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`Merria
`Webster’s
`Collegiate?
`Dictionary
`
`ELEVENTH
`EDITION
`
`
`
`Merrl
`
`-Webster, Inco
`
`rated
`
`
`
`0002
`
`0002
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`in he one grit‘
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`A GENUINE IVIERRIAM-WEBSTER
`The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a
`
`number of publishers and may serve mainly to mislead an unwary
`
`
`buyer.
`Merriam ~WebsterTM is the name you should look for when you
`consider the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books.
`It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since
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`1831 and is your assurance of quality and authority.
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`
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`
`
`Copyright © 2008 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`
`
`
`I ibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Merriam Wehster‘s collegiate dictionary. —— Eleventh ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`(Laminated unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978-0~87779—807-1
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN 97843-87779-808-8
`(Jacketed hardcover with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN 97841-87779-809-S
`(Leatherlook with CD-ROM 2 alk. paper)
`ISBN 978-0-87779—8lO—1
`(Canadian)
`ISBN 9784)-87779—813—2
`(International)
`ISBN 978-0—87779-814-9
`1. Fnglislt language~—-Dictionaries. I. Title: Collegiate dictionary. II. Merriam-
`Wehster, Inc.
`Pl~l628.M36
`423——dr2l
`
`2003003674CIP
`
`2003
`
`Merriamvwebstr.-r’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, principal copyright
`2003
`
`C01 1 FGIATE is a registered trademark of Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
`reproduced or copied in any form or by any means——graphic, electronic, or
`mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval
`systems-w1! hnut written permission of the publisher.
`
`Made in the United States of America
`
`121 3TF:Q\VV'0908
`
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`
`
`
`0003
`
`
`
`housekeeper o hoy
`
`603
`
`1 : a woman employed to keep
`keep-er \-.ké-p9r\ n (1607)
`.
`usekeeping n (1550)
`1 : the management of a house and home af-
`2 : the care and management of property and the provision of
`equipment and services (as for an industrial organization) 3 : the rou-
`etasks that must be done in order for a system to function or to
`
`1? : sometfiing tiiat covers or protects: as E : a case or(enclosure
`er
`(as or a mec anica part or an instrument
`: a casing as an en-
`closed bearing) in which a shaft revolves c : a support (as a frame) for
`mechanical parts
`zhouslng n [ME, fr. hause housing (fr. AF liuce, hauce, of Gmc origin) +
`-ing; akin to MHG hum covering] (15c) : CAPARISON 1
`housing development n (1951) : a group of individual dwellings or
`apartment houses typically of similar design that are usu. built and sold
`or leased by one management
`.
`_
`.
`V
`_,
`housing estate n (1920) Brit : HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
`ring or receiving It
`_
`.
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`h1tl)USil’Igdprollect n (ca.11937)1: a p1}bli?ly supported and administered
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`hoveimfa,‘,’f1p§’,§§’‘,f§f,"(f}’,}'E°A,‘,‘fge
`lights \‘hai'.\s-,1its\ n pl (1920) : the lights that illuminate the au-
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`1 : an open shed or shelter 2 : ‘ma-
`) mum of a }heater
`_
`_
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`“5 m“1"d \dha“C5l‘I$ad\ " (cai 1594) - 3 311"] °V Woman Who 15 3 5°“
`hov-er \'ha-var. ‘ha-\ VI hov-ered; hov-er-in \-V(9:)I‘ll'].\ [ME liaveren,
`Wlfifimpicéye kto o oifiseyvo
`fgeq. of hovgn to hover] (l5c)
`1da
`to hang luttei-ing :)n the aér or on
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`one place in the air_ and include some whose larvae prey on plant lice
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`they fought); also ; the. state or condition in which b : THAT (told
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`def '_" Called 3150,10”? ofsmdy
`place fr. Oh. ho!
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`1 HOLE] (hef. 12e)_Scot : iioi._Low, vAi.LEy
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`1 a : in whatever manner or
`b“ h°Ste1’ or group ’_°S“1°"°°
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`way (shall serve you, sir, truly. ~ else —Shak.) b
`56: party n (1876) . a party lasting over one or more nights at a res-
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`how-it-zer \'hau~at-s9r\ n [D lwuwitser ultim. fr. Czech houfnice bal-
`“5 ”meW°rk..by a giuhenng °f “efghbms
`lista] (1695) : a short cannon used to fire projectiles at medium muzzle
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`room \-.rum. -.rum\ n (1582) . space for accommodation in or
`velocmes and with relatively high tm.ecmries
`lfin_ahouse (given ~ by a family all too eager to have a celebrity in
`howl \‘hai'i(-a)l\ vb [ME houlen' akin]to MHG hiulen to howl] vi (14c)
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`lies on] amon a
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`15“
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`1 : to utter with unrestrained outcry 2 : to drown out
`sitter n (1971) : a person who occupies a dwelling to firovide se-
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`howls 2 ' a humorous and ridiculous blunder
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`mm °“e b“‘1d‘.“g t9 ‘he next <~ f‘ght"‘g>
`sembling a howl (a ~ storm) 2 ' DESOLATE WILD 21 ~ wilderness)
`ou,se~iop \-liaus-.tap\ n (1526) : ROOF; esp : the level surface of a flat
`3 _ Va
`feat _ PRONOUNCED (a ’;_, success) ’__ howiin _|y adv
`root‘ —.'from the housetops : for all to hear : OPENLY (shouting
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`(as on a craft) (~ books on all sorts of hobbies —Harry Milt)
`se'warEs \ha“S''WerZ\ '1 pl 0898) ' furmshmgs for a house‘ esp
`2how—to n (1954) * a ractical method or instruction (the ~23 of balanc-
`Sm“ articles of househmd equipment (as Cooking utensils)
`in a checkbook)‘ ($30 ' somethin (as a book) that
`rovides such in-
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`1 : a small usu. sloop-rigged coasting
`h
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`ship 2 : a heavy barge for bulky cargo
`—- ouse-wi -ery wi
`9- re;
`rit
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`.'ha~za-fré\ n —— house-wif-ey \'hai1s- I ‘ e\ adi
`\a\ abut \°\ kitten, F table \or\ further \a\ ash \a\ ace \a\ mop, mar
`ouse-work \ haus-.wark\ n (1835) : the work of housekeeping
`V“-1\ om \ch\ chin \e\ bet
`\é\ easy \g\ go \i\ hit
`\i\ ice \j\ job
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`structural member (as a timber) to admit the insertion of part of anoth-
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`1 : something (as a tree or fruit) blown
`wind-fall \‘win(d)- fol\ n (l5c)
`ted, unearned. or sudden gain or ad-
`I
`‘
`Win-ches-ter \'win~.ches-t:ar\ ad/’ [fr.~the code name used by the origi-
`nal developer] (1973) : relating to or being computer disk technology
`down by the wind 2 : an uncxpec
`that permits high-density storage by sealing the rigid metal disks within
`,
`,
`.
`,
`vantafge
`arm it (1980) : an area of land with a cluster of wind turbines for
`1 the disk drive mechanism as protection against dust
`wind
`wind \'wind, archaic orpoetic 'wind\ n, often attrib [ME, fr. OE: akin to
`driving electrical generators
`ti it blows] (bef. 12c)
`wind-flow-er \-.flaiZi(-a)r\ n (1551) : ANEMONE 1
`OHG wint wind. L ventus, Gk aénai to blow. Skt vii
`V
`.,
`3
`,.
`1 a : a natural movement of air of any velocity; esp : the earth's air or
`wind-gall \-.go1\ n (ca. 1534) : a soft tumor or synovial swellingo a
`the gas surrounding aplanet in natural motion horizontally b : an ar-
`horse5 leg intheregion ofthe fetlockjoint
`(
`tificially produced movement of air c : SOLAR wmo, STELLAR WIND
`wind gapn (1769) :,anotchin thecrestofamountainridge : apassiwi
`2 a : adestructive force orinfluence b : aforceoragencythatcarries
`occupiedby astream ——compareWATERGAP
`.
`‘
`(withstood the rvs ofpopular
`wind harp n (1813) : AEOLIAN HARP
`,
`a b : BREATH 2a, c
`wind-hov-er \'wind-.ho-var, -.ha-\ n (1674) Brit : KESTRBL
`,
`‘wind-ing \'win-din\ n (bef. 12c)
`1 : material (as wire) wound or coiled
`about an object (as an armature); also 2 a single turn of the woundtii
`z the pit of the stomach : SOLAR PLEXUS
`: gas generated in the stom-
`c act of one that winds b : the manner of win
`8
`ach or the intestines (pass ~) 5 a : compressed air or gas b archaic
`or sinuous course. line, or progress
`.1
`:AIR 6 : something that is insubstantial: as a : mere talk : idle words
`tcria.l 2 a : h
`b : NOTHING, NOTHINGNESS c : vain self—sati5faction 7 a : air carry— 2 soitclitgthingdl E31 a0<):urvedk db
`3
`: mar e
`ywinding: as a : havingacurved
`win ing a '
`ral course or form (a~ stairway) b : having a course that ‘winds’
`something secret : INT1MATION (got ~ of the plan)
`8 a : musical
`ing a scent (as of a hunter or game)
`I) : slight information esp. about
`wind instruments esp. as distinguished from strings and percussion b
`~ road)
`pl: players ofwindinstruments 9 a : adirection from which thewind
`wind-ing—sheet \'win-din-.shét\ 11 (15c) : a sheet in which a corpse
`may blow : a point ofthe compass;esp : one ofthe cardinal points b
`wra pe
`_
`A
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`: thedirection from which thewind is_blowing—— wind-less \-las\ad/’
`win -Ing—uD\.Win-din-'op\n (ca. 1858)Brit : theprocess ofliquidating
`——wind-less-ly adv-— before the wind : in the same direction asthe
`the assets of a partnership or corporation in order to pay creditorsand
`or shareholders upon dissolution‘ , [
`main force of the wind —— close to the wind : as nearly as possible
`make_ distributions to partners
`orce of the wind — have the wind of
`1 : to be to
`wind instrument n (1582) : a musical instrument (as a trumpet, Cl
`windward of 2 : to be on the scent of 3 : to have a superior position
`net, or organ) sounded by wind; esp :
`'
`against the main f
`to -— in the wind : about to happen : ASTIR, AFOOT (change is in the
`breath
`V
`wind) — near the wind 1 : close to the wind 2 : close to a. point of
`wind-jam-mer \'win(d)-.{a—mor\ n (1880) : a sailing ship; also : one
`,,
`danger : near the permissible limit —— off the wind : away from the di—
`its crew -—- wind-iam-m ri
`\-min\ n
`'
`‘
`rcction from which the wind is blowing —— on the wind : toward the
`‘wind-lass \'win(d)-l:>s\ n [ E wyneles, wyndlas, alter. of wyndase,
`direction from which the wind is blowing ——— to the wind or to the
`OFguindas, wind , fr. ONvindriss, fr.
`‘nda to wind (akintoOHG '
`winds : ASIDE, AWAY (threw caution to the wind) —— underthe wind
`tan to wind) + ziss pole; akin to Goth ans beam] (13c) ; any ofvarious
`2 1 : to leeward 2 : in a place protected from the wind : under the lee
`machines for hoisting or hauling: as a : a horizontal barrel supported ‘
`wind \'wind\ vt (l5c)
`1 : to detec
`2 : to expose to
`/
`d by a crank so that ‘the hoisting rope is
`V
`the air or wind : dry by exposing to air
`,
`hort ofbreath
`wound_aroundthe barrel b : asteam or electricwinch withhorizg _
`: to regulate the wind supply of (an organ pipe) 5 :
`h
`)
`2 orvertical shaft and two drums use
`'
`in order to allow the breath to be recovered ~ vi
`1 : to scent game 2 Windlass vi (1834) : to hoist or haul with aWindlass
`V
`'
`3 dial : to pause forbreath_
`win-die-straw \'w.in-d°l~.stro,
`'wi-n°l-\ n [ME *ivimz'elstraw.
`ft. 013
`;
`wind \'wind. 'wind\ vb wind-ed \'win-dad, ‘win-\ or wound \'wai2ind\;
`wmdelstréaw, fr. wmdel- (akin to MEwindelcaulkingmaterial)+‘stre‘aw
`wincbing [lwindl vt (1586)
`1 : to cause‘(as a horn) to soundbyblow 1 straw] (bef. 12c)Brit : adry thin stalk ofgrass
`‘
`ing : BLOW 2 : to sound (as acall or note) on a horn (wound arousing
`wind-mill \'win(d)-.mll\ n (l4c)
`1 a : a mill or ma-
`'
`j
`V
`4 call -——R. L. Stevenson) ~Vl
`: to produce asound.on ahorn
`chine operated by the wind usu. acting on oblique «
`~
`Wind \'wind\vb wound 'waL'ind\also wind-ed; wind-lng [ME, fr. OE
`vanes or sails that radiate from a horizontal shaft;
`windan to twist. move with speed orforce, brandish: akin to OHG win-
`esp : a wind-driven water pump or electric genera-
`ton to wind, Umbrian ohavendu let him turn aside] vt (bef. 12c)
`1 a
`tor
`b : the wind—driven wheel of a windmill >2
`obs : WBAVE b : ENTANGLE, INVOLVE c : to introduce sinuously or
`: something that resembles or suggests a windmill;
`stcalthily : INSINUATE 2 a : to encircle or cover with something pli-
`esp : a calisthenic exercise that involves alternately
`able : bind with loops or layers b : to turn completely or repeatedly
`lowering each outstretched hand to touch the toes
`about an object : COIL, TWINE c (1) : to hoist or haul by means of a
`ofthe opposite foot 3 [fr. the episodein Don Qu1'x-
`hich the hero attacks wind-
`rope or chain and a Windlass
`(2) : to move (a ship) by hauling on a
`ate by Cervantes in w
`mills under the illusion that they are giants] : an
`tighter : TIGHTEN. TUNE (3) : CRANK e : to raise to a high level (as of
`imaginary wrong, evil, or opponent -— usu. used in
`capstan cl (1) : to tighten the spring of (~ a clock)
`(2) obs : to make
`excitement or tension) —— usu. used with up 3 a : to cause to move in
`the hrase to tilt at windmills
`zwln mill vt (1914) : to cause to move like a windmill
`windmill 1:3,
`a curving line or path b archaic : to turn the course of; esp : to lead (a ~ vi : to move like a windmill; esp : to spin from
`the force of wind
`person) as one wishes c (1) : to cause (as a ship) to change direction
`: TURN (2) : to turn (a ship) end for end d : to traverse on a curving
`.
`~
`course (the river ~s the valley) e : to effect by or as if by curving ~ Wll"l~dOW \'win-(.)d6\ it, often attrib [MEwindowe, fr.
`.
`vi
`1 : BEND, WAR!’ 2 a 1 to have a curving course or shape : extend in
`ON vindauga, fr. vindr wind (akin to OE wind) 4- auga eye: akin to.03
`at EYE] (l3c)
`1 a : an opening esp. in the wall ofia
`curves b : to proceed as if by winding 3 : to move so as to encircle
`éage eye —— more
`‘
`building for admission of light and air that is usu. closed by easements
`Bwind \'wind\ it (Me)
`1 : a mechanism (as a winch) for winding 2 : an
`or sashes containing transparent material (as glass) and capable ofbe-
`e behind it windo
`something 4 : to turn when lying at anch
`act of winding : the state of being wound 3 2 CO1L,'_1'URN 4 : a partic—
`ing opened and shut
`'
`e containing displayed merchandise d : an openiiigin
`ula.r method of winding
`of a retail stor
`wind-age \'win~dij\ n [‘wind] (ca. 1710)
`1 a : the space between the
`partition or wall through which business is conducted (abanlctelle
`projectile ofasmoothboregun andthe surface ofthe bore b : the dif-
`~) 2 : a means of entrance or access; esp : a means of obtainingiii
`ference between the diameter of the bore of a muzzle-loading rifled
`formation (a ~ on history)
`3 : an opening (as a shutter, slot;
`valve) that resembles or suggests a window 4 : the transparent panel
`g of a window envelope 5 : the framework (as a shutter
`cannon and that of the projectile cylinder ‘2 a : the amount of sight
`deflection necessary to compensate for wind displacement in aiming a
`or openin
`gun b (1) : the influence of the wind in deflecting the course of a pro-
`sash with its fittings) that closes a window opening 6 : CHAFF 4 -~
`jectile (2) : the amount of deflection due to the wind 3 : the surface
`range ofwavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum to whichaplan-
`et’s atmosphere is transparent 8 a : an interval of time within whic
`Wind-ba \'win(d)~.bag\ n (1827) : an exhaustively talkative person
`rocket or spacecraft must be l
`l
`l
`exposed (as by a ship) to the wind
`wlnd—be l \-.bel\ n (1897)
`1 : wmo CHIME —— usu. used in pl. 2 : a
`sion
`‘
`r
`‘
`‘
`_
`.
`‘
`hell that is light enough to be moved and sounded by the wind
`portunity exists (a ma of vulne
`.
`V
`phere through whic
`l
`wind-blast \—.blast\ n (1582)
`,1 : a gust of wind 2 : the destructive ef-
`earth's sensible atmos
`successful reentry 10 : any of various rectangu
`l
`wind-blown \-.bl6n\ ad)‘ (1599) : blown by the wind; esp : having a per-
`a computer screen that display files or program output, that»_can us
`feet of air friction on a pilot ejected from a high~speed airplane
`manentiset or character of growth determined by the prevailing winds
`be moved and resized, and that facilitate multitasking —— win~dow-
`~ trees)
`_
`less.\-dc”)-los, -da~\ ad/' —— out the window : out of cxistence..use,
`wind—borne \-.bom\ ad)‘ (1823) : carried by the wind (~ pollen) (~
`C_0I‘|Sldel'at10n
`_
`_
`‘
`:
`~
`t
`_
`soil deposits)
`'
`‘
`window box n'(ca. 1885) : a box designed to hold soil for growiiix
`wind-break \-.bra?ik\ n (1861), : a growth of trees or shrubs serving to
`plants at awindowsill
`~
`v
`.
`v
`_
`break the force of wind; broadly : a shelter (as a fence) from the wind
`window dressing n (1895)
`1 : the display of merchandiseln retal
`Wind-break-er \-.bra-kor\ trademark —- used for a jacket made of
`store window 2a : the act or an instance of making somethi gappeai‘
`wind-resistant material
`deceptively attractive or favorable b : somethingused tocreates
`,
`wind—bro-ken \-.br6—k:;n\ adi (1603) ofa horse : affected with pulmo-
`ceptively favorable or attractive impression — win-dow—dress\'wiii
`nary emphysema or heaves
`_
`do-.dres\ vt -—- window dresser n
`V,
`Wind-burn \~.b9rn\ n (1925) : irritation of the skin caused by wind -—
`win-dowed \'win-(.)dEid, ~dad\ adi (l5c) : having windows e
`wind-burned \—.barnd\ adi
`specified kind —— often used in combination
`.
`»?
`wind-chill \'win(d)-,chil\ n (1939) : a still-air temperature that would
`window envelope n (1914) : an envelope having an opening tliro
`have the same cooling effect on exposed human skin as a given combi-
`which the address on the enclosure is visible
`‘
`ture and wind speed —- called also chillfactor, wind-
`win-dow-pane \'win-do-.p2'm. -do-\ n (1819)
`1 : apane in awindow
`nation of tempera
`: TATFERSALL
`“
`chillfactor, windchill index
`«
`,
`*
`(ca. 1745)
`1 : a seat built into a window recess 2
`wind chime n (1927) : a cluster of small often sculptured pieces (as of
`window seat n
`metal or glass) suspended so as to chime when blown by the wind —
`seat next to a window (as in a bus or airplane)
`usu. used in pl.
`window shade n (1810) : a shade or curtain for a window
`wind down vi’ (1952)
`1 : to draw gradually toward an end (the party
`win-dow—shop \'win-do-.sh2ip. -do-\vi (1922) : to look atthe rl
`was winding down)
`2 : RELAX. UNWIND (wind down with a good
`in retail store windows without going inside the stores to make ‘
`book) ~ vt : to cause a gradual lessening of usu. with the intention of
`c_hases —- win-dow-shop-per n
`win-dow-sill \-.sil\ n (1703) : the horizontal member at the lactic
`bringing to an end
`.
`wind-er \'win-dar\ n (13c) : one that winds: as a : a worker or ma-
`window opening
`t
`chine that winds thread and yarn b : a key for winding a mechanism
`wind-pipe §'win(d)~.pip\ n (1530) : TRAC1-[EA 1
`’
`,
`(as a clock) c : a step that is wider at one end than at the other (as in a
`vl{)lnd—pol1-Ill-nat-ed \-‘pa-la-.na-tad\ adi (1884) : pollinated by win
`orne po en
`,
`.
`spiral staircase)
`
`*
`
`‘
`
`-
`
`.
`‘
`
`,
`
`‘
`
`1
`
`j d,
`Wage IP01):
`showing for
`Slrength of w
`wind_r°w .
`before beg“:
`grai ) f
`d
`Ion nl °r.dr3
`- nfngwH E‘
`Zwindrcwmtnfi
`w;nd_sc._é’ (
`against the"
`' wind shalfew
`Wind shear ,1
`occurs ove n
`wind-shieltrill
`in from of flu
`wind sock
`mounted . "
`Wind-sorlglii
`chair with
`‘
`also WindsSp
`Windsor kgtr)‘
`~ metrical neck‘
`Windsor tie ,,
`_ velop breathii
`wind Sprint ,1
`‘ w1nd,5t°,m \
`with lime
`wind_s,_".f,°e"r‘
`wind-surf-in
`board_W“?
`' winwswept \.
`wind tee n (N
`T on or “sari
`winddhrow \:
`~
`;of trees by th(
`. wind tunnei ,,
`it a known V
`, plane part ore
`wind turbine ‘
`‘W3,-,d_up\.Wi ‘
`concludin at:
`motions (:5 S‘
`easing apitd
`zwindupyadj (1:
`wind up’ W (1;
`order for the‘
`.Br1't : to effeci
`,_,Sion b : to a}
`result of a cm
`itching wind]
`winmward \.v
`[the wind is bk
`zwindward ad}
`on,
`K
`wind is blowir.
`
`'
`
`~ coast) , (2)
`« N, day) b : V
`a 1 VERBOSE
`
`1am.,,m-oduct
`lne vb wined
`Something th
`I<Wl.71€d and (iii
`wine cellar n (
`wine cooler n
`_-_ 3 us“ car]
`1-uitjuice’
`wi e-glass (Iv.
`wine.g,.ow_eI.
`d makes win
`wine-mak-er \l
`_ ollewho S“ e
`winé.p;-355 \P“
`grapes by "em
`winery \rwi_m
`ijishmem
`wine_sap Vwm
`(and juicy some
`wine.sh°p \Iw
`‘wine
`wine,5kin \_ISk
`wine taster n (
`mm] (as 3 goat.
`professional]
`wimey0,W33;
`qualities ofwin
`ma,
`wing \Iwi,3\ ,, 0
`vinge wing aki]
`ofthe movable
`of,which a bi”
`~
`
`0005