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`U8008886269B2
`
`US 8,886,269 132
`(16) Patent N0.:
`(12) United States Patent
`
`LeBoeuf et al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Nov. 11, 2014
`
`(54) WEARABLE LIGHT-GUIDING BANDS FOR
`PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING
`
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`USPC .......................................................... 600/310
`
`71
`
`)
`(
`(72)
`
`S
`A licant: Valencell, Inc., Ralei h, NC
`(U )
`pp
`g
`Inventors: Steven Francis LeBoeuf, Raleigh, NC
`(US); Jesse Berkley Tucker, Knightdale,
`NC (Us)? MIChael Edward Aumer,
`Ralelgh, NC 01S)
`
`See application file for complete search history.
`References Cited
`
`(56)
`
`U’S’ PATENT DOCUMENTS
`....... 250/33912
`5,086,229 A *
`2/1992 Rosenthal et a1.
`5,596,987 A *
`1/1997 Chance ......................... 600/310
`
`(73) Assignee: Valencell, Inc., Raleigh, NC (US)
`
`(Continued)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`EP
`JP
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`2 077 091 A2
`7/2009
`7—241279
`9/1995
`
`(21) Appl. No.2 14/184,364
`
`Flled:
`
`(22)
`(65)
`
`Feb' 19’ 2014
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2014/0171762 A1
`
`Jun. 19, 2014
`
`(comma)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Fitrainer “The Only Trainer You Need”; http://itarnicom; Down-
`loaded Feb. 26, 2010; © 2008 FiTriainerTM; 2 pages.
`
`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner 7 Rodney Fuller
`
`Related US. Application Data
`(63) Continuation of application No. 12/691,388, filed on
`Jan. 21, 2010, now Pat. No. 8,700,111.
`
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm 7 Myers Bigel Sibley &
`Sa'ovec
`J
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 61/208,567, filed on Feb.
`25, 2009, provisional application No. 61/208, 574a
`filed on Feb. 25 2009 provisional application No.
`61/212 444
`filed on ,Apr. 13. 2009 provisional
`applicationaNo. 61 Q74 191 filed on Aug. 14 2009.
`a
`a
`’
`
`(51)
`
`Int. C1.
`A61B 5/00
`
`(2006.01)
`
`(Continued)
`
`(52) US. Cl.
`CPC ................. A613 5/4812 (201301); A613 5/00
`(2013.01); A613 5/6815 (2013.01);
`
`A monitoring device includes a band capable Of encircling a
`port1on of the body of a subject, and an opt1cal em1tter and
`detector attached to the band. The band includes comprises
`light transmissive material in optical communication with the
`optical emitter and optical detector and is configured to
`deliver light from the optical emitter to one or more locations
`ofthe body ofthe subject andto collect light from one ormore
`locations of the body of the subject and deliver the collected
`light to the optical detector. The monitoring device may
`include a signal processor configured to receive and process
`signals produced by the optical detector, a transmitter config-
`ured to transmit signals processed by the signal processor to
`a remote device, and/or an optical filter.
`
`(Continued)
`
`11 Claims, 21 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`r////////////////////
`
`II
`| “h
`
`
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`US 8,886,269 B2
`
`Page2
`
`51
`
`(
`
`)
`
`Int. Cl.
`
`20 4/0034293 A
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006-01)
`(2006.01)
`(200501)
`(2006.01)
`
`H04R1/10
`A6IB 5/0205
`A613 5/11
`A613 5/1455
`A61B 5/0476
`A613 5716
`(52) U-S-Cl-
`CPC ........... A6IB 5/6838 (2013.01);H04R 1/1091
`(2013.01);A6IB 5/02055 (2013.01);A6IB
`5/6803 (2013.01), H04R 1/105 (2013.01);
`A613 5/1118 (2013.01);A6IB 5/1455
`(2013~01);A6135/721(2013-01);A6IB
`5/0082 (2013.01);A61B 5/0059 (2013.01);
`.
`.
`A613 5/0476 (2013.01);A6IB 5/14551
`(2013.01)’A6IB 5/165(2013'01)’A6IB
`5/4848 (2013.01);A61B 5/4866 (2013.01);
`A613 5/411 (201301); A613 5/415 (201301);
`A613 5/418 (2013.01); A613 2560/0242
`(2013.01)
`USPC .......................................................... 600/310
`
`(56)
`
`-
`References Clted
`
`US. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`A
`We:
`6,080,110 A
`6/2000 Thorgersen
`6,358,216 B1
`3/2002 Kraus et a1.
`6,371,925 B1
`4/2002 Imaiet al.
`6,783,501 B2
`8/2004 Takahashi et al.
`6,808,473 B2
`10/2004 Hisano et al.
`6,859,658 B1
`2/2005 Krug
`ziggggg 3%
`3/338: geeti 31
`8:055:319 B2
`11/2011 0:636:21.’
`8,251,903 132
`8/2012 LeBoeufet a1.
`8,512,242 B2
`8/2013 LeBoeufet a1.
`2003/0109030 A1*
`6/2003 Uchida et al.
`.............. 435/2871
`
`
`
`20 4/0054291 A
`38 gjg‘ffiggg 2
`20 5/0209516 A
`20 5/0228299 A
`20 6/0009685 A *
`20 8/0076972 A.
`20 8/0096726 A
`20 8/0165017 A-
`20 8/0177162 A
`20 9/0030350 A
`38 gjg‘fgg‘fié g *
`20 9/0270698 A
`20 9/0287067 A
`2010/0168531 A *
`a.
`.a
`38181810122; 2 *
`2011/0105869 A
`2012/0179011 A
`2012/0197093 A
`2013/0131519 A
`
`*
`
`
`
`4 Kimball
`2/2
`'
`/
`4 Schultz etal.
`3/2
`g 3311:1611 """"""""""""" 600/344
`g;
`5 Fraden
`9/2
`5 Banet
`10/2
`................ 600/310
`6 Finarov etal.
`1/2
`8 Dorogusker et a1.
`3/2
`8 Riley et al.
`4/2
`8 Schwartz
`7/2
`8 Bae et a1.
`7/2
`9 Yang etal.
`1/2
`2g g fifififidfietal'
`10/2
`9 Shioi et a1.
`11/2
`9 DoroguskeretaL
`7/2 10 Shaltis et a1.
`................. 600/301
`1
`C 0m lee a .
`..........
`151513
`i8 QUEM'IEfithlaL
`600/301
`5/2
`Wilson et a1.
`7/2 12 Moon et al.
`/2 12 LeBoeufet a1.
`5/2
`LeBoeufet al.
`
`
`
`
`
`----- 600/324
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`9/1997
`9-253062
`JP
`11/1997
`9499342
`JP
`4/2000
`2000-116611
`JP
`1/2001
`2001-025462
`JP
`1531;
`to 11011111311211
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`,
`,
`,
`,
`Not1ficat1on of Transmittal of the Internatlonal' Search Report and
`Theertten Opinlonofthe InternatlonalSearch1ngAuthor1ty,orthe
`Declaration corresponding to International Application No. PCT/
`U82013/070271; Date of Mailing: Feb. 26, 2014; International
`Search-Report; Written Opinion of the International Searching
`Authority; 13123365-
`
`* Cited by examiner
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 11,2014
`
`Sheet 1 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`Sheet 2 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`m.M§iwmnE§.§1mV///////////////////ma
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`Sheet 6 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`L/
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`
`
`50
`
`22
`
`7
`
`
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`mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmE
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`dmwvmwabocan
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`H690
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`Sheet 13 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`27b
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`FACING EARBUD
`H6. 123
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`Sheet 14 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`200
`\
`
`201
`g
`
`ESTIMATOR
`
`
`PARAMETER
`
`CHANNEL”
`
`(HANNELA
`
`CHANNELC
`
`(HANNELB
`
`203 \
`
`
`
`
`
`PARAMETER
`ESTIMATOR
`
`(“AN"ELE
`
`FIG. 13
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`Sheet 15 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`RAW SIGNAL IN LOW MOTION
`
`5020
`
`89101112131415
`FIG. 14A
`
`"BLOCKED CHANNEL” IN LOW MOTION
`
`89101112131415
`FIG.14B
`
`RAW SIGNAL IN HIGH MOTION
`
`5050
`3001/ 5000
`4950
`
`3000
`
`2950
`
`70
`
`71
`
`72
`
`73
`
`74
`
`75
`
`76
`
`77
`
`70
`
`79
`
`00
`
`FIG. 14C
`
`”BLOCKED CHANNEL” IN HIGH MOTION
`
`70
`
`71
`
`72
`
`73
`
`74
`
`75
`
`76
`
`77
`
`78
`
`79
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`
`FIG. 14D
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`Sheet 16 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`ADAPTIVE FILTER+BEAT FINDER
`
`RUNNING
`\ {if
`f
`3’
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`'
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`fl
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`
`"0
`
`1000
`
`2000
`
`3000
`
`4000
`
`5000
`
`6000
`
`TIME (SECONDS)
`
`FIG. 15
`
`500
`
`PRE—ADAPTIVE SIGNAL CONDITIONING
`
`PARAMETER EXTRACTION
`
`ADAPTIVE FILTERING
`
`FIG. 16
`
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`Sheet 17 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`
`PROCESSOR/
`
`MULTIPLEXER
`
`
`
`
`
`
`700
`
`
`
`STEPS
`
`PACE
`
`ACHVITY
`
`INTENSITYINTEGRITY
`
`DATA
`
`HEART BREATHING BLOOD
`
`RATE P-RESSURE AME? °'°
`
`BLOOD
`
`BLOOD
`
`FLOW
`
`FIG. '8
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`Sheet 18 of 21
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`
`
`FIG. 19
`
`powER
`REGULATION
`
`SENSORS
`
`SENSOR
`
`NOISE SOURCES
`
`DIGITAL comm
`
`SIGNAL
`INPUT/OUTPUT
`”Mme
`I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I | I | l I I I I l | l I I I I l | I I I I ..
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`US 8,886,269 B2
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`1
`WEARABLE LIGHT-GUIDING BANDS FOR
`PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING
`
`RELATED APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a continuation application of pending
`US. patent application Ser. No. 12/691,388, filed Jan. 21,
`2010, now US. Pat. No. 8,7000,1 1 1, which claims the benefit
`of and priority to US. Provisional Patent Application No.
`61/208,567 filed Feb. 25, 2009, US. Provisional Patent
`Application No. 61/208,574 filed Feb. 25, 2009, US. Provi-
`sional PatentApplication No. 61/212,444 filedApr. 13, 2009,
`and US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/274,191 filed
`Aug. 14, 2009, the disclosures of which are incorporated
`herein by reference as if set forth in their entireties.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates generally to physiological
`monitoring and, more particularly, to physiological monitor-
`ing devices.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`There is growing market demand for personal health and
`environmental monitors, for example, for gauging overall
`health and metabolism during exercise, athletic training, diet-
`ing, daily life activities, sickness, and physical therapy. How-
`ever, traditional health monitors and environmental monitors
`may be bulky, rigid, and uncomfortableigenerally not suit-
`able for use during daily physical activity. There is also grow-
`ing interest in generating and comparing health and environ-
`mental exposure statistics ofthe general public and particular
`demographic groups. For example, collective statistics may
`enable the healthcare industry and medical community to
`direct healthcare resources to where they are most highly
`valued. However, methods of collecting these statistics may
`be expensive and laborious, often utilizing human-based
`recordinglanalysis steps at multiple sites.
`As such, improved ways of collecting, storing and analyz-
`ing physiological
`information are needed.
`In addition,
`improved ways of seamlessly extracting physiological infor-
`mation from a person during everyday life activities, espe-
`cially during high activity levels, may be important for
`enhancing fitness training and healthcare quality, promoting
`and facilitating prevention, and reducing healthcare costs.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to
`introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form, the
`concepts being further described below in the Detailed
`Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key
`features or essential features of this disclosure, nor is it
`intended to limit the scope of the invention.
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`a headset configured to be attached to the ear of a person
`includes a base, an earbud housing extending outwardly from
`the base that is configured to be positioned within an ear of a
`subject, and a cover surrounding the earbud housing. The base
`includes a speaker, an optical emitter, and an optical detector.
`The cover includes light transmissive material that is in opti-
`cal communication with the optical emitter and the optical
`detector and serves as a light guide to deliver light from the
`optical emitter into the ear canal of the subject wearing the
`headset at one or more predetermined locations and to collect
`light external to the earbud housing and deliver the collected
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`light to the optical detector. The optical emitter, via the light-
`guiding cover, directs optical energy towards a particular
`region of ear and the optical detector detects secondary opti-
`cal energy emanating from the ear region. In some embodi-
`ments, the optical detector may include an optical filter con-
`figured to pass
`secondary optical energy at
`selective
`wavelengths. In some embodiments, the light transmissive
`material of the cover may be configured, for example via the
`use of cladding and/or light reflective material, such that the
`cover serves as a light guide that is coupled in parallel to the
`optical emitter and detector. In some embodiments, the light
`transmissive material of the cover may be configured, for
`example via the use of cladding and/or light reflective mate-
`rial, such that the cover serves as a light guide that is coupled
`perpendicular to the optical emitter and detector.
`In some embodiments, the headset may include various
`electronic components secured to the base. For example, the
`headset may include one or more environmental sensors con-
`figured to detect and/or measure environmental conditions in
`a vicinity of the headset. The headset may include a signal
`processor configured to receive and process signals produced
`by the optical detector. For example, in some embodiments, a
`signal processor may be configured to extract secondary opti-
`cal energy and remove optical noise or environmental noise.
`The headset may include a signal processor configured to
`receive and process signals produced by the one or more
`environmental sensors. In addition, the headset may include a
`transmitter configured to transmit signals processed by the
`signal processor to a remote device in real time. Headsets
`according to embodiments of the present invention may uti-
`lize, for example, Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, or other wire-
`less transmitters.
`
`In some embodiments, a housing is secured to and overlies
`the base so as to enclose and protect the speaker, optical
`emitter and optical detector, as well as other electronic com-
`ponents secured to the base (e.g., sensors, processor, trans-
`mitter etc.).
`The earbud housing is in acoustical connnunication with
`the speaker and has at least one aperture through which sound
`from the speaker can pass. The light-guiding cover surround-
`ing the earbud housing also includes at least one aperture
`through which sound from the speaker can pass. The cover
`may be formed from a soft, resilient material, such as silicone
`which deforms when inserted within an ear canal of a subject.
`In some embodiments, the cover includes an alignment mem-
`ber that facilitates alignment of the earbud housing within an
`ear canal of a subject.
`Light directed into the ear of a subject from a light emitter
`and the subsequent collection of light at a light detector,
`according to embodiments of the present invention, may be
`utilized for detecting and/or measuring, among other things,
`body temperature, skin temperature, blood gas levels, muscle
`tension, heart rate, blood flow, cardiopulmonary functions,
`etc.
`
`In some embodiments of the present invention, the light-
`guiding cover may include a lens that is in optical communi-
`cation with the optical emitter and/or optical detector. The
`lens may be configured to focus light emitted by the optical
`emitter and/or to focus collected light toward the optical
`detector. In some embodiments, multiple lenses may be
`incorporated into a light-guiding cover.
`In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover may include
`a light diffusion region in optical communication with the
`light transmissive material that diffuses light emitted by the
`optical detector.
`In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover may include
`a luminescence-generating region, such as a phosphor-con-
`
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`taining region, that is in optical communication with the light
`transmissive material. The luminescence-generating region
`may be embedded within the light-guiding cover and/or on a
`surface of the light-guiding cover. The luminescence-gener-
`ating region is configured to receive light emitted by the
`optical emitter and convert at least a portion of the received
`light to light having a different wavelength from that of the
`received light.
`In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover includes
`one or more grooves formed therein. Each groove is config-
`ured to direct external light to the optical detector.
`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of
`the light-guiding cover is configured to direct light from the
`optical emitter to a plurality oflocations at an outer surface of
`the cover for delivery into an ear canal of a subject.
`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of
`the light-guiding cover is a translucent material or includes
`translucent material in selected locations.
`
`In some embodiments, a light reflective material is on at
`least a portion of one or both ofthe inner and outer surfaces of
`the light-guiding cover.
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`a light-guiding earbud for a headset includes light transmis-
`sive material that is in optical communication with an optical
`emitter and optical detector associated with the headset. The
`light transmissive material is configured to deliver light from
`the optical emitter into the ear canal ofa subject at one or more
`predetermined locations and to collect light external to the
`earbud housing and deliver the collected light to the optical
`detector. In some embodiments, the light emitter and light
`detector may be integral with the earbud. For example, in
`some embodiments, a flexible optical emitter is incorporated
`within the earbud and is in optical communication with the
`light transmissive material.
`In some embodiments, an earbud includes at least one lens
`in optical communication with the light transmissive mate-
`rial. Each lens may be configured to focus light from the
`optical emitter onto one or more predetermined locations in
`the ear of a subject and/or to focus collected external light
`onto the optical detector.
`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud
`may include luminescent material. Luminescent light is gen-
`erated from optical excitation ofthe luminescent material by
`an optical emitter.
`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud
`may integrate a sensor module containing aplurality of sensor
`elements for measuring physiological information and at
`least one noise source for measuring noise information. A
`“noise source”, as used herein, refers to a sensor, such as an
`optical sensor, inertial sensor, electrically conductive sensor,
`capacitive sensor, inductive sensor, etc., and derives it name
`from the fact that it is a source of input to a filter, such as an
`adaptive filter described below.
`The physiological sensors of the sensor module may gen-
`erate a signal that includes physiological information plus
`noise information. The noise may be removed by combining
`the physiological information and noise information from the
`sensor module with noise information from the noise source
`
`of the sensor module via an electronic filtering method, such
`as a signal processing technique. Specific examples of such
`signal processing techniques include FIR (Finite Impulse
`Response), IIR (Infinite Impulse Response),
`informatics,
`machine learning, and adaptive filter methods. The output of
`the adaptive filter may be a physiological signal that is wholly
`or partially free of noise. In some embodiments, motion-
`related noise from a subject activity such as running may be
`removed from the physiological plus noise signal generated
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`by a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for measuring
`blood constituent levels or blood flow properties, such as
`blood oxygen level, V02, or heart rate.
`In some embodiments of the present invention, the noise
`source input of an adaptive filter may include a “blocked
`channel” of optical energy, an inertial sensor, or environmen-
`tal energy. In some embodiments, the environmental energy
`may be unwanted ambient optical noise.
`In some embodiments ofthe present invention, a processor/
`multiplexor processes physiological signals and noise signals
`into a data string. This data string may contain information
`relating to physiological
`information and motion-related
`information. The processing method may include signal pro-
`cessing techniques such as pre-adaptive signal conditioning,
`adaptive filtering, and parameter extraction.
`In some embodiments, an earbud includes one or more
`sensor modules that includes one or more sensors for sensing
`physiological information and environmental information,
`such as noise, for example. As such, the earbud may function
`as a physiological monitor as well as an environmental moni-
`tor. In some embodiments, the earbud may include a micro-
`processor that is in electrical communication with the sensor
`module(s). For example, a microprocessor incorporated into
`an earbud may be configured to execute an adaptive filter
`algorithm to remove noise from at least one signal generated
`by a sensor module in the earbud. A microprocessor may also
`be configured to process information from the one or more
`sensors to generate a digital output string, wherein the digital
`output string includes a plurality of physiological and
`motion-related information.
`
`Physiological sensors that may be incorporated into head-
`sets and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the
`present invention, may be configured to detect and/or mea-
`sure one or more of the following types of physiological
`information: heart rate, pulse rate, breathing rate, blood flow,
`V02, VOZmax, heartbeat
`signatures, cardio-pulmonary
`health, organ health, metabolism, electrolyte type and/or con-
`centration, physical activity, caloric intake, caloric metabo-
`lism, blood metabolite levels or ratios, blood pH level, physi-
`cal and/or psychological stress levels and/or stress level
`indicators, drug dosage and/or dosimetry, physiological drug
`reactions, drug chemistry, biochemistry, position and/or bal-
`ance, body strain, neurological functioning, brain activity,
`brain waves, blood pressure, cranial pressure, hydration level,
`auscultatory information, auscultatory signals associated
`with pregnancy, physiological response to infection, skin and/
`or core body temperature, eye muscle movement, blood vol-
`ume, inhaled and/or exhaled breath volume, physical exer-
`tion, exhaled breath physical and/or chemical composition,
`the presence and/or identity and/or concentration of viruses
`and/or bacteria, foreign matter in the body, internal toxins,
`heavy metals in the body, anxiety, fertility, ovulation, sex
`hormones, psychological mood, sleep patterns, hunger and/or
`thirst, hormone type and/or concentration, cholesterol, lipids,
`blood panel, bone density, organ and/or body weight, reflex
`response, sexual arousal, mental and/or physical alertness,
`sleepiness, auscultatory information, response to external
`stimuli, swallowing volume, swallowing rate, sickness, voice
`characteristics, voice tone, voice pitch, voice volume, vital
`signs, head tilt, allergic reactions, inflammation response,
`auto-immune response, mutagenic response, DNA, proteins,
`protein levels in the blood, water content of the blood, phero-
`mones, internal body sounds, digestive system functioning,
`cellular regeneration response, healing response, stem cell
`regeneration response, etc.
`Environmental sensors that may be incorporated into head-
`sets and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the
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`present invention, may be configured to detect and/or mea-
`sure one or more of the following types of environmental
`information: climate, humidity, temperature, pressure, baro-
`metric pressure, soot density, airborne particle density, air-
`borne particle size, airborne particle shape, airborne particle
`identity, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), hydrocarbons,
`polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carcinogens, tox-
`ins, electromagnetic energy, optical
`radiation, X-rays,
`gamma rays, microwave radiation, terahertz radiation, ultra-
`violet radiation,
`infrared radiation, radio waves, atomic
`energy alpha particles, atomic energy beta-particles, gravity,
`light
`intensity,
`light frequency,
`light flicker,
`light phase,
`ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, sul-
`fides, airborne pollution, foreign material in the air, viruses,
`bacteria, signatures from chemical weapons, wind, air turbu-
`lence, sound and/or acoustical energy, ultrasonic energy,
`noise pollution, human voices, animal sounds, diseases
`expelled from others, exhaled breath and/or breath constitu-
`ents of others, toxins from others, pheromones from others,
`industrial and/or transportation sounds, allergens, animal
`hair, pollen, exhaust from engines, vapors and/or fumes, fuel,
`signatures for mineral deposits and/or oil deposits, snow, rain,
`thermal energy, hot surfaces, hot gases, solar energy, hail, ice,
`vibrations, traflic, the number of people in a vicinity of the
`person, coughing and/or sneezing sounds from people in the
`vicinity of the person,
`loudness and/or pitch from those
`speaking in the vicinity of the person.
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`earbuds for headsets may include a chipset having at least one
`sensor element, noise source element, signal processor, input/
`output line, digital control, and power regulator.
`Light-guiding earbuds according to the various embodi-
`ments of the present invention may be utilized with mono
`headsets (i.e., headsets having one earbud) as well as stereo
`headsets (i .e., headsets having two earbuds).Additionally, the
`light-guiding region of earbuds, according to embodiments of
`the present invention, may be integrated not only into an
`earbud cover and earbud housing, but also into each or all
`components of an earbud. Moreover, light-guiding earbuds
`according to the various embodiments of the present inven-
`tion may be utilized with hearing aids, body jewelry, or any
`other attachment that can be placed near the head region, such
`as eye glasses or shades, a headband, a cap, helmet, visor, or
`the like.
`
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`a monitoring device includes a circular band capable of encir-
`cling a finger ofa subject, and a base having an optical emitter
`and an optical detector attached to the circular band. The
`circular band includes light transmissive material in optical
`communication with the optical emitter and optical detector
`that is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter to
`one or more portions of the finger of the subject and to collect
`light from one or more portions ofthe finger ofthe subject and
`deliver the collected light to the optical detector. In some
`embodiments, the circular band includes first and second
`concentric body portions.
`In some embodiments, the circular band includes a lens
`region in optical conrrnunication with the optical emitter that
`focuses light emitted by the optical emitter and/or that col-
`lects light reflected from a finger. In some embodiments the
`circular band includes a phosphor-containing region in opti-
`cal communication with the light transmissive material,
`wherein the phosphor-containing region receives light emit-
`ted by the optical emitter and converts at least a portion of the
`received light to light having a different wavelength from the
`received light.
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`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of
`the circular band has an outer surface and an inner surface,
`and a cladding material, such as light reflective material, is on
`(or near) at least a portion of one or both ofthe inner and outer
`surfaces.
`
`In some embodiments, the base includes one or more ofthe
`following: a signal processor configured to receive and pro-
`cess signals produced by the optical detector, a transmitter
`configured to transmit signals processed by the signal proces-
`sor to a remote device.
`
`According to some embodiments of the present invention,
`a monitoring device configured to be attached to the bod