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`LENOVO ET AL. EXHIBIT 1016
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`Page 1 of 6
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`LENOVO ET AL. EXHIBIT 1016
`Page 1 of 6
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`

`
`Dictionary of
`Computer and
`Internet Terms
`
`Seventh Edition
`
`Douglas A. Downing, Ph.D.
`School of Businlss and Economics
`Seattle Pacific University
`
`Michael A. Covington, Ph.D.
`Artificial Intelligence Center
`The University of Georgia
`
`Melody Mauldin Covington
`Covington Innovations
`Athens, Georgia
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`ABOUT THE AUTHORS
`
`Douglas Downing teaches economics and q,uaotitative methods and is unde!'gnld(cid:173)
`uar.e program director for !be School of BUSille$& and Economics at Seattle Pacific
`University. He is !be author of several books in bolh Barron's Easy Way and Busi(cid:173)
`ness Review series. He is also !be aulhor of Java Programming lh~ E4ry Way and
`Dicti(Jnary of Motltematics T~nns. published by Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
`He holds !be Ph.D. degree in economics from Yale University.
`Michael Covington is Associate Director of !be Artificial Intelligence Center 111
`!be University of Georgia. He is a contributinJ editor for Pop'tronics mngazine and
`is the aulhor of Comput~r Science Study Keys (published by Barron's). He holds !be
`Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale University.
`Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designer liviilg in Albens, Georgia. She
`is !be aulhor of Dictionary of Desktop Publishing (published by Barron's).
`
`0 Copyright 2000 by Barlon's Educational Series, IDe.
`Prior editions C copyright 1998, 1996, 1995, 1992, 1989, and 1986
`by Buren's Educational Series, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this book may be reproduced in any foiiD, by photostat, microfilm,
`xerography, or any olher means, or incorporated into any information
`retrieVal system, electronic or mechanical, wilbout !be written permission
`of lbe copyright owner.
`
`All inquiri~s should be addressed to:
`Barron's EdUcational Series, Inc.
`250 Wireless Boulevard
`Hauppauge, New York 11788
`http://www.barronseduc.~m
`Ubrary of Congress Catawg Card No. 99-3$913
`
`International Standard Book No. 0-7641-1265-1
`
`Ubrary of Congress CataiOJing·In-PubUcatlon Data
`
`Downing, Douglas.
`Dictionnry of computer and Internet terms I Douglas A. Downing,
`Michael A. Covington, Melody Mauldin Covington-7th ed.
`em.
`p.
`First-4111 eds. publiShed under title: Dictionary of computer
`terms.
`ISBN 0-7641-1265-1
`2. Internet (Computer networlc}-
`I. Computers-Dictionaries.
`ll. CovingtOn,
`1 Covington, Michael A., 1957-
`.
`Dictionaries.
`Ill. Downing, Douglas. Dictionnry of compUter
`Melody Mauldin.
`lY. Tttle.
`terms.
`QA76.!5.D667
`004' .03---dc21
`
`2000
`
`99-35913
`CIP
`
`niNTED IN THE UN1TED STAT£5 OF AMUJCA
`
`87654321
`
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`CONTENTS
`
`About the Authors ............................................ ii
`
`To the Reader ................................................ iv
`
`Dictionary of Computer and Internet Tenns .................. 1-549
`Numbers . . . .. . . . ..... . . . ............................... 1
`Greek Letters .......... . ................................ 3
`A .... .. ................... . ............... . ............ 4
`B .......................................•............. 39
`c ..................................................... 71
`D ...... . ..................... .. ........ .............. 118
`E ........................ . ........................... 147
`F ...... . ......................... ...... .............. 174
`G .................................................... 201
`H .................................................... 211
`I .................................................... 229
`I .................................................... 251
`K .................................................... 260
`L .................................................... 264
`M ........................ . .................... ...... 286
`N .................................................... 319
`0 .................................................... 334
`p .............................. ...................... 345
`Q .................................................... 392
`R ......... . . . ........... ......................... .... 395
`s .................................................... 425
`T .................................................... 471
`u .................................................... 503
`v .................... ................................ 512
`w ................................................... 524
`X .................................................... 540
`y ........ . ..... ... . .... . ............. .... .... ... ..... 546
`z ...... .............................................. 548
`Visual Dictionary of Characters and Symbols ............. 550-554
`
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`., .T O THE READER
`.our goal in writing this book is to explain, not just define. We feel
`you have a right to know how your computer works, not just bow to
`use it. Thus we cover not only business software, pelSOoal computers,
`and the Internet, but also fundamentals such as computer architecture
`and binary arithmetic.
`Tenns are marked slang or humorous if they are seldom used in
`serious writing. They are marked jargon if, in our estimation, they are
`somewhat pretentious new names for old concepts and are unlikely
`to remain in wide use. We provide occasio.oal Usage notes to explain
`grammar, spelling, and proper use of words.
`In recent years, several manufacturers have redefined the meaning
`of existing abbreviations. For example, DVD originally stood for dig(cid:173)
`ital video dire and is now said to stand for digiral versatil~ disc. The
`new names do not always catch on. We are more concerned With the
`actual origins and meanings of terms than with the wishes of marketing
`departments.
`Throughout, we use S.t.lALL CAPITALS to mark important words that
`are defined elsewhere in this book. By following cross-references, you
`can quickly find all the entries that pertain to whatever interests you. For
`eJCample, to leam how a computer works, look up COMPtrrE.lt A.R.CHI-
`·
`TECt'UilE and follow the references.
`Be sUre to notice the visual dictionary of symbols at the end of the
`book. I f you don't know what E or~ or • is called, don' t worry; you
`can look it up there.
`This edition adds over 200 new entries, including new coverage
`ofWmdows 2000 and substantially increased coverage of UNIX, net(cid:173)
`working, and Internet commerce, as well as a dozen new illustrations.
`All three of us want to thank the University of Georgia and Seattle
`Pacific University for access to facilities an<\ for accommodating us as
`we worked on this project. Also, we'd lilce to thank Robert Downing
`for his help with 1960's data processing concepts. Many thanks also
`Cathy and Sharon Covington.
`We will maintain a web page with links to many of the sites
`tioned in this book at:
`http://wvw.spu.edu/-ddowning/dcitlinks.html
`Many of the words used in this book are registered tra~:lenaar:~
`We have made no attempt to determine or report their legal
`For further information about any particular product name,
`manufacturer's literarure.
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`396
`radix
`TheirTRS-80 Modell, introduced in 1977, was oneofthefirsthome
`computers. Subsequent Radio Shack computers of many different types
`have shared the name TRS-80.
`radix the base of a number system. Binary number$ have a radix of 2,
`. and decimal numbers have a radix of 10.
`radix sort an algorithm that puts data in order by classifying each item
`immediately rather than comparing it to other items. For example, you
`might sort cards with names on them by putting all the A's in one bin,
`all the B's in another bin, and so orr. You could then sort the contents
`of each bin the same way using the secoqd letter of each name, and S!l
`on. The radix sort method can be used effectively with binary numbeis,
`since there are only two possible bins for the items to be placed. For
`other sorting methods, see SORT and referen.ces there.
`ragged margin a margin that bas not been evened out by justification
`and at which the ends of words do not line up.
`This is
`an example of
`flush-left, ragged-right type.
`See also FLUSH LEFT; FLUSH lUGHT.
`RAID {Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) a highly reliable way •
`of storing data using a set of disk drives rather than just one.
`One type of RAID system l:livides up each byte of data into bits and
`stores each bit on a different disk. H the data consists of 8-bit bytes,
`there will be 10 disks, one for eacb.of the 8 bits, and two more for an
`error-correcting code. The error-colre<;ting code makes it possible to
`reconstruct any single missing bit in any byte. Thus, if one of the disk
`drives fails completely, only one ,Qit will be missing from each byte,
`and the contents of the failed disk can be reconstructed ~mpletely
`-'
`from the error-correcting code.
`RAID also includes other ways of combining disk drives, includlng',
`a simple scheme in which one drive stores a copy of the mt~~mtauon ·:
`~
`on the other.
`RAM {Random-Access Memory) a memory device whereby any
`tion in memory can be found, on average, as quickly as any
`location. A computer's RAM is its main working memory. The
`of the RAM (measured in megabytes) is an important indicator _
`capacity of the computer. See MBMORY; DRAM; FPM; BOO.
`RAM disk (virtual disk) an area of RAM (ranc;!om-access meinol:lu•
`that is used to simulate an additional disk drive (see msx:) . ........ ...., '""'!!•
`be written and read much more quickly on a RAM disk than on
`disk. Like memory, a RAM disk goes blank whenever the coD.np"u ,tef.g
`turned off; its contents must be copied onto it from a real disk wh.en.tiv~'J
`the computer is turned on. RAM disks are ordinarily employeq to
`frequently used programs or temporary working files.
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