Dictionary of
`Computer and
`Internet Terms
`
`
`
`Tenth Edition
`
`Douglas A. Downing, Ph.D.
`School of Business and Economics
`
`Seattle Pacific University
`
`Michael A. Covington, Ph.D.
`Artificial Intelligence Center
`
`The University ofGeorgiL1
`
`Melody Mauldin Covington
`
`Covington Innovations
`
`Athens. Georgia
`
`Catherine Anne Covington
`Covington i['ll10V£lliOI'l5
`
`Athens. Georgia
`
`With the ussistaiice of
`
`Sharon Covington
`
`§@
`
`BARRO ’S
`
`0001
`
`US. Patent No. 8,923,941
`
`Apple Inc.
`APL1051
`
`Apple Inc.
`APL1051
`U.S. Patent No. 8,923,941
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`0001
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`

`
`ABOUT THE AUTHORS
`
`the School of
`Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitatit-'e methods at
`Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author of several
`books in both Barron’s Easy Way and Business Review series. He is also the author
`ol'Jm'u Pi'r:gi'riiiiiiting the Easy l-Hajr and Di'c'timm.r_'.' ofMr.'t'l':em.<iiie.\' i"'e:'ms. published
`by Barron‘s Educational Series. Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economics from
`Yale University.
`Miehae! Covington is Associate Director of the Artilicial Intelligence Institute at
`the University of Georgia. He is the author of several books and over 250 magazine
`articles. He holds the Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale Unix-'e1'sity.
`Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designer living in Athens. Georgia. She
`is the author of Dit'!io:mr).' o;"De.s‘ktop Pitt‘).-'isl'tfrt_z,r tptthlished by Barron's}.
`Catherine Anne Covington is a student at
`the Lamar Dodd Sehool of Art
`(University of Georgia].
`Sharon Covington is a student at Emory University.
`
`© Copyright 2009. 2006. 2003. 2000. 1998. I096. I995. 1992. 1989.
`
`and 1986 by Barron's Educational Series. Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in
`any form or by any means without the written permission
`of the copyright owner.
`
`AN t'itqttiries .s‘:’iouM be rid'r!re.s'.t'ed tn.‘
`Barron‘s Educational Series. Inc.
`250 Wireless Boulevard
`
`Hauppauge. NY l1?38
`www.barronsedue.eon1
`
`ISBN-I3: 9T8-0-7(14l—4l{.)5-8
`
`ISBN-10: 0-764!-4105-9
`
`Librtrry of C'migrr.*s.s' Catalog Cart! No. 2(J(}8()4-‘B65
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Downing. Dottglas.
`Dictionary of computer and Internet terms I Douglas A. Downing.
`Michael A. Covington. Melody Mauldin Covington. — 10th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 9?8~0-7641-4105-8
`
`I. Covington.
`l. Computers—Dictionaries. 3. lnternet—Dictionaries.
`Michael A.. 1957-
`ll. Covington. Melody Mauldin. Ill.Tit|e.
`
`QA76.l5.D66'? 2009
`
`[}04.U3—dc22
`
`I’RlN'l‘ED IN CHINA
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`9 8 ? 6 5 4 3 2 1
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`2UU8(}44365
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`0002
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`0002
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`

`
`I
`Chicago
`
`This material may-be vrouctedby-Comliyvtlsw [Title :I.7U.$.C.ode]
`-
`
`90
`
`Chicago the code name by which Windows 95 was identified belorc its
`release. C(HHptH't’ CAIRO: LONGHORN: MEMPHIS: \\tIIsTLER: Bt_.—\('I<(‘(l.'\iB.
`
`child an object created with the properties of another object {called the 15.-\R-
`ENT). Updating the properties of the parent object affects the children.
`but changing the properties of the child does not affect the parent. See
`v ECTOR GRAPHICS: OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAM MING.
`
`child process a process launched by and considered dependent on another
`process. See PROCESS: t\=lULTlTAS|x'|l‘u’C‘-2 UNIX.
`
`chip sec INTEGR.-\'l‘ED CIRCUIT.
`
`chipset a set of integrated circuits intended to be used together. For exam-
`ple. many modems use a chipset made by Rockwell. and many mother-
`boards use an Intel chipset along with a Pentium processor.
`
`chmocl UNIX command for changing file permissions. For example of its
`use. see PERMISSION.
`
`cllroma-keying the process of digitally combining video images by the use
`of a subtractive background. This is the method used to show a weather
`forecaster in front of a set of maps. The person is videotaped in front of
`a blue or green background. The colored background is digitally
`removed (hence chmmu-. meaning color). and the desired map is put in
`place of it. The weather foI'ecaster watches a monitor off-camera so he
`or she can point to the correct spot.
`Chroma-keying is also used fora variety of special effects in movies.
`
`chromogenic print a picture printed photographically with colored dyes: a
`conventional color photograph or (much less often) a black—and-white
`photo produced with similar chemistry. Crmrrusr GELATIN SILVER PRINT:
`GICLEE PRINT.
`
`Church's Thesis (or C'hm'c'h-7im’ir__t; Tliesi.s) the hypothesis that a 'l‘URlNG
`MACHINE (or any of its mathematical equivalents) is as powerful as a
`mechanical computing device can be: other devices are more efficient at
`particular tasks. but none of them can do anything fundamentally differ-
`ent. It was proposed. at different times and in different forms. by Alan
`Turing and by the logician Alonzo Church.
`
`CIFS {Common Internet File System) the file sharing protocol that forms
`the basis of Microsoft Windows networking. Formerly known as SMB
`(Server Message Block), it is also supported by UNIX and Linux sys—
`tems using the Samba software package. See SANIBA. Cnimmr NFS.
`
`cinnamon bun (sl'mrg) the symbol @: see AT SIGN.
`
`CIO Chief Information Officer. an officer of a business responsible for its
`computers and data processing.
`
`CIPA (Children's Internet Protection Act) a law passed by Congress in 2000
`(47 USC 254) requiring libraries to use blocking programs to prevent
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`0003
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