`
`SholesASME Landmark
`Sholes & Glidden ‘Type Writer’
`
`INITIAL DRAFT – April 19, 2011
`A Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark
`
`October 6, 2OII
`Milwaukee
`Wisconsin
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`Page 1
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`PHILIPS 2009
`Google v. Philips
`IPR2017-00386
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`

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`Christopher Latham Sholes
`
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`Born
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`Died
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`February 14, 1819
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`February 17, 1890
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`Resting place Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
`
`Known as
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`"The Father of the Typewriter"
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`Born in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania in 1819, Christopher Latham Sholes worked as an apprentice to a printer in
`nearby Danville as a youth. He moved to Green Bay, Wisconsin when he was eighteen where he initially
`worked for his brothers who were publishers of the Wisconsin Democrat. Within a year he was promoted to edit
`the Madison Enquirer. In 1840, Sholes established the Southport (eventually renamed, „Kenosha‟) Telegraph,
`which he published for many years. He eventually became associated with various Milwaukee newspapers, such
`as the News, and the Sentinel.
`
`In addition to working as a publisher, Sholes played a key role in early Wisconsin politics. He helped to
`organize the „Free Soil‟ and Republican parties in Wisconsin and served several terms in the state senate and
`assembly. Perhaps his most memorable legislative accomplishment was leading the successful campaign to
`outlaw the death penalty in Wisconsin in 1853. During the Civil War, Sholes also served for a time as
`Milwaukee postmaster, and was later port collector and commissioner of public works.
`
` A
`
` practical and active inventor, Sholes developed several devices in the course of his newspaper career,
`including a newspaper addressing machine (ca 1840-1850s), and a paging or numbering device (1864), before
`becoming involved in the development of the typewriter which interested him for the remainder of his life. He,
`with the assistance of others, developed the first commercially successful typewriter.
`
`
`
`Cover Photograph:
`
`
`The cover features the Sholes & Glidden „Type Writer‟ that is being designated by ASME as a Historic
`Mechanical Engineering Landmark. The photograph was taken as the typewriter was being removed
`from storage and prior to being cleaned. Of the five similar machines in the Milwaukee Public
`Museum‟s extensive collection, this appears to be the first manufactured.
`
`
`Catalog notation: H34385/24284 Sholes & Glidden typewriter, marked #1276, 4 bank, 44 glass top
`keys, all capitals, black enamel iron frame, Japanned dustcovers ornately decaled and with stencil
`designating E. Remington & Son as maker. Mounted to treadle sewing (style) machine stand. Made
`circa 1873, this typewriter is part of the extensive Carl Dietz Collection at the Milwaukee Public
`Museum.
`
`

`

`
`History of the Development of the Typewriter
`
`Charles F. Kleinsteuber‟s machine shop on State Street in Milwaukee must have been an interesting
`place in the mid-1860s. In addition to providing machining and foundry services, the shop served as
`an informal incubator for would-be inventors. Carlos Glidden was working on designs for a steam-
`driven rotary plow and a mechanical spade. Christopher Latham Sholes had developed a newspaper
`addressing machine and a page numbering device.
`
`It is reported that in 1867 Glidden, while observing Sholes‟s work on perfecting his page numbering
`device, encouraged him to develop a mechanical writing machine. With the aid of Glidden, machinist
`and clock-builder Mathias Schwalbach and fellow inventor Samuel Soulé, Sholes produced a
`functioning machine by the fall of that year.
`
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`
`
`The machine shop of Charles F.
`Kleinsteuber, as it appeared in
`1867. Photograph courtesy of
`the Milwaukee Public Museum
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`Sholes and various associates toiled for nearly seven more years before his design of the world's first
`practical typewriter was introduced for mass production in 1874. The innovations and refinements
`that occurred during this seven year period are what distinguished the Sholes & Glidden typewriter
`from that of the numerous other innovators who had previously attempted to create a mechanical
`typing machine. With extensive testing and numerous refinements, they converted a crudely built
`model into a device that typed reasonably well. With the assistance of process engineers at
`Remington, the resulting machine was reliable, rugged and able to be manufactured in large numbers.
`
`James Densmore, a former newspaper associate of Sholes, provided financing to assist in moving the
`development into manufacture. Of equal importance, Densmore continuously prodded Sholes to test
`and tweak the design in order to improve functionality, reliability and ease of use – essentially moving
`the typewriter from a rough model to a marketable, mass-produced product.
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`Page 3
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`Historian Richard N. Current, formerly a member of the history faculty at Lawrence College in
`Appleton, Wisconsin, provided the most extensive record of the development work during this time.1,2
`He relied on extensive correspondence between Densmore and Sholes and others involved in the
`development. According to these accounts, Densmore agreed to provide financing in exchange for an
`ownership share, prior to actually seeing the device. By the time he saw the typewriter in March 1868,
`there were two versions: the original relied on long wires to connect the type bars and key levers, and
`a refinement developed by Samuel Soulé involved a simplified arrangement for striking the keys onto
`paper. In the summer of that year, Densmore attempted to manufacture the refined machines in
`Chicago. After making fifteen typewriters and observing them in use – some of which were used in a
`school for telegraphers in Chicago, he concluded that the design was not yet suitable for the market.
`
`Current reports that this prompted Sholes, for the first time, to look into the record of what previous
`inventors had done. He came to the conclusion that all had failed because they had not satisfied one or
`more of the “fundamental ideals” that he and Densmore considered “essential to success.” These
`ideals were that, “the machine must be simple and not liable to get out of order,” that “it must work
`easily and be susceptible of being worked rapidly,” and that “it be made with reasonable cheapness.”
`Additionally, Densmore insisted that a successful typewriter be capable of writing on paper of
`ordinary thickness – as opposed to the early designs by Sholes that only printed satisfactorily on paper
`that was tissue-thin.
`
`To satisfy this last requirement, Sholes abandoned the flat platen design and devised a revolving
`cylindrical platen to serve as the paper carrier. Sholes employed the cylinder in a novel way to avoid
`infringing on an existing patent. The cylinder rotated to space the letters, and indexed along its axis to
`change the lines. While this permitted thick paper to be used, the page was limited to the width of the
`cylinder – roughly three inches.
`
`In September, 1869, Sholes declared that he had perfected all the necessary principles, writing to
`Densmore on the machine, “I am satisfied the machine is now done.”
`
`Densmore continued to press for improvements, much to the annoyance of Sholes. However, Sholes
`continued to work on refinements. He next adopted a refined keyboard, devised by Schwalbach,
`which involved four rows of metal key levers and buttons set in ascending banks. At the urging of a
`customer who tried this design, a space bar was added underneath the four rows.
`
`In the summer of 1871, Densmore manufactured in Milwaukee a sufficient number of typewriters to
`“supply the present demand, pay up the debts and have one or two over to sell.” In addition to
`durability issues, the type bars wouldn‟t stay in line. Sholes, Glidden, Schwalbach and Densmore‟s
`stepson, Walter J. Barron, worked together to resolve this problem. The design was using short, stiff
`wires, which directly connected the key levers and type bars and pulled at an angle. Glidden initially
`suggested a system of intermediate levers. Despite Sholes‟s disapproval, Densmore pressed on with
`this approach – which ultimately failed. Barron meanwhile suggested an alternative method which
`reduced the angle. Sholes and Schwalbach redesigned the machine using that approach, which while
`not perfect, improved type alignment.
`
`That year, Sholes also tackled an issue for another customer. D. N. Craig, of the Automatic Telegraph
`Company, told him that his typewriter would be much more useful if it could accommodate a
`continuous roll of paper. To meet this request, Sholes redesigned the cylindrical platen to move
`
`
`1 Current, Richard N. “The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It.” Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
`(1954) ISBN 0911160884 and;
`
`2 Current, Richard N. “The Original Typewriter Enterprise 1867–1873,” Wisconsin Magazine of History
`Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. (June 1949).
`
`

`

`lengthwise to space the typed letters, and to rotate to index to the next line. Since letters were typed
`on the underside of the cylinder, Sholes also hinged the mechanism so that it could be swung up to
`allow the typist to review typed print. While that was a significant improvement, it infringed on a
`patent that had recently been issued to Charles A. Washburn of San Francisco, requiring the payment
`of a license fee to Washburn.
`
`Finally, to reduce the nuisance of type-bar
`collisions, which were frequent, Sholes and
`Densmore worked out a non-alphabetical
`arrangement for the keys, resulting in the
`QWERTY layout that became and remains
`the standard for keyboards everywhere.
`
`With these improvements in hand,
`Densmore began his third attempt to
`manufacture typewriters for sale. He rented
`a former wheelwright‟s mill between the
`Milwaukee River and the Rock River
`Canal. With Schwalbach‟s assistance, he
`equipped the shop, using water power from
`the canal. The machines were produced
`individually, which allowed him to continue
`to incorporate changes in design as the
`manufacturing process progressed.
`
`
`
`Picture of a Milwaukee-built Sholes &
`Glidden “Type Writer” Courtesy of the
`Buffalo Museum.
`
`
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`Outsourcing Typewriter Manufacturing
`
`While Schwalbach and his workmen were turning out typewriters in their improvised factory,
`Densmore calculated that the machines were costing more to build than they could be sold for. For
`advice, he turned to his friend and former business associate, George Washington Newton Yost who
`was then managing a farm implement factory at Corry, Pennsylvania.3 Yost visited him in Milwaukee to
`observe his operations and suggested that he contact E. Remington & Sons. Remington manufactured
`guns, farm implements, and sewing machines, in Ilion, New York. Yost made the introductions and
`arranged for himself and Densmore to visit their factory in Ilion.
`
`On March 1, 1873, Densmore signed a contract under which Remington agreed to have their lead
`mechanics, William Jenne and Jefferson Clough, rework the machine and to produce a minimum of a
`thousand machines. Under the contract, Densmore agreed to pay them $10,000 for manufacturing the
`typewriters, plus agreeing to pay a royalty for the services of Remington‟s lead mechanics. Jenne and
`Clough prepared the design for mass production, encasing the production version in metal instead of
`wood, and somewhat reducing the size. In principle, the final Sholes and Glidden typewriters were the
`same in form and function as the last Milwaukee-built machines.4 However, the refinements of Jenne
`and Clough were significant and often understated, in advancing the design of the machine.5
`
`
`3 This was at least the second time Densmore had contacted Yost to obtain his advice – the first having
`occurred approximately four years earlier when Yost viewed a much earlier model in New York.
`Ibid. Under the contract, Remington agreed to produce as many as 24,000 typewriters, at its discretion -
`
`4
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`Page 5
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`Significance of the Sholes & Glidden Type Writer
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`The typewriter that is the subject of this designation is particularly noteworthy in that it represents the
`first commercially successful typewriter to be manufactured in quantity for sale to the public. It was
`also the first typewriter that enabled operators to write significantly faster than a person could write by
`hand.
`
`The Sholes and Glidden typewriter set off a revolution in the conduct of commerce and business, as
`well as in communications. The ability of a skilled operator to type uniform, easily read text at high
`speed, and to also employ the use of carbon paper to make multiple copies, created significant
`increases in efficiency and economy in the workplace.
`
`One measure of the significance of the Sholes & Glidden „Type Writer‟ was the competition it
`attracted. Several other makes of typewriters were developed and marketed by 1885, including the
`Hall, the Caligraph, the Crandall, and the Hammond. While each looked different from the Sholes &
`Glidden/Remington, they were all clearly inspired by the Sholes machine, leading to patent litigation.
`The Stenographer, a professional magazine, counted no fewer than forty-seven makes of typewriters
`on the market by 1891. By that time, it is reported that all sizable offices had at least one resident
`typist. By 1910, there were at least eighty-nine typewriter manufacturers,6 many influenced in part by
`the Sholes & Glidden design, albeit with numerous improvements.
`
`By the early 1900s, clerical typing pools and stenographers became universally employed in all
`modern offices, and typing courses began to be offered in secondary schools. As the price came
`down, many families also purchased a typewriter for home correspondence and student use. By the
`mid-1900s, the typewriter had become commonplace throughout modern society.
`
`
`It is clear that millions of typewriters were manufactured over the years by United States
`manufacturing firms such as Remington, Underwood, Smith Corona Corp., Royal, Oliver,
`International Business Machines, etc.7
`
`The use of the typewriter was also an important tool for writers. Mark Twain claimed in his
`autobiography that he was the first important writer to present a publisher with a typewritten
`manuscript, for The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876).8 While he may have been the first, the
`typewriter eventually became a standard tool for most writers, poets, and reporters, as well as anyone
`that wrote for his or her profession.
`
`
`
`Densmore had to borrow the funds for advance payment; Remington did not acquire the patent rights.
`5 Private correspondence with Dr. Peter M. Weil, Interim Chair, Department of Anthropology and Associate
`Professor, University of Delaware Newark, DE
`6 Monaco, Cynthia, The Difficult Birth of the Typewriter, American Heritage of Invention and Technology,”
`Spring/Summer 1988, Vol. 4, Number 1, pg 20.
`7 It is reported that Underwood alone produced over 5 million typewriters by 1939.
`8 Typewriter collector and historian Darryl Rehr challenged this claim, stating that Twain's memory was
`faulty and that the first novel submitted in typed form was Life on the Mississippi (1883).
`
`

`

`Technical Development
`
`As patented in June and July, 1868, the claims of Sholes, Glidden, and
`Soulé were: (1) a circular annular disc, with radial grooves and slots to
`receive and guide the typebars so that they struck the center, (2) radial
`typebars to correspond with this disc, (3) a ratchet to move the paper-
`carriage by the breadth of a tooth when a key was struck, (4) a hinged
`clamp to hold the paper firmly on its carriage.9,10
`
`Sholes employed an inked ribbon in his typewriter, relying upon
`technology first developed by Dr. S. V. Francis in 1857. The
`advantages were significant, since such a ribbon is virtually dry under
`a light touch, yet readily transferred its ink under the sharp stroke of a
`typebar on the Sholes machine.11,12
`
`While it has been stated that, “there is hardly a single feature of the
`[Sholes typewriter] which cannot be found in the work of some earlier
`inventor,”13 the configuration and combination of its mechanical
`features provided the first commercially successful mechanical device
`with keys that, when pressed, cause ink to be printed on a medium,
`usually paper.
`
`
`In their original 1868 typewriter design, paper was placed horizontally on the top of the machine, held
`in place by a movable square frame to provide line and letter spacing. Above the paper and centered
`on the device, an arm held an inked ribbon which crossed over a small metal plate. Depressing a key
`caused a typebar to rise from underneath the paper, pressing the paper upwards against the ribbon and
`thus printing an inked character. This method of imprinting required use of very thin, nonstandard
`paper, such as tissue paper.14 Two variants were produced with alternative methods of actuating the
`typebars: one in which the keys and typebars were connected by a series of wires and one in which the
`keys directly "kicked" the typebars upward.15
`
`The arm and frame components were replaced with a cylindrical platen in 1869. Unlike modern
`typewriters, the revised machine entered letters around the cylinder, with axial rotation providing letter
`spacing and horizontal shifting providing line spacing. Paper was clipped directly to the cylinder,
`which limited its length and width to the dimensions of the apparatus.16
`
`The platen was again redesigned in early 1872 to allow the use of paper of any length. The redesigned
`platen also introduced the modern spacing functionality (horizontal movement and axial rotation
`providing letter and line spacing, respectively). The cylindrical platen became “an indispensable part
`
`
`9 Densmore arranged to patent two versions of the Sholes typewriter. The first patent was actually for a later
`design that involved a simplified arrangement for striking the keys onto paper, as developed by Samuel
`Soulé and is shown above. The July patent was for the previous design, which involved long wires to
`connect the type bars and key levers.
`10 Iles, George, Leading American Inventors, Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY, 1912, pg. 324.
`11 Ibid, pg. 326.
`12 S. V. Francis of New York developed a typewriter with an inked ribbon in 1857, but it was not a
`commercial success.
`13 Gould, Rupert T. The Story of the Typewriter. London: Office Control and Management, 1948, pg. 28.
`14 Iles 1912, op. cit p. 324.
`15 Current, Richard N. “The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It.” Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
`(1954) ISBN 0911160884.
`16 Current, Richard N. “The Original Typewriter Enterprise 1867–1873.” Wisconsin Magazine of History
`Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin (June 1949).
`
`
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`Page 7
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`of every standard [typewriter].”17
`
`By the end of 1872, the appearance and function of the Sholes & Glidden typewriter had assumed the
`form that would become standard in the industry and remain largely unchanged for the next century.
`
`The resulting Sholes and Glidden typewriter incorporated several components adapted from existing
`devices, such as escapement (a geared mechanism governing carriage movement) adapted from
`clockwork, keys adapted from telegraph machines and type hammers adapted from the piano.18 In
`developing their initial typewriter design, Sholes and Soulé had not investigated printing machines
`created by other inventors and, consequently, spent a good deal of energy and effort that may have
`been otherwise avoided.19
`
`The Sholes & Glidden typewriter was an „upstrike‟ typewriter. Upstrikes were blind-writers – they
`printed on the underside of the platen, and operators therefore could not see their work while they
`were typing. The basic mechanism for striking the typebar onto paper on the Sholes & Glidden Type
`Writer is illustrated at right, along with an etching of the basic mechanism – in this case from a later
`model Remington of similar design:
`
`
`
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`The illustration at the left shows how the hinged carriage (in this
`case a Remington No. 2) could be swung up so that the operator
`could check what had been typed.
`
`In later years, „Visible‟ typewriters were developed, which
`allowed the typist to view the type as it was placed on the paper.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`17 Iles 1912, op. cit p. 323.
`18 Utterback, James M. Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Boston: Harvard Business Press. (1999). ISBN
`0875847404, pg. 4.
`19 Iles, George Leading American Inventors, (1912) New York: Henry Holt & Company, p. 323.
`
`

`

`
`
`Text of Landmark Plaque
`
`HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK
`SHOLES & GLIDDEN TYPE WRITER
`1873
`DESIGNED IN MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, BY CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES,
`AND DEVELOPED WITH CARLOS GLIDDEN, SAMUEL SOULÉ, AND MATHIAS
`SCHWALBACH, THIS WAS THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL DEVICE THAT
`RAPIDLY PRINTED ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS ON PAPER IN ANY ORDER.
`MANUFACTURED BY E. REMINGTON AND SONS, THE TYPE WRITER EMPLOYED
`A LEVER-ACTION KEY MECHANISM, INKED RIBBON, AND CYLINDRICAL, SHIFTING
`PLATEN. ITS “QWERTY” KEYBOARD LAYOUT MINIMIZED STICKING KEYS. WITH IT, A
`SKILLED OPERATOR COULD PRODUCE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS FASTER THAN
`POSSIBLE BY HAND.
`BY 1900, TYPED DOCUMENTS DOMINATED BUSINESS RECORDS AND
`CORRESPONDENCE. THE DEMAND FOR TYPISTS ENABLED WOMEN TO ENTER THE
`BUSINESS WORLD IN UNPRECEDENTED NUMBERS.
`
` THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 2011
`
`
`
`Women and the Typewriter20
`One historian has commented that, “perhaps one of the greatest or even the greatest achievement of the
`typewriter is the transformation it wrought in the social order. A strong prejudice existed … against
`the employment of women in business. Then the typewriter came, soon to be followed by the girl
`typist, who blazed the way for other women to enter every department of business life.”21
`
`This association of women with the typewriter can be
`traced to the earliest advertising for the machine.
`Before Remington acquired the design rights,
`Sholes‟s daughter was employed to demonstrate the
`device and to appear in promotional images. It is
`reported that Remington‟s marketing included the use
`of attractive women to demonstrate their typewriter.
`
`It can be argued that the stereotyping that resulted
`from placing women in these clerical roles had a
`detrimental effect to the upward mobility of women
`for decades. Nevertheless, in 1874, less than four
`percent of clerical workers in the United States were
`women. By 1900, the number of women clerical
`employees had increased to approximately seventy
`five percent.
`
`Before his death, Sholes remarked of the typewriter,
`
`20 Hoke, Donald “The Woman and the Typewriter: A Case Study in Technological Innovation and Social
`Change,” Business and Economic History (1979) Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Museum, Series 2.
`21 “Honoring the Inventor of the Typewriter,” a lecture by Alan C. Reiley, broadcast from Marquette
`University radio station, Milwaukee, June 6, 1924.
`
`A typist operating a Sholes & Glidden Type Writer, as
`depicted in an 1872 article in Scientific American.
`
`
`
`Page 9
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`

`

`“I do feel that I have done something for the women who have always had to work so hard. This will
`enable them more easily to earn a living.”
`
`
`This incredible photograph is of the order entry department at Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, IL, c. 1913.
`Workers are using Oliver typewriters. (Photograph from Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American
`History.)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` The QWERTY Keyboard
`
`The Sholes & Glidden typewriter had one
`entirely original feature – the
`arrangement of the keys. It has been
`reported that Sholes arranged the keys in
`the now familiar QWERTY layout to
`minimize the possibility of jamming the
`typebars. The QWERTY layout was
`commonly adopted by other typewriter
`manufacturers and as a result much of the
`world will likely have to live with this
`letter configuration forever, even on
`computers and mobile devices.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`The History and Heritage
`
`Landmark Designations
`
`Program of ASME
`
`the wheel,
`invention of
`the
`Since
`innovation has
`critically
`mechanical
`influenced the development of civilization
`and industry as well as public welfare,
`safety and comfort. Through its History
`and Heritage program,
`the American
`Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
`encourages
`public
`understanding
`of
`mechanical
`engineering,
`fosters
`the
`preservation of this heritage and helps
`engineers become more involved in all
`aspects of history.
`
`In 1971 ASME formed a History and
`Heritage Committee
`composed
`of
`mechanical engineers and historians of
`technology. This Committee is charged
`with
`examining,
`recording
`and
`acknowledging mechanical engineering
`achievements of particular significance.
`For
`further
`information, please visit
`http://www.asme.org
`
`
`
`
`
`
`There are many aspects of ASME's History
`and Heritage activities, one of which is the
`landmarks program. Since the History and
`Heritage Program began, 248 artifacts have
`been designated throughout the world as
`historic
`mechanical
`engineering
`landmarks, heritage collections or heritage
`sites. Each represents a progressive step in
`the evolution of mechanical engineering
`and its significance to society in general.
`
`The Landmarks Program illuminates our
`technological heritage and encourages the
`preservation of historically
`important
`works. It provides an annotated roster for
`engineers, students, educators, historians
`and travelers. It also provides reminders of
`where we have been and where we are
`going along
`the divergent paths of
`discovery.
`
`__________________________________
`
`the global engineering
`ASME helps
`community develop solutions to real world
`challenges. ASME, founded in 1880, is a
`not-for-profit professional organization
`that enables collaboration, knowledge
`sharing and skill development across all
`engineering disciplines, while promoting
`the vital role of the engineer in society.
`ASME codes and standards, publications,
`conferences, continuing education and
`professional
`development
`programs
`provide a
`foundation
`for advancing
`technical knowledge and a safer world.
`
`
`Page 11
`
`

`

`ASME
`Victoria A. Rockwell, President
`
`Thomas Wendt, P.E., District C Leader
`Stacey E. Swisher Harnetty, Senior Vice President, Public Affairs
`
`Willard Nott, P.E., Vice President, Board on Global Outreach
`Thomas Libertiny, Senior Vice President of Knowledge & Communities
`
`Thomas G. Loughlin, CAE, Executive Director
`
`ASME History and Heritage Committee
`Richard I. Pawliger, P.E., Chair
`
`Thomas H. Fehring, P.E.
`J. Lawrence Lee, P.E., Immediate Past Chair, Chair, Plaque Sub-Committee
`Terry S. Reynolds
`Paul J. Torpey, Past President
`
`Herman Viegas, P.E.
`Robert O. Woods, P.E., Chair, Brochure Sub-Committee
`
`
`John K. Brown, Corresponding Member
`Marco Ceccarelli, Corresponding Member
`
`R. Michael Hunt, P.E., Corresponding Member
`Robert M. Vogel, Corresponding Member
`
`
`ASME Staff
`Marina Stenos, Director, Center for Public Awareness
`
`Wil Haywood, Communications Coordinator, Public Information
`Gretchen Crutchfield, Project Specialist, ASME Innovation
`
`ASME Milwaukee Section Executive Committee
`Jason Pechloff, Section Chair
`Eugene Janikowski, Section Vice-Chair
`Subha Kumpaty, Section Secretary
`Dennis Ulicny, Section Treasurer
`
`Thomas Fehring, History and Heritage Chair
`
`Acknowledgements
`Al Muchka, History Section, Milwaukee Public Museum
`Carter Lupton, Head of History, Milwaukee Public Museum
`
`Carrie Trousil Becker, Marketing Dept, Milwaukee Public Museum
`Nancy Dotson, Zilli’s Catering, Milwaukee Public Museum
`
`Carter Lupton, History Section, Milwaukee Public Museum
`Jason Pechloff, ASME Milwaukee Section
`
`Dennis Ulicny, ASME Milwaukee Section
`Phil Vincent, ASME Milwaukee Section
`
`Joseph Derra, ASME Milwaukee Section
`Thomas Fehring, Landmark Nominator and Brochure Author
`
`
`
`
`
`Note: The typeface used to highlight text in this document is a replication of the font of the
`1873 sholes & glidden type writer, based on a letter typed by mark twain. Courtesy of richard
`polt of the classic typewriter website.
`
`