To page 41-34: kwp 1/2001
`
`ability to guarantee optimum working
`conditions in the hangar. The static
`requirements of the builders were
`met fully by the D.O.S. structure used.
`As far as the static requirements are
`concerned, the structure has to be
`both strong and dimensionally stable
`for the same stress/strain behaviour
`in both the warp and weft directions;
`it must also exhibit an optimum
`weight/strength ratio and this has
`been achieved by the straight, paral-
`lel, load-absorbing arrangement of
`the yarn layers. it must also have a
`high initial tear resistance and tear
`propagation resistance, and this is
`achieved by bunching of the yarns
`during tearing.
`
`Technical data relating to the
`membrane construction
`Tear propagation resistance
`jDlN 53 363):
`Warp, 200 N
`Weft, 150 _N
`
`Cohesive strength
`lComplan standard): 16 N/m
`Cold resistance (DIN 53 361):
`-25°C
`Heat resistance icomplan standard):
`-l~7'O"C
`Flexurai strength:
`meets DEN 53 359 A, no tears
`Flammability:
`meets DIN 4102 B 1
`Finish:
`acrylic lacquer applied to both
`sides
`
`Light permeability:
`approx. 45% at 550 nm
`Dimensional stabiligg:
`high, thanks to the firm stitch
`tying—ln arrangement used
`
`Technical data relating to the
`D.O.S. structure
`
`Material [warp and weft):
`dtex 1100 f 200 high-strength, low-
`wick polyester
`Density:
`Warp, 2.4 yarns/cm
`Weft, 2.4 yarns!cm
`
`Developments + Tendencies
`Weight located): 500 g/m2
`Type of coating: PVC
`Max. tensile strength (DIN 53 354):
`Warp. 950 N15 cm
`Weft, 900 N/5 cm
`Breaking elongation (DIN 53 354):
`Warp, 20%
`Weft, 20%
`
`this spectacular
`The building of
`construction proves just how useful
`warp—knltting technology, with its
`ability to produce D.O.S. support
`structures,
`is in the technical and
`industrial fabrics sector.
`’
`
`To the figures:
`The hangar for housing the CargoLifter
`has a volume of 5.5 million mi‘ and can be
`opened at the front (courtesy CargoLifter).
`Loading and unloading of heavy, bulky
`goods from the air (courtesy CargoLifter).
`The hangar itself is made up of several
`layers of textile membrane; the inside is
`made from a welt-inserted, raschel-knit-
`ted construction.
`Assembling the huge hangar and mount-
`ing the textile components.
`
`DIPL.-ING. (FH) MARIANNE
`
`HElDE*
`
`Spacer fabrics: trends
`
`Their three-dimensional construction
`and the possibility of being able to
`use a variety of different materials
`make spacer fabrics ideal for func-
`tional applications for use next to the
`skin.
`The manufacturing technology itself
`offers a wealth of possibilities, and
`enables “tallor—made" textile struc-
`tures to be produced for a range of
`end—uses.
`The Institute is one of the 281 Ger-
`man organisations working on pro-
`jects designed to develop functional
`spacer fabrics for medical appli-
`cations, which are registered in Ger-
`many and recognised world-wide,
`and which were represented at the
`EXPO 2000 world exhibition under
`
`’ Textile Research institute, ThiJringen—Vogtland
`e.V., Greiz
`
`the slogan of “Man, nature, tech-
`nology: a new world is emerging",
`whose theme was the main factors
`affecting the future of mankind. A new
`feature of this international exhibition
`was that the majority of the projects
`being carried out world-wide are also
`shown externally. The results of the
`development work on the project
`can be viewed in the institute’s own
`exhibition rooms until 31. 10. 2000.
`The aim of the development project is
`the construction and design of inno-
`vative spacer fabrics for improving
`the health of the population. The
`range of products involved extends
`from soft, elastic, moisture—transport-
`ing constructions for
`therapeutic
`medical aids, through strong, com-
`pression-resistant spacer fabrics in
`new constructions for seats, to flame-
`resistant spacer fabrics for protective
`
`kettenwlrk-praxis 112001, Oberlshausen/Germany
`
`clothing.
`Some typical examples of end-uses
`will now be presented.
`
`Spacer fabrics for use as
`therapeutic medical aids
`O in orthopaedic medicine
`0 for preventing bedsores
`O in rehabilitation
`Different types of foam materials and
`foam composites are still used in
`many cases for producing therapeu-
`tic medical aids. The disadvantages
`of these materials are their poor air
`permeability and breathablllty, which
`causes the patient to perspire as the
`heat builds up. The thermal comfort
`properties are therefore very poor.
`Spacer fabrics can be used as
`an alternative to these materials.
`The special characteristics of these
`warp-knitted substrates and the pos-
`E17
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`IPR2017-00351
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`

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`, ., _ _...:.;...... W. _a.-.—.,;.'
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`Developments + Tendencies
`To page 41-84 I kwp 1l'2D01
` .._j.
`sibility of being able to use a wide
`variety of different materials, con-
`structions and designs make them
`especially suitable for these end-
`uses.
`
`kettenwirk-praxis H2001,
`
`5 1
`
`Ki
`
`Fredman EX1038 Page 2
`
`Tab
`
`
`mm‘:-.=-nr‘ni"‘OTU-“IIIII
`
`The extreme pressure exerted by the
`patient while sitting requires that the
`construction has different structural
`parameters. Important requirements
`of the textile are that it should relieve
`pressure in the bottom area (lower
`pelvis) and that it should be able to
`control
`the temperature. Both of
`these requirements can be met by
`using the correct materials and by
`utilising a new surface construction.
`Pressure measurements carried out
`on a standard folding wheelchair,
`covered with a 1.5 cm thick foam
`cover, showed that the pressure on
`the lower pelvis of the patient was
`33.5% higher than for a 0.5 cm thick
`spacer fabric.
`The risk of certain groups of patients
`(e.g. paraplegics)
`suffering from
`pressure sores is reduced by using
`wheelchairs with cushion covers
`made from spacer fabrics, and the
`comfort while sitting is greatly im-
`proved.
`
`t 5I I il ! F
`
`Warp-knitted spacer
`fabrics as flame-retardant
`protective textiles
`
`The aim of the work was to develop
`flame-resistant spacer fabrics for use
`as protective textiles worn next to the
`body for a range of different appli-
`cations, for example:
`
`0 high-temperature-resistant spac-
`er fabrics as linings for firefight-
`ers’ protective clothing
`0 flame-retardant mattress covers
`for the medical care sector
`
`Warp-knitted spacer
`fabrics as linings
`In addition to providing protection
`from heat and flames, the physiolog-
`ical comfort of firefighters’ protective
`clothing is also extremely important.
`A figure produced by the NFPA (Na-
`tionai Fire Protection Association) re-
`veals that roughly half of all deaths
`among firefighters can be attributed
`to heat stress. This makes comfort an
`important safety factor, and meeting
`the physiological requirements of the
`clothing becomes a significant factor
`in protection.
`Spacer fabrics used as linings in fire-
`fighters’ protective ciothing are sub-
`jected to extremely high tempera-
`tures, although the compression load
`is quite low.
`
`the construction and how it feels
`against the skin. The ability to wick
`perspiration from the body to the tex-
`tile substrate facing away from the
`skin is just as important as good ven-
`tilation and a light surface construc-
`tion.
`
`The patient must feel comfortable if
`he is to accept the product.
`
`Spacer fabrics for preventing
`bedsores
`
`requirement
`important
`The most
`made of products for preventing bed-
`sores is that they should be able to
`alleviate pressure. The textile struc-
`tures developed at the TITV, Greiz,
`can be used to complement existing
`systems for preventing bedsores,
`such as foam mattresses, variable
`pressure mattresses, etc., but they
`can also be used on their own.
`Their advantage is that the air-filled
`zone between the two outer sub-
`strates creates a micrccllmate be-
`tween the body of the patient and the
`cover, which prevents heat
`from
`building up and moisture in the form
`of perspiration can pass from the
`skin into the second textile layer by
`using the right type of material com-
`binations. The construction of the rel-
`atively soft, compression-resistant
`spacer zone reduces the pressure
`exerted by the body and helps to pre-
`vent the fonnation of bedsores.
`
`Spacer fabrics for use in
`wheelchairs
`
`The aim of the work was the devel-
`opment and use of warp-knitted
`spacer fabrics with improved com-
`pression resistance and tempera-
`tu re—controi characteristics for use in
`wheelchairs. A wide variety of wheel-
`chair cushions are available on the
`market, which must be suitable for
`the patient's particular problem.
`Foams of different density, alr-cush-
`ioned materials, gels combined with
`foam, and a range of other combina-
`tions are used, and these materials
`are not only expensive, they must
`also be able to suit the requirements
`of the user. The characteristics of the
`cushion cover and their effects on the
`physiological perception of comfort
`while sitting are rarely considered.
`However, the breathabiiity, thermo-
`regulatory characteristics and pres-
`sure-relieving effect of spacer fabrics
`are needed here, too.
`
`Spacer fabrics consist of two outer
`textile substrates which are joined
`together and kept apart by pile
`yarns which act as the spacers. This
`means that there is always a ven-
`tilated, breathable intermediate zone
`between the two layers. The con-
`struction and design of the spacer
`zone will depend on the end-use. The
`distance set between the knock-over
`comb bars, which determines the
`thickness of the textile, the number of
`pile yarns per cm", the thickness of
`the pile yarns and the pile yarn lay-
`ing angle as a function of the comb
`plate spacing are important para-
`meters which will all affect the sub-
`sequent end-use.
`
`Spacer fabrics for thera-
`peutic aids in orthopaedic
`medicine
`
`The following characteristics are im-
`portant for textiles used in ortho-
`paedic medicine and these can all be
`guaranteed by spacer fabrics:
`O breathable, temperature-reguiab
`ing
`0 compression—resistant
`0 soft, with a specific elasticity
`0 soft on the skin, good physiologi-
`cal properties
`0 moisture-transporting ability_
`0 good surface resistance
`Monofilament polyester yarns in fine
`counts are the most suitable spacer
`yarns for use next to the skin. They
`ensure that the required gap is main-
`tained and that the surface is soft in
`the region next to the skin. The thick-
`er the count of the pile yarn becomes,
`the “scratchier” the surface feels. The
`elastane processed can be fonned
`into knitted constructions at counts of
`up to 130 dtex and guarantees that
`the required elasticity is achieved.
`Coarse elastane yams in counts of
`up to 470 dtex can also be processed
`as the inlay yarn and to guarantee
`good compression properties.
`The combination of PES with elastane
`can create problems for the dyer.
`Strong, dark colours are often need-
`ed, which necessitates a two-bath
`dyeing process.
`The design of the two outer textile
`surfaces has a decisive influence on
`the physiological characteristics of
`
`E18
`
`IPR2017-00351
`Fredman EX1038 Page 2
`
`

`
`
`Developments + Tendencies
`
`adapting the pile yarn laying angle
`to suit the gap. i.e. thickness of the
`structure. Even after being com-
`pressed by a human body, at least
`85% of
`the original
`thickness is
`retained.
`This represents good resiiience and
`guarantees an adequate air circula-
`tion/thermoregulatory effect between
`the mattress and the patient's body.
`By adapting the construction, mois-
`ture is able to wick away from the
`side nearest the skin to the side far-
`thest away from the skin.
`
`Physiological behaviour
`Taking a flame-resistant spacer fab-
`ric as an example, the importance of
`the physiological behaviour of tax-
`tiles will be demonstrated. One of the
`significant factors for the physiologi-
`cal behaviour of textiles is their ability
`to act as a buffer to prevent moisture
`build—up in the microclimate sur-
`rounding the skin when the human
`subject perspires intermittently, and
`to keep these conditions (moisture
`and temperature) within levels which
`will enable the user to feel comfort-
`able. The buffer effect
`from the
`vapour phase and the liquid phase
`was measured using a therrnoregula-
`tory model of the human skin.
`in order to ensure that the wearer
`feels comfortable, even when per-
`spiring
`heavily,
`experience
`has
`shown that the tested spacer fabrics
`of comparabie thickness to knitted
`fabrics used as apparel
`fabrics
`should exhibit a moisture equalising
`parameter, Fd, of at least 0.45. As the
`table shows, this requirement is def-
`initely met by both samples.
`
`The following criteria can be used to
`compare the buffer effect of a textile
`in relation to liquid perspiration:
`
`Ki
`0.95 > Kf
`0.85 > Kf
`Kt
`
`2
`P.
`2
`<
`
`0.95 very good
`0.85 good
`0.78 satisfactory
`0.75 unsatisfactory
`
`
`
`:.;2:;,—_~m..»'§n:5-._4...A-..;_-.
`
`
`
`—-«———-nix?‘/a.t.-..--'fl\i:..‘.‘¢‘-Il..“";'a.q—:'.
`
`Spacer fabrics as flame-
`retardant mattress covers
`
`Polyester CS, also in combination
`with Nomex/Viscose FR, was used to
`produce f|ame- retardant spacer fab-
`rics for mattress covers for use in
`hospitals and nursing homes. in add-
`ition to being reasonably priced,
`these fibres can also be processed
`very easily on the RD 6 N machine in
`a gauge of 22 E. They provide ade-
`quate protection for this particular
`application (in accordance with DIN
`EN 532 and 533 as well as with DIN
`EN 1021-1, part 1:glowing cigarette
`as the source of ignition). They also
`ensure that an adequate gap is main-
`tained between the two outer layers
`of textile and thus help to prevent bed
`sores.
`
`The compressibility is guaranteed by
`
`To page 41-84 J kwp H2001
`
`The construction parameters were
`therefore selected to ensure that the
`spacer zone was wide enough to en-
`sure that the intermediate layer of air
`can provide adequate insulation and
`wear comfort. The two outer textile
`layers were worked in a closed con-
`struction to guarantee good insula-
`tion. A twisted aramid yam was used
`as the pile yarn to ensure that the gap
`in-between was retained. The mater-
`ial was tested in conjunction with an
`outer material (adjacent materials,
`BG1 and 2)
`laid down in EN 469
`covering firefighters’ protective cloth-
`ing. The relevant safety requirements
`for firefighters’ protective clothing in
`accordance with this standard, as
`well as those relating to flame resis-
`tance, were met without any prob-
`lems.
`
`.
`
`1
`
`i i I I
`
`.
`
`Table 1: Results of the flammability tests
`
`Test parameter
`
`Heat penetration of the flames
`Heat transmission index HTi 24
`HTl 24-HTI 12
`
`Heat penetration of radiant heat
`Heat transfer level t2
`t2—t1
`
`Limited flame spread
`Subsequent burning
`Formation of holes
`Melting droplets
`Average duration of
`subsequent burning
`afterglow
`
`(Tested at the STFL Chemnitz, textile testing centre)
`
`On the basis of this classification, the
`buffer effect of both articles in rela-
`tion to liquid perspiration can be
`rated as "very good".
`Result: because of the three-dimen-
`sional construction and the right
`combination of materials used in the
`spacer fabrics tested, they are well
`able to buffer the moisture increase
`in the microclimate close to the skin
`during intermittent perspiration of the
`E19
`
`Table 2: Test resuits obtained using the skin model
`
`Buffer effect,
`vapour phase
`Fd
`
`
`
`
`E
`
`
`
`07981 FR
`(Mattress cover)
`19981 FR
`(Lining)
`
`(Tested at the Hohensteln nesearch institute)
`
`kettenwirk-praxis H2001, OberihausenlGermany
`
`
`
`w.nu.._..,.,__
`
`|lI3\|J|.p
`
`an
`
`‘u.ri_a
`
`
`
`IPR2017-00351
`Fredman EX1038 Page 3
`
`

`
`
`
`Developments + Tendencies
`
`human subject, and can thus guar-
`antee excellent wear comfort.
`
`Conclusion
`
`Functional spacer fabrics are espe-
`cially good for using next to the skin.
`The manufacturing technology and
`the correct use of materials and com-
`binations of constructions enable
`textiles with excellent physiological
`
`characteristics and specific function-
`al properties to be developed for a
`wide range of applications. Further
`research work, especially in the field
`of special sports clothing and pro-
`tective clothing, and on designing
`seats for the rehabilitation and furni-
`ture sectors, is quite feasible and is
`likely to lead to the discovery of new
`possibilities.
`
`To page 41-84:‘ KWP 1I'2D01
`
`Acknowledgement
`We would like to thank the Federal
`Ministry for the Economy and Tech-
`nology
`(Bundesministerium fi.'rr
`Wirtschaft und Technoiogie, BMWE)
`for financial assistance with the re-
`search projects (BMWi nos. 70/97
`and 22/98).
`
`Techtextil Asia zooo
`
`textile sector which is
`Technical
`growing allover the world was intro-
`duced at the 5"‘ Techtextil Asia 2000
`held in Osaka, Japan, from 18. to
`20. October 2000. The exhibition or-
`ganized by Messe Frankfurt together
`with Osaka International Trade Fair
`Commission is held every 2 years
`and its importance was appealed to
`both the relative industries and users
`in Japan and other Asian countries.
`The exhibitors were 82 companies
`from 13 countries and the scale of
`Exhibition was
`reduced as
`for
`number of exhibitors as well as
`countries comparing to the
`last
`Exhibition. Nevertheless, each ex-
`hibitor exchanged various
`infor-
`mation and the Exhibition covered all
`aspects of technical textiles. Espe-
`cially innovative improved articles
`produced by warp knitting technolo-
`gy attracted considerable attention of
`the visitors. Approx, 25% out of the
`Exhibitors were foreign companies
`who considered that the Asian market
`is
`important
`for
`them and
`concentrated their sales target on
`the neighboring Asian countries and
`furthermore tried to find their sales
`partner in Japan.
`The visitors were 5,044 from 20 coun-
`tries, which was decreased by 36%
`comparing to the last Exhibition 2
`years ago. Toray and Teijin who are
`one of the leading yarn manufactur-
`ers and the leaders of
`industrial
`textiles in Japan did not take part in
`the Exhibition, which caused less in-
`terest of the visitors. Many visitors
`E20
`
`were experts in the Research and
`Development Section, New Project
`Development Section and Sales
`Promotion of Articles for industrial
`textiles.
`
`The visitors from overseas were 211,
`i.e. mainly from Korea, P. R. China,
`Taiwan and Russia. Many visitors
`actively collected various information
`about new development during the
`Exhibition and it seemed that it shows
`expansion of application of industrial
`textiles.
`
`Techtextil Symposium Asia
`The Techtextil Symposium Asia was
`held for 2 days simultaneously dur-
`ing the Techtextil Asia. 16 papers by
`experts of worldwide famous compa-
`nies, such like Toyobo, Toray, Teijin
`as well as university lecturers were
`presented at
`the symposium and
`many audiences were attended.
`
`Nippon Mayer presented
`various high-grade articles
`Nippon Mayer exhibited various
`latest developments at its stand. The
`visitors could have a good oppor-
`tunity to get a lot of information about
`industrial
`textiles by warp knitting
`technology. Many customers who are
`producing
`other
`articles
`than
`industrial textiles tried to collect in-
`formation about industrial textiles as
`many as possible in order to exam-
`ine entrance into new sector. Fur-
`thermore,
`the companies who are
`producing industrial textiles by weav-
`
`ing looms, etc. noticed possibility of
`warp knitting technology. Various
`articles and panels showed useful
`technical information to the visitors
`and some new developments by Karl
`Mayer were also exhibited.
`At the Exhibition various kinds of
`spacer fabrics mainly for medical,
`geotextiles, automobile as well as
`home textiles and Maiimc stitch
`bonded fabrics were presented. Es-
`pecially for geotextiles, the geogrids
`for constructing and maintaining of
`the road, a miniature model of various
`application for civil engineering and
`the water impenneable sheet for in-
`dustrial waste disposal sites were
`exhibited. For other sectors, automo-
`bile textiles
`incl. spacer
`fabrics
`for car seats as well as shield fab-
`rics and furthermore for high—tech
`sectors, various D.O.S. constructions
`for textile reinforced composites, etc.
`were exhibited.
`
`Agricultural textiles are one of im-
`portant applications for warp knitting
`technology and various kinds of
`shield nets are included in this sec-
`tor. Combination of net constructions
`and Mayer blankets are utilized for
`transportation by Nittsu who is one of
`leading express business because of
`easy handling as well as cost saving.
`Those wide ranges of articles in
`Mayer booth attracted attention of
`many visitors.
`
`Warp knitted textiles
`presented by other
`exhibitors
`
`Warp knitted constructions were
`also exhibited in other booths. At the
`Theme zone of Asahi Chemical In-
`
`kettenwirk-praxls 112001, Obertshausenlaermany
`iPR2017-00351
`
`Fredman EX1038 Page 4
`
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`IPR2017-00351
`Fredman EX1038 Page 4