11"‘ Edition
`
`The Official Dictionary of Telecommunications
`
`Computer Telephony, Data Communications
`
`Internet Telephony, Voice Processing
`Windows 95& NT Communications
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`LAN, WAN and Wireless Networking
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`Petitioners' EX1028 Page 1
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`NEWTON’S
`TELEBDIVI
`DICTIONARY
`
`
`
`11“ Eétinsi
`The Official Dictionary of Telecommunications
`Computer Telephony, Data Communications
`Voice Processing, Internet Telephony
`Windows 95 & NT Communications
`LAN and WAN Networking
`
`Petitioners‘ EX1028 Page 2
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`Petitioners' EX1028 Page 2
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`

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`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`A Flatiron Publishing, Inc. Book
`copyright © 1996 Harry Newton
`published by Flatiron Publishing, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan—American Copyright conventions, including the
`right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever. Published in the United
`States by Flatiron Publishing, |nc., New York.
`
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 10010
`212-691-8215 Fax 212-691-1191
`1-800-999-0345
`1-800—Ll BRARY
`
`Email harrynewton@mcimail.com
`
`ISBN # 0-936648-87-2
`
`July, 1996
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`Eleventh Edition
`
`Cover design by Mara Seinfeld
`Printed at Command Web, New Jersey
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`Petitioners‘ EX1028 Page 3
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`Petitioners' EX1028 Page 3
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`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`1
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`Armored Cable A stainless steel handset cord which is meant to resist vandalism. Typically used on a coin phone, most
`stainless steel handset cords are too short. This is said to be because they were first ordered for use in prisons, where guards .
`wanted to be certain they would not be used by the prisoners as hanging devices. Thus, they requested Western Electric to make
`them too short for such a use. Whether there is any validity to this story is dubious, however, it is part of telephone 'ndustry folk
`history and therefore, worth preserving.
`ARP Address Resolution Protocol. A protocol within the Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol (TCP/P) suite that
`“maps" IP addresses to Ethernet addresses. TCP/lP requires ARP for use with Ethernet.
`ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense. (The whole DOD annual telecommunications bill
`exceeds $1 bill'on.) Much of the country’s early work on packet switching was done at ARPA. At one stage it was called DARPA,
`which stands for Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. ARPA was the US government agency that funded esearch and
`experimentatioi with the ARPANET and later the Internet. The group within DARPA responsible for the ARPA ET is ISTO
`(information Systems Techniques Office), formerly lPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office). See also DARPA INTER-
`NET. DARPA has changed its name to ARPA and back again. lt’s hard to keep up.
`ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork. A Department of Defense data network, developed by ARPA, which
`ties together rrany users and computers in universities, government and businesses. ARPANET has been the forerutner of many
`developments in commercial data communications, including packet switching, which was first tested on a large scale on this
`network. ARPANet is a predecessor of the Internet. it was started in 1969 with funds from the Defense Departmert's Advanced
`Projects Research Agency.
`ARQ Automa ic Retransmission reOuest. The standard method of checking transmitted data, used on virtually a I high-speed
`data communications systems. The sender encodes an error—detection field based on the contents of the message. The receiver
`recalculates tie check field and compares it with that received. if they match, an “ACK” (acknowledgment) is transmitted to the
`sender. it they don’t match, a “NAK" (negative acknowledgment) is returned, and the sender retransmits the message. Note: this
`method of error correction assumes the sender temporarily or permanently stores the data it has sent. Otherwise, it couldnt pos-
`sibly retransrrit the data. No error detection scheme in data transmission is foolproof. This one is no exception.
`Array 1. The description of a location of points by coordinates. A 2-D array is described with x,y coordinates. A 3-D array is
`described with x,y,z coordinates.
`2. A named, ordered collection of data elements that have identical attributes; or an ordered collection of identical structures.
`Array Antenna Take a bunch of directional antennas. Aim them at the same transmitting source. Join them together. Presto,
`you now have a very powerful giant antenna. Array antennas are used for picking up weak signals. They are often used in astro-
`nomical and defense communications systems.
`Array Connector A connector for use with ribbon fiber cable that joins 12 fibers simultaneously. A fan-out array design can
`be used to connect ribbon fiber cables to non—ribbon cables.
`Array Processor A processor capable of executing instructions in which the operands may be arrays rather than data elements.
`Arrestor A device used to protect telephone equipment from lightning, electrical storms, etc. An arrestor is typically gas filled
`so when lightning strikes, the gas ionizes and, bingo, a low resistance to the ground that drains the damaging high voltage ele-
`ments of the lightning away.
`ARS Automatic Route Selection, also called Least Cost Routing. A way that your phone system automatically chooses the least
`t is presented with. That least expensive way may be a tie line or a WATS line, etc. it may
`expensive way of making the call that i
`even be dial—up. See LEAST COST ROUTING and ALTERNATE ROUTING.
`Article An Internet term. An article is a USENET conversation element. it is a computer file that contains a question or piece of
`information made available to the USENET community by posting to a newsgroup.
`Artifacts Distortions in a video signal. Unintended, unwanted visual aberrations in a video image.
`Artificial Intelligence In 1950, Alan Turing, a British mathematician, challenged scientists to create a machine that could
`trick people into thinking it was one of them. And this for long was THE classic definition of artificial intelligence. One way to
`trick people is to have the computer make typing mistakes, like real humans do. The real challenge these days with artificial intel-
`ligence, now more commonly called “expert systems,” is not to recreate people but to recognize the uniqueness of machine intel-
`ligence and learn to work with it in intelligent, useful ways.
`Artificial line Interface ln T—i transmission, refers to the ability of a piece of transmission equipment to attenuate its out-
`put level to meet the required loop loss of 15-225 dB normally switch selectable between O,7.5, and dB.
`ARTS A Rockwell ACD term. Audio Real Time Status. From any touchtone phone, you can call into a Rockwell Spectrum ACD, enter
`a password, and obtain real time statistics...e.g. average speed of answer, # call in queue, activity by agent group. Neat feature.
`Allll Audio Response Unit.
`'
`AS Autonomous Systems. Part of the internet layer that routers use to relate to network connectivity and packet addressing. The
`router checks the network address and only routes on the host address it the source and destination are on the same network.
`As Is A term used in the secondary telecom equipment business. “As is” is equipment that is bought or sold with no stated or
`implied warranties. You should expect any condition from good to bad, from complete to incomplete. Buy As is equipment at
`your own risk.
`As Is Tested or As Is Working A term used in the secondaty telecom equipment business. One step up from “as is” con-
`dition. The product has been tested. it works and is complete, unless otherwise specified. Buyer should test upon receipt. There
`is no warranty beyond receipt. Seller is guaranteeing the product will work upon arrival. After that, the buyer is responsible for
`any problems.
`AS&C Alarm Surveillance and Control
`AS/400 lBM’s mid—range mini—computer. AS/400 stands for Application System/400. IBM has a product called CallPath/400
`which allows AS/400 computers to link to PBXs
`rn titre leading manufacturers.
`e Itro£r8ers' EX1028 Page 4
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`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`measurement of how quickly data is transmitted, expressed in bps, bits—per—second.
`Data Sink Part of a terminal in which data is received from a data link.
`Data Source The originating device in a data communications link.
`para Slttewarcl A new role of data caretaker emerging in business units. Individual takes responsibilities for the data content
`nd ua I y.
`(Butt; Stream 1. Collection of characters and data bits transmitted through a channel.
`2. An SCSA term. A continuous flow of call processirg data.
`Data Surfer A person who makes a living doing orline research and information retrieval. Also known as a Cybrarian (comes
`from cyberspace librarian) or a super searcher. See CYBRARIAN.
`Data Switching Exchange DSE. The equipmert installed at a siigle location to perform switching finctions such as cir-
`cuit switching, message switching, and packet switcting.
`Data Synchronization The process of keeping database data tinely and relevant by sending and eceiving information
`between laptops, between desktops in the field and between bigger computers at headquarters. See also SYNCHRONIZATION
`L
`and REPLICATION.
`Data Terminal Equipment DTE. A definition 0 hardware specifcations that provides for data comrrunications. There are
`two basicSpgcs your hardware can con‘orm to, DTE (Data Terminal Eqiipment) or DCE (Data Communicat'ons Equipment). See
`DCE and
`.
`Data Terminal Ready One of the control signals on a standard RS— 232—C connector. it indicates if the data terminal equip-
`ment ls present, connected and ready and has had handshaking sigra s verified. See RS—232—C and the Appendix.
`Data Transfer Rate The average rumber of bits, characters, or b ocks per unit time passing in a data ransmission system.
`Data Transfer Request Signal A call control signal transmit ed by a DCE to a DTE to indicate tha a distant DTE wants
`to exchange data.
`Data Transfer Time The time that elapses between the initial offe 'ng of a unit of user data to a network by transmitting data
`terminal equipment and the complete celivery of that unit to receiving data terminal equipment.
`Data Typing When converting a database f om one format to ano ler, several conversion programs wil convert the data to a
`common format before converting it to the final version. During the conversion process a program may check through the data
`in the database to determine what it is and arbitrarily make one field rimeric, one field character, one field memo, etc.
`Data Warehouse A database wareiouse corso idates informatior from many departments within a company, This data can
`either be accessed quickly by users 0 put or an OLAP server for nore thorough analysis. Data warehoises often use OLAP
`servers. OLAP stands for On Line Analytical P ocessing, also called a riultidimensional database. According to PC Week, these
`databases can slice and dice reams of data to p 0dJCB meaningful results that go far beyond what can be produced using the
`traditional two—dimensional query and report ools that work with rrost relational databases. OLAP data servers are best suited
`to work with data warehouses.
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`1
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`Database A collection of data structured aid organized in a discip ined fashion so that access is possible quickly to infor-
`mation of interest, There are many ways of orgaiiziig databases. Most corporate databases are not one single, huge file. They
`are multiple databases related to each other by some common thread, eg. an employee identification number. Databases are
`made Jp of two elements, a record and a fie d. A record is one complete entry in a database, e.g. Gerry Friesen, 12 West 21
`Street, New York, NY 10010, 212-691-8215. A f'eld would be the street address field, namely 12 West 21 Street.
`Databases are stored on computers in different ways. Some are comma delineated. They differentiate between their fields with
`' commas — like Gerry’s record above. A more common way of storing databases is with fixed length records. Here, all the fields
`‘ and al
`the records are of the same length. Tte corrputer finds fields by index and by counting. For example, Gerry's first name
`might occupy the first 15 characters. Gerry’s as‘ name might be the next 20 characters, etc. Where Gerry's names are too short
`to fill he full 15 or 20 characters, their fields are “padded” with specially—chosen characters which the computer recognizes as
`‘ padded characters to be ignored. The most important thing to remember about databases is that all the common database pro-
`‘_ grams,
`like dBASE, Paradox, Rbase, etc. don't au‘omatically make backups of their files like word processing prograrrs do.
`There ore, before you muck with a database f'le — sort it, index it, restructure it, etc. Please make sure you make a backup of
`the main database file.
`Database Management System DBMS. Computer software used to create, store, retrieve, change, manipulate, sor , for-
`mat and print the information in a database. Database management systems are probably the fastest growing part of the com-
`puter 'ndustry. increasingly, databases are being organized so they can be accessible from places remote to the computer they’re
`kept on. The “classic” database management system is probably an airline reservation system.
`Database Obiect One of the components of a database: a table, view, index, procedure, trigger, column, default, or rile.
`* Database Server A specialized computer that doles out database data to PCs on a LAN the way a file server doles out files.
`Where a traditional DBMS runs both a database application and the DBMS program on each PC on the LAN, a database server
`Splits up the two processes. The application you wrote with your DBMS runs on your local PC, while the DBMS prograrr runs
`On the database server computer. With a regular file server setup, all the database data has to be downloaded over the LAN to
`Your PC, so that the DBMS can pick out what information your application wants. With a database server, the server itself does
`,l_he_picking, sending only the data you need over the network to your PC. So a database server means vastly less network traf-
`fic in a multi-user database system. It also provides for better data integrity since one computer handles all the record ard file
`locking. See SERVER.
`Datagram A transmission method in which sections of a message are transmitted in scattered order and the correct order is
`‘Fe-established by the receiving workstation. Used on packet—switching networks. The Dow Jones Handbook of
`Telecommunications defines it as, “A single unacknowledged packet of information that is sent over a network as an individual
`Dacket without regard to previous or subsequent packets.” Here's another definition I found. A finite—length packet with sufficient
`Petiti,9§fers' EX1028 Page 5
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`Petitioners' EX1028 Page 5
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`Petitioners' EX1028 Page 6