UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`____________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`____________________
`
`SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.; and
`SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC.
`Petitioners
`
`v.
`
`IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
`Patent Owner
`
`____________________
`
`Patent No. 8,893,134
`____________________
`
`DECLARATION OF DR. JOHN C. HART
`IN SUPPORT OF PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`OF U.S. PATENT NO. 8,893,134
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
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`BACKGROUND AND EXPERIENCE ............................................................................. 1
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`Qualifications .......................................................................................................... 1
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`Previous Testimony ................................................................................................ 4
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`TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND.............................................................................. 5
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`THE ’134 PATENT ............................................................................................................ 5
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`SUMMARY OF OPINIONS ............................................................................................ 20
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`LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART .............................................................. 21
`
`
`I.
`
`II.
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`III.
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`IV.
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`V.
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`VI.
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`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................. 22
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`VIII. THE PRIOR ART TEACHES OR SUGGESTS EVERY STEP AND FEATURE
`OF THE CHALLENGED CLAIMS OF THE ’134 PATENT ......................................... 22
`
`A.
`
`Overview Of The Prior Art References ................................................................ 22
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`Alton L. Gilbert et al., A Real-Time Video Tracking System,
`PAMI-2 No. 1 IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
`Machine Intelligence 47 (Jan. 1980) (“Gilbert”) (Ex. 1005) .................... 22
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,521,843 (“Hashima”) (Ex. 1006) ................................. 31
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,150,432 (“Ueno”) (Ex. 1007) ....................................... 37
`
`B.
`
`Ground 1: Gilbert In View Of Hashima Teaches Or Suggests Every
`Step And Feature Of Claims 1-2........................................................................ 41
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`Reasons To Combine Gilbert And Hashima ........................................ 41
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`Claim 1 ..................................................................................................... 48
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`Claim 2 ...................................................................................................... 59
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`Detailed Application Of Gilbert And Hashima To Claims 1-2 ................ 61
`
`C.
`
`Ground 2: Hashima And Ueno Teaches Or Suggests Every Step And
`Feature Of Claims 1-2 ........................................................................................ 75
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`1.
`
`Reasons To Combine Hashima And Ueno ............................................ 75
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`Claim 1 ..................................................................................................... 78
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`Claim 2 ...................................................................................................... 91
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`Detailed Application Of Hashima And Ueno To Claims 1-2 ................... 93
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`2.
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`3.
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`4.
`
`D.
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`Ground 3: Gilbert In View Of Ueno Teaches Or Suggests Every Step
`And Feature Of Claims 1-2 .............................................................................. 109
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`1.
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`2.
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`3.
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`4.
`
`Reasons To Combine Gilbert And Gilbert ......................................... 109
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`Claim 1 ................................................................................................... 113
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`Claim 2 .................................................................................................... 127
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`Detailed Application Of Ueno And Gilbert To Claims 1-2 .................... 130
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`IX.
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`CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 145
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`ii
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`I, John C. Hart, declare as follows:
`
`1.
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`2.
`
`I have been retained by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and Samsung
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`Electronics America, Inc. (collectively, “Petitioner”) as an independent expert
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`consultant in this proceeding before the United States Patent and Trademark Office
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`(“PTO”).
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`3.
`
`I have been asked to consider whether certain references teach or
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`suggest the features recited in Claims 1-2 of U.S. Patent No. 8.893,134 (“the ’134
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`Patent”) (Ex. 1001), which I understand is allegedly owned by Image Processing
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`Technologies, LLC (“Patent Owner”). My opinions and the bases for my opinions
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`are set forth below.
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`4.
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`I am being compensated at my ordinary and customary consulting rate
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`for my work.
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`5. My compensation is in no way contingent on the nature of my
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`findings, the presentation of my findings in testimony, or the outcome of this or
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`any other proceeding. I have no other interest in this proceeding.
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`II. BACKGROUND AND EXPERIENCE
`A. Qualifications
`6.
`I have more than 25 years of experience in computer graphics and
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`image processing technologies. In particular, I have devoted much of my career to
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
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`researching and designing graphics hardware and systems for a wide range of
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`applications.
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`7. My research has resulted in the publication of more than 80 peer-
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`reviewed scientific articles, and more than 50 invited papers, and talks in the area
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`of computer graphics and image processing.
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`8.
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`I have authored or co-authored several publications that are directly
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`related to target identification and tracking in image processing systems. Some
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`recent publications include:
`
`•
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`•
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`•
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`P.R. Khorrami, V.V. Le, J.C. Hart, T.S. Huang. A System for
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`Monitoring the Engagement of Remote Online Students using Eye
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`Gaze Estimation. Proc. IEEE ICME Workshop on Emerging
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`Multimedia Systems and Applications, July 2014.
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`V. Lu, I. Endres, M. Stroila and J.C. Hart. Accelerating Arrays of
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`Linear Classifiers Using Approximate Range Queries. Proc. Winter
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`Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, Mar. 2014.
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`M. Kamali, E. Ofek, F. Iandola, I. Omer, J.C. Hart Linear Clutter
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`Removal from Urban Panoramas. Proc. International Symposium on
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`Visual Computing. Sep. 2011.
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`9.
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`From 2008-2012, as a Co-PI of the $18M Intel/Microsoft Universal
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`Parallelism Computing Research Center at the University of Illinois, I led the
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`2
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`AvaScholar project for visual processing of images that included face
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`identification, tracking and image histograms.
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`10.
`
`11.
`
`I am a co-inventor of U.S. Patent No. 7,365,744.
`
`I have served as the Director for Graduate Studies for the Department
`
`of Computer Science, an Associate Dean for the Graduate College, and I am
`
`currently serving as the Executive Associate Dean of the Graduate College at the
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`University of Illinois. I am also a professor in the Department of Computer
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`Science at the University of Illinois, where I have served on the faculty since
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`August 2000. As a professor I have taught classes on image processing and
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`graphics technology and have conducted research into specific applications of
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`these technologies.
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`12. From 1992 to 2000, I worked first as an Assistant Professor and then
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`as an Associate Professor in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
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`Science at Washington State University.
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`13. From 1991-1992, I was a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the
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`Electronic Visualization Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and at
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`the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois
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`at Urbana-Champaign.
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`14.
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`I earned a Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering and
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`Computer Science from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1991.
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`3
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
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`I earned a Master’s Degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer
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`15.
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`Science from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1989.
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`16.
`
`I earned a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from Aurora
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`University in 1987.
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`17.
`
`I have been an expert in the field of graphics and image processing
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`since prior to 1996. I am qualified to provide an opinion as to what a person of
`
`ordinary skill in the art (“POSA”) would have understood, known, or concluded as
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`of 1996.
`
`18. Additional qualifications are detailed in my curriculum vitae, which I
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`understand has been submitted as Exhibit 1003 in this proceeding.
`
`B.
`19.
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`Previous Testimony
`
`In the previous five years, I have testified as an expert at trial or by
`
`deposition or have submitted declarations in the following cases:
`
`20. Certain Computing or Graphics Systems, Components Thereof, and
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`Vehicles Containing Same, Inv. No. 337-TA-984.
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`21. ZiiLabs Inc., Ltd v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. et al., No. 2:14-cv-
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`00203 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 4, 2016).
`
`22. Certain Consumer Electronics with Display and Processing
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`Capabilities, Inv. No. 337-TA-884.
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`III. TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
`23.
`Image processing systems have long used histograms as a
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`mathematical tool to identify and track image features and to adjust image
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`properties. The use of histograms to identify and track image features dates back
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`to well before 1997. See, e.g., Alton L. Gilbert et al., “A Real-Time Video
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`Tracking System,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
`
`Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 2, January 1980 (Ex. 1005); D. Trier, A. K. Jain
`
`and T. Taxt, “Feature Extraction Methods for Character Recognition-A Survey”,
`
`Pattern Recognition, vol. 29, no. 4, 1996, pp. 641–662 (Ex. 1008 at 10) (citing M.
`
`H. Glauberman, “Character recognition for business machines,” Electronics, vol.
`
`29, pp. 132-136, Feb. 1956 (Ex. 1009)).
`
`24. A digital image is represented by a number of picture elements, or
`
`pixels, where each pixel has certain properties, such as brightness, color, position,
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`velocity, etc., which may be referred to as domains. For each pixel property or
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`domain, a histogram may be formed. A histogram is a type of bar chart used for
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`counting the number of items meeting certain criteria. In image processing,
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`histograms count the number of pixels in the image having certain characteristics,
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`where each bar counts the pixels that share a specific value or value range for that
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`characteristic. For example, if the luminance (brightness) of each pixel were
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`represented by an 8-bit value, a luminance histogram would be a bar chart
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`indicating, for each luminance value from 0 to 255, the count of the number of
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`pixels in the image with that luminance value. As shown below, a luminance
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`histogram may reveal certain properties of an image, such as whether it is properly
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`exposed, based on whether an excessive number of pixels fall on the dark end or
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`light end of the luminance range.
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`
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`25. Histograms of other pixel properties can also be formed. For
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`example, the figure below illustrates two histograms formed by counting the
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`number of black pixels having each X-coordinate value (i.e., the X-coordinate
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`domain) and the number having each Y-coordinate value (i.e., the Y-coordinate
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`domain).
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`26. Such histograms are sometimes called “projection histograms”
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`because they represent the image projected onto each axis. In the example above,
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`the image was pure black and white, but projection histograms of a greyscale
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`image can also be formed in a similar manner by defining a luminance threshold
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`and projecting, for example, only those pixels that have a luminance value lower
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`than 100.
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`27. A more complex greyscale image is shown below, along with its
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`luminance histogram (black = 0; white = 255):
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`28. Here, the peak in the dark luminance region (luminance = 0-50)
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`corresponds to the dark suit and tie and relatively dark background. The peak in
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`the light luminance region (luminance > 230) corresponds to the white shirt, while
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`the central peak (between luminance 130 and 170) corresponds to the medium
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`brightness of the face. If one were to select only the subset of pixels with
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`brightness between 130 and 170 and plot them according to their x and y positions,
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`one would get the following image:
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`
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`29. Taking projection histograms of this subset of pixels with luminance
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`between 130 and 170, then, provides an indication of location of the face in the
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`image. On the left, below, is a projection of this subset of pixels onto the x axis,
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`and on the right is a similar projection onto the y axis.
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`30. Histograms may also be formed of pixel color properties in much the
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`same way. Color is typically represented by three values: hue, saturation and
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`luminance. Hue (aka “tone”) is an angle ranging from 0° to 360° around a color
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`wheel that indicates which “color” is bring represented, e.g. 0° = red, 60° =
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`yellow, 120° = green, 180° = cyan, 240° = blue, and 300° = magenta. Saturation,
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`which may also range from 0 to 255, represents how “brilliant” the color is. For
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`example, if a color with a saturation of 255 represents red, then a saturation of 128
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`would represent pink and a saturation of 0 would represent gray. Luminance
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`ranges from 0 to 255 represent the “brightness” of the color. If luminance = 0,
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`then the color is black, regardless of the other values. Given a color image, the
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`luminance values of the pixels would yield the “black-and-white” or grayscale
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`version of the image.
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`IV. THE ’134 PATENT
`31. The ’134 Patent, entitled “Image Processing Method,” was filed on
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`March 17, 2014, and issued on March 17, 2015. The ’134 Patent names Patrick
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`Pirim as the sole inventor. I understand that the ’134 Patent claims a priority date
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`of July 22, 1996.
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`32. The ’134 Patent is generally directed to tracking a target using an
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`image processing system. For example, in the Abstract, the ’134 Patent notes that
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`the invention relates to “[a] method and apparatus for localizing an area in relative
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`movement and for determining the speed and direction thereof.” Ex. 1001, ’134
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`Patent at Abstract.
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`33. The ’134 Patent uses the pixels in a frame of an image of a video
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`signal to form one or more histograms in order to identify and track a target. See
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`e.g., Ex. 1001, ’134 Patent at Claim 1. The input signal employed in the ’134
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`Patent is comprised of a “succession of frames, each frame having a succession of
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`pixels.” Ex. 1001 at 3:32-34. Although the disclosed embodiments relate
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`primarily to a video signal, the ’134 Patent also teaches that the input signal could
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`correspond to other types of signals, for example “ultrasound, IR, Radar, tactile
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`array, etc.” Ex. 1001, ’134 Patent at 9:27-32.
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`34. The ’134 Patent teaches constructing a histogram showing the
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`frequency of the pixels meeting a certain characteristic. In the ’134 Patent, these
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`characteristics—such as luminance or speed—are referred to as “domains.”
`
`Histograms may be constructed in a variety of domains, for example, the ’134
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`Patent teaches that examples of possible domains include pixel data such as “i)
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`luminance, ii) speed (V), iii) oriented direction (D1), (iv) time constant (CO), v)
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`hue, vi) saturation, and vii) first axis (x(m)), and viii) second axis (y(m)).” Id. at
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`4:5-9.
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`35. A domain can be further subdivided into classes, each class consisting
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`of the subset of pixels with similar domain values. Figure 14a (and the
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`accompanying text) illustrates an example of “classes” within a domain:
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`FIG. 14 a shows an example of the successive classes C1
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`C2 . . . Cn−1 Cn, each representing a particular velocity,
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`for a hypothetical velocity histogram, with their being
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`categorization for up to 16 velocities (15 are shown) in
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`this example. Also shown is envelope 38, which is a
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`smoothed representation of the histogram.
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`Ex. 1001, ’134 Patent at 20:49-54.
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`36. The hypothetical histogram in Figure 14a would be constructed using
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`histogram formation block 25 in Figure 11. In this figure, various histogram
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`processors (numbered 24-29) are shown that allow creation of histograms in
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`various domains. Block 25 is disclosed as creating velocity histograms. Id. at
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`17:4-10.
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`A detailed depiction of histogram block 25 is shown in Figure 13:
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`37.
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`In Figure 13, velocity data for a pixel is input into a memory address
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`and into classifier 25b. The classifier contains registers 106 that correspond to
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`classes within the particular domain. Thus, for a classifier in a velocity histogram
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`formation block, the classifier would have a register for each velocity class.
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`Because the histogram will only be incremented for pixels satisfying the
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`classification criteria that, when met, outputs a classification signal of “1,” the
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`histogram in Figure 14a would be constructed using a classifier 25b that has each
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`of the velocity-class registers set to “1.” In this example, each pixel that is input
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`into classifier 25b would generate a classification signal of “1.” The histogram
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`would then be updated to include the input pixel, which it would do by
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`incrementing the histogram bin corresponding to the appropriate velocity class. In
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`other examples, a classifier may output a classification signal of “1” for only
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`specific classes of a domain, rather than for all of the classes in a domain as in
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`Figure 14a. Thus, for example, the classifier could choose pixels with only
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`specific velocities for consideration in subsequent histograms. This feature may be
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`used in conjunction with the output from other classification units to create
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`histograms identifying only pixels meeting multiple classification criteria in a
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`variety of domains.
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`38. The ’134 Patent discloses that its teachings are applicable to a broad
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`range of applications. For example, in one embodiment, the ’134 Patent performs
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`“automatic framing of a person . . . during a video conference.” Ex. 1001, ’134
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`Patent at 22:5-6. In this application, histograms are constructed in the X- and Y-
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`domains and count the number of pixels between successive frames where the
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`differences in luminance are above certain threshold values. Ex. 1001, ’134 Patent
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`at 22:44-54. By this method, the ’134 Patent teaches the system is able to
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`determine the boundaries of the target based on peaks in the histograms generated.
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`Ex. 1001, ’134 Patent at 10:33-61. This application and result are shown in Figure
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`16 and 17, reproduced below:
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`16
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`Ex. 1001, Figure 16
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`
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`Ex. 1001, Figure 17
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`
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`39. Other related applications disclosed by the ’134 Patent include using a
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`mounted spotlight or camera to automatically track a target, for example using a
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`spotlight mounted on a helicopter to track a target on the ground or using
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`automated stage lights to track a performer during a performance. Ex. 1001, ’134
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`Patent at 23:35-40. The ’134 Patent also teaches that “[t]he invention would
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`similarly be applicable to weapons targeting systems.” Ex. 1001, ’134 Patent at
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`23:39-40.
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`40.
`
`In each of these embodiments, the ’134 Patent finds the X- and Y-
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`minima and maxima of the histograms and uses these points to determine a center
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`point of the target. The patent states that the “XMIN and XMAX” for the X-projection
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`histogram and “YMIN and YMAX” for the y projection histogram, are “key
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`characteristics” of the histogram “which include the minimum (MIN) of the
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`histogram” and “the maximum (MAX) of the histogram.” Id. at 19:41-50. It
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`teaches that these key characteristics are computed by the condition:
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`For each pixel with a validation signal V2 of “l”:
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`(a) if the data value of the pixel<MIN (which is initially
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`set to the maximum possible value of the histogram),
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`then write data value in MIN,
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`(b) if the data value of the pixel>MAX (which is initially
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`set to the minimum possible value of the histogram), then
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`write data value in MAX
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`Id. at 19:51-57. Hence the ‘134 Patent defines the minimum of the X-projection
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`histogram is the smallest X-coordinate of any pixel in the image region whose
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`validation signal is “1.” Similarly the maximum is the largest X-coordinate of any
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`pixel in the image region whose validation signal is “1.” The same holds true for
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`the Y-projection histogram where the maximum and minimum are computed in the
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`same way, but using the y coordinate axis.
`
`41. After determining the X- and Y-minima and maxima of the
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`histograms, the ’134 Patent teaches that a center point of the target image may be
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`found at the coordinates of (XMIN+XMAX)/2 and (YMIN+YMAX)/2. Ex. 1001, ’134
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`Patent at 24:46-51. This is only one possible way of computing a center point of
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`an object. Indeed, for an irregularly shaped object like those shown in Figure 20,
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`below, there is not one clear center point. Rather, various center points such as
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`center of mass, center-of-area, and center of gravity might all give different
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`coordinates, but would nevertheless accomplish the purpose of the ’134 Patent.
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`42. Once the center of the target is determined, the center is used to adjust
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`the camera or spotlight to be directed to the moving target:
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`Having acquired the target, controller 206 controls
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`servomotors 208 to maintain the center of the target in
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`the center of the image. . . .
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`It will be appreciated that as the target moves, the
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`targeting box will move with the target, constantly
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`adjusting the center of the targeting box based upon the
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`movement of the target, and enlarging and reducing the
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`size of the targeting box. The targeting box may be
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`displayed on monitor 212, or on another monitor as
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`desired to visually track the target.
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`Id. at 25:8-21. Figure 23 shows an example of the targeting box in a frame:
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`V.
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`SUMMARY OF OPINIONS
`43.
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`In preparing this declaration, I have reviewed at least the documents
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`
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`labeled Exhibits 1001-1010 and other materials referred to herein in connection
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`with providing this declaration. In addition to these materials, I have relied on my
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`education, experience, and my knowledge of practices and principles in the
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`relevant field, e.g., image processing. My opinions have also been guided by my
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`appreciation of how one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood the
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`claims and specification of the ’134 Patent around the time of the alleged
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`invention, which I have been asked to assume is the earliest claimed priority date
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`of July 22, 1996.
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`44. Based on my experience and expertise, it is my opinion that certain
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`references teach or suggest all the features recited in Claims 1-2 of the ’134 Patent,
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`as explained in detail below. Specifically, it is my opinion that Claims 1-2 are
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`disclosed by Alton L. Gilbert et. al., A Real-Time Video Tracking System
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`(“Gilbert”) in combination with U.S. Patent No. 5,521,843 (“Hashima”). It is also
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`my opinion that Claims 1-2 are disclosed by Hashima in combination with U.S.
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`Patent No. 5,150,432 (“Ueno”). Finally, it is my opinion that Claims 1-2 are
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`disclosed by Gilbert in combination with Ueno.
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`VI. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`45. Based on my review of the ’134 Patent specification, claims, file
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`history, and prior art, I believe one of ordinary skill in the art around the time of
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`the alleged invention of the ’134 Patent would have had either (1) a Master’s
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`Degree in Electrical Engineering or Computer Science or the equivalent plus at
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`least a year of experience in the field of image processing, image recognition,
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`machine vision, or a related field or (2) a Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical
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`Declaration of Dr. John C. Hart
`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`Engineering or Computer Science or the equivalent plus at least three years of
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`experience in the field of image processing, image recognition, machine vision, or
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`a related field. Additional education could substitute for work experience and vice
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`versa.
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`46.
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`In determining the level of ordinary skill in the art, I was asked to
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`consider, for example, the type of problems encountered in the art, prior art
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`solutions to those problems, the rapidity with which innovations are made, the
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`sophistication of the technology, and the educational level of active workers in the
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`field.
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`47. My opinions concerning the ’134 Patent claims are from the
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`perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSA”), as set forth above.
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`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
`48. For my analysis of the ’134 Patent, I have interpreted all claim terms
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`according to their plain and ordinary meaning.
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`VIII. THE PRIOR ART TEACHES OR SUGGESTS EVERY STEP AND
`FEATURE OF THE CHALLENGED CLAIMS OF THE ’134 PATENT
`A. Overview Of The Prior Art References
`1.
`Alton L. Gilbert et al., A Real-Time Video Tracking System,
`PAMI-2 No. 1 IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
`Machine Intelligence 47 (Jan. 1980) (“Gilbert”) (Ex. 1005)
`49. Gilbert arose out of efforts by researchers at U.S. Army White Sands
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`Missile Range, New Mexico, in collaboration with New Mexico State University,
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`Las Cruces, who developed a system that utilizes histograms to identify and track
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`targets in flight such as rockets and aircraft. Gilbert was published in the January
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`1980 issue of IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, a
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`peer-reviewed journal published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
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`Engineers (“IEEE”). (Ex. 1010).
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`50. Gilbert generally relates to “object identification and tracking
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`applications of pattern recognition at video rates.” Ex. 1005 at 47, Abstract.
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`Gilbert discloses “a system for missile and aircraft identification and tracking . . .
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`applied in real time to identify and track objects.” Ex.1005, Gilbert at 47. It
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`accomplishes this tracking by employing a series of processors, including an IO
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`processor, a video processor, a projection processor, a tracker processor, and a
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`control processor. Ex. 1005, Gilbert at 48. These elements are shown in Gilbert
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`Figure 1:
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`Ex. 1005, Gilbert at 48. Each of these processors performs a different role in
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`identifying, locating, and ultimately tracking a target.
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`51. For example, the video processor receives a digitized video signal as
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`input that comprises 60 frames/s. Although Gilbert uses the word “field” instead
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`of “frame,” a POSA would have understood that a “frame” consists of two “fields”
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`in the context in which they are used in Gilbert. (At the time, video signals were
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`interlaced such that a frame of a non-interlaced video consisted of two fields. The
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`first field would be the odd numbered scanlines and the second field would be the
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`even numbered scanlines recorded 1/60th of a second later than the first field.)
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`These frames each consist of a succession of pixels, arranged in a matrix of n X m
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`pixels. Ex. 1005, Gilbert at 48. For each frame, the video processor creates a pixel
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`Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,983,134
`intensity histogram across 256 gray levels. Id. These 256 gray levels represent the
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`plurality of classes across which the histogram is formed. In other words, the
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`Video Processor of Gilbert creates histograms using the luminance domain over
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`classes of all luminance values. The video processor then uses these histograms
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`and a probability estimate to determine whether a particular pixel belongs to the
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`target, plume, or background region, thereby “separat[ing] the target from the
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`background” and identifying the target. Id. This intensity histogram is entirely
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`analogous to the velocity histogram in Figure 14a of the ’134 Patent, as described
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`at 20:49-54.
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`52. Although Gilbert specifically teaches creating histograms in the
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`intensity (i.e., luminance) domain, it recognizes the possibility of using other
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`characteristics derived from the relationship between pixels. For example, Gilbert
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`recognizes the possibility that “texture, edge, and linearity measure” may also be
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`used. Id.
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`53. After identifying the target, Gilbert teaches creating a binary picture
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`where the image is characterized by a series of 1s and 0s, where a “1” indicates the
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`presence of the target and a “0” indicates its absence. Id. at 50. Thi