ered from the network in the same order in which they are received by the net-
`work. See also VIRTUAL ClRCUlT.
`
`VIIl'l'l.|AI. CIIlCl.|I‘I' A communications link —- voice or data — that appears to
`the user to be a dedicated point-to-point circuit. Virtual circuits are generally set
`up on a per-call basis and disconnected when the call is ended. The concept of a
`virtual circuit was first used in data communications with packet switching. A pack-
`etized data call may send packets over different physical paths through a network
`to its destination, but is considered to have a single virtual circuit. Virtual circuits
`have become more common in ultra-high speed applications; like frame relay or
`SMDS. There the connection might be permanently connected like a LAN. when
`the user wants to transmit he simply transmits. There's no dialing in the conven-
`tional sense, just the addition of an address field on the information being trans-
`mitted. A virtual circuit is referred to as a logical, rather than physical path for a
`call. A virtual voice circuit is anything from as simple as a phone with an auto
`dialer in it to a high-speed link in which voice calls are digitized and send on the
`equivaient of a ultra high-speed, wide-area equivalent of a Iocai area network.
`There are two basic reasons people buy virtual circuits. They’re cheaper and
`faster. See PERMANENT VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
`
`-
`
`VIIITIIAL ¢_IIl¢l.|lT ¢APABII.I'I'Y A network service feature providing a user
`with a virtual circuit. This feature is not necessarily limited to packet mode trans-
`mission. e.g., an analog signal may be converted at its network node to a digital
`form, which may then be routed over the network via any available route. See VIR-
`TUAL CIRCUIT.
`
`VIIt'I'I.IAI. CO-I.O¢A'l'IOII There are several definitions of this evolving. First:
`Someone other than the local phone company (called an interconnector) can des-
`ignate his choice of transmission equipment to be located within a local exchange
`carriers central office and dedicated to its use. The interconnector would have the
`right to remotely monitor and control the equipment, but the local exchange carri-
`er would instali, maintain, and repair it. Second; And this is a more restricted def-
`inition. Connection is done from sites near telephone central offices, but not with-
`in them.
`VIIl'I'lJAI. GOMPUTIHG A new term for software that shapes computing hard-
`ware into hardware that never was. Virtual computing uses FPGAs — Field
`Programmable Gate Arrays. See FPGAS.
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`NEWTOIFS TELEGOM DICTIONARY
`
`VIRTUAL CONNECTION A logical connection that is made to a virtual circuit.
`VIRTUAL DEVICE A device that software can refer to but that doesn't physical-
`ly exist.
`VIRTUAL DISK A portion of RAM (Random Access Memory) assigned to sim-
`ulate a disk drive. Also called a ram disk. See RAM DISK.
`VIRTUAL I-IARD DRIVE MEMORY FACTOR The available space on a hard
`drive partition that Windows can address as physical memory.
`VIRTUAL LAN A logical grouping of users regardless of their physical locations
`on the network. Racal—Datacom defines a virtual LAN as "a LAN extended beyond
`its geographical limit and flexibly configured to add or remove Iocations." LANs are
`typically extended beyond their geographical limits (i.e. several thousand feet with-
`in a building or campus) by using telephone company facilities, like T-1,T-3, Sonet,
`etc.
`
`VIRTUAL MACHINE FACILITY VM/370. An IBM system control program,
`essentially an operating system that controls the concurrent execution of multiple
`virtual machines on a single System/370 mainframe.
`VIRTUAL IAACIIIINE VM. Software that mimics the performance of a hardware
`device. For Intel 80386 and higher processors, a virtual machine is protected
`memory space that is created through the processor's hardware capabilities.
`VIR1'UAL MEMORY 1. In computer systems, the memory as it appears to the
`operating programs running in the CPU. This memory may appear smaller, equal
`to, or larger than the real memory present in the system.
`2. The term used with Apple Macintoshes to connote the ability to use disk swap
`files as RAM. This requires the Macintosh to be running System 7 and PMMU. 3.
`The space on your hard disk that Windows NT uses as if it were actually memo-
`ry. Windows NT does this through the use of swap files. The benefit of using vir-
`tuai memory is that you can run more applications at one time than your system’s
`physical memory would otherwise allow. The drawbacks are the disk space
`required for the virtual-memory swap file and the decreased execution speed
`when swapping is reburied.
`VIRTUAL MEMORY HANAGER Virtual Memory Manager is a software-only
`approach to Expanded Memory. These work almost identically to the EMS emu-
`lators. except that they use your hard disk rather than extended memory as the
`storage medium for blocks of memory copied out of your program. As you can
`imagine, this is painfully s-I-o-w. Use this approach only as a last resort.
`VIRTUAL NETWORK A network that is programmed, not hard-wired, to meet
`a customer's specifications. Created on as—needed basis. Also called Software
`Defined Network by AT&T. See SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK and VIRTUAL
`PRIVATE NETWORK.
`
`VIRTUAL PRINTER TECHNOLOGY VPT. Virtuai Printer Technology is the
`enterprise network printer architecture developed by Dataproducts Corporation
`that enables a printer to become an intelligent node in a networked computing
`environment and provide printing services to other network nodes through a
`Client/Server type relationship.
`VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK A carrier—provided service in which the pub-
`
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