EXHIBIT 2106
`EXHIBIT 2106
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`WEARABLE LIGHT-GUIDING DEVICES
`FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING
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`RELATED'APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a continuation application of pending US Patent
`
`Application Serial No. 14/184,364, filed February 19, 2014, which is a continuation
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`application of US. Patent Application Serial No. 12/691 ,388, filed January 21,
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`2010, now US. Patent No. 8,700,111, and which claims the benefit of and priority
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`to US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/208,567 filed February 25, 2009,
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`US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/208,574 filed February 25, 2009, US.
`
`Provisional Patent Application No. 61/212,444 filed April 13, 2009, and US.
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`Provisional Patent Application No. 61/274,191 filed August 14, 2009, the
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`disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in their
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`entireties.
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`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
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`The present invention relates generally to headsets and, more
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`particularly, to headset earbuds.
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`BACKGROUND OF THE lNVENTION
`There is growing market demand for personal health and
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`environmental monitors, for example, for gauging overall health and metabolism
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`during exercise, athletic training, dieting, daily life activities, sickness, and
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`physical therapy. However, traditional health monitors and environmental
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`monitors may be bulky, rigid, and uncomfortable — generally not suitable for use
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`during daily physical activity. There is also growing interest in generating and
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`comparing health and environmental exposure statistics of the general public
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`and particular demographic groups. For example, collective statistics may enable
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`the healthcare industry and medical community to direct healthcare resources to
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`where they are most highly valued. However, methods of collecting these
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`statistics may be expensive and laborious, often utilizing human-based
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`recording/analysis steps at multiple sites.
`As such, improved ways of collecting, storing and analyzing
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`physiological information are needed. In addition, improved ways of seamlessly
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`extracting physiological information from a person during everyday life activities,
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`especially during high activity levels, may be important for enhancing fitness
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`training and healthcare quality, promoting and facilitating prevention, and
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`reducing healthcare costs.
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`SUMMARY
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`It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to introduce
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`a selection of concepts in a simplified form, the concepts being further described
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`below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key
`features or essential features of this disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the
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`scope of the invention.
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`According to some embodiments of the present invention, a
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`headset configured to be attached to the ear of a person includes a base, an
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`earbud housing extending outwardly from the base that is configured to be
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`positioned within an ear of a subject, and a cover surrounding the earbud
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`housing. The base includes a speaker, an optical emitter, and an optical
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`detector. The cover includes light transmissive material that is in optical
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`communication with the optical emitter and the optical detector and serves as a
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`light guide to deliver light from the optical emitter into the ear canalof the subject
`wearing the headset at one or more predetermined locations and to collect light
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`external to the earbud housing and deliver the collected light to the optical
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`detector. The optical emitter, via the light—guiding cover, directs optical energy
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`towards a particular region of ear and the optical detector detects secondary
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`optical energy emanating from the ear region. In some embodiments, the optical
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`detector may include an optical filter configured to pass secondary optical energy
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`at selective wavelengths. In some embodiments, the light transmissive material
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`of the cover may be configured, for example via the use of cladding and/or light
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`reflective material, such that the cover serves as a light guide that is coupled in
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`parallel to the optical emitter and detector. In some embodiments, the light
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`transmissive material of the cover may be configured, for example via the use of
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`cladding and/or light reflective material, such that the cover serves as a light
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`guide that is coupled perpendicular to the optical emitter and detector.
`In some embodiments, the headset may include various electronic
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`components secured to the base. For example, the headset may include one or
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`more environmental sensors configured to detect and/or measure environmental
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`conditions in a vicinity of the headset. The headset may include a signal
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`processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical
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`detector. For example, in some embodiments, a signal processor may be
`configured to extract secondary optical energy and remove optical noise or
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`environmental noise. The headset may include a signal processor configured to
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`receive and process signals produced by the one or more environmental
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`sensors. In addition, the headset may include a transmitter configured to transmit
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`, signals processed by the signal processor to a remote device in real time.
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`Headsets according to embodiments of the present invention may utilize, for
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`example, Bluetooth®, Wi—Fi, ZigBee, or other wireless transmitters.
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`In some embodiments, a housing is secured to and overlies the
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`base so as to enclose and protect the speaker, optical emitter and optical
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`detector, as well as other electronic components secured to the base (e.g.,
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`sensors, processor, transmitter etc.).
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`The earbud housing is in acoustical communication with the
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`speaker and has at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker
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`can pass. The light—guiding cover surrounding the earbud housing also includes
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`at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass. The cover
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`may be formed from a soft, resilient material, such as silicone which deforms
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`when inserted within an ear canal of a subject. In some embodiments, the cover
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`includes an alignment member that facilitates alignment of the earbud housing
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`within an ear canal of a subject.
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`Light directed into the ear of a subject from a light emitter and the
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`subsequent collection of light at a light detector, according to embodiments of
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`the present invention, may be utilized for detecting and/or measuring, among
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`other things, body temperature, skin temperature, blood gas levels, muscle
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`tension, heart rate, blood flow, cardiopulmonary functions, etc.
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`In some embodiments of the present invention, the light-guiding
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`cover may include a lens that is in optical communication with the optical emitter
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`and/or optical detector. The lens may be configured to focus light emitted by the
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`optical emitter and/or to focus collected light toward the optical detector. In some
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`embodiments, multiple lenses may be incorporated into a light—guiding cover.
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`In some embodiments, the light—guiding cover may include a light
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`diffusion region in optical communication with the light transmissive material that
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`diffuses light emitted by the optical detector.
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`In some embodiments, the light—guiding cover may include a
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`luminescence-generating region, such as a phosphor-containing region, that is in
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`optical communication with the light transmissive material. The luminescence—
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`generating region may be embedded within the light—guiding cover and/or on a
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`surface of the light—guiding cover. The luminescence—generating region is
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`configured to receive light emitted by the optical emitter and convert at least a
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`portion of the received light to light having a different wavelength from that of the
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`received light.
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`In some embodiments, the light—guiding cover includes one or more
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`grooves formed therein. Each groove is configured to direct external light to the
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`optical detector.
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`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the light-
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`guiding cover is configured to direct light from the optical emitter to a plurality of
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`locations at an outer surface of the cover for delivery into an ear canal of a
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`subject.
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`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the light-
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`guiding cover is a translucent material or includes translucent material in
`selected locations;
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`In some embodiments, a light reflective material is onat least a
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`portion of one or both of the inner and outer surfaces of the light-guiding cover.
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`According to some embodiments of the present invention, a light-
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`guiding earbud .for a headset includes light transmissive material that is in optical
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`communication with an optical emitter and optical detector associated with the
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`headset. The light transmissive material is configured to deliver light from the
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`optical emitter into the ear canal of a subject at one or more predetermined
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`locations and to collect light external to the earbud housing and deliver the
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`collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the light emitter and
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`light detector may be integral with the earbud. For example, in some
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`embodiments, a flexible optical emitter is incorporated within the earbud and is in
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`optical communication with the light transmissive material.
`In some embodiments, an earbud includes at least one lens in
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`optical communication with the light transmissive material. Each lens may be
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`configured to focus light from the optical emitter onto one or more predetermined
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`locations in the ear of a subject and/or to focus collected external light onto the
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`optical detector.
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`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud may
`include luminescent material. Luminescent light is generated from optical
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`excitation of the luminescent material by an optical emitter.
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`In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud may
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`integrate a sensor module containing a plurality of sensor elements for
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`measuring physiological information and at least one noise source for measuring
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`noise information. A "noise source", as used herein, refers to a sensor, such as
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`an optical sensor, inertial sensor, electrically conductive sensor, capacitive
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`sensor, inductive sensor, etc., and derives it name from the fact that it is a
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`source of input to a filter, such as an adaptive filter described below.
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`The physiological sensors of the sensor module may generate a
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`signal that includes physiological information plus noise information. The noise
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`may be removed by combining the physiological information and noise
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`information from the sensor module with noise information from the noise source
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`of the sensor module via an electronic filtering method, such as a signal
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`processing technique. Specific examples of such signal processing techniques
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`include FIR (Finite Impulse Response), llR (Infinite Impulse Response),
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`informatics, machine learning, and adaptive filter methods. The output of the
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`adaptive filter may be a physiological signal that is wholly or partially free of
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`noise. In some embodiments, motion—related noise from a subject activity such
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`as running may be removed from the physiological plus noise signal generated
`by a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for measuring blood constituent levels
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`or blood flow properties, such as blood oxygen level, V02, or heart rate.
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`In some embodiments of the present invention, the noise source
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`input of an adaptive filter may include a “blocked channel” of optical energy, an
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`inertial sensor, or environmental energy. In some embodiments, the
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`environmental energy may be unwanted ambient optical noise.
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`In some embodiments of the present invention, a
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`processor/multiplexor processes physiological signals and noise signals into a
`data string. This data string may contain information relating to physiological
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`information and motion-related information. The processing method may include
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`signal processing techniques such as pre-adaptive signal conditioning, adaptive
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`filtering, and parameter extraction.
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`in some embodiments, an earbud includes one or more sensor
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`modules that includes one or more sensors for sensing physiological information
`and environmental information, such as noise, for example. As such, theearbud
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`may function as a physiological monitor as well as an environmental monitor. In
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`some embodiments, the earbud may include a microprocessor that is in
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`electrical communication with the sensor module(s). For example, a
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`microprocessor incorporated into an earbud may be configured to execute an
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`adaptive filter algorithm to remove noise from at least one signal generated by a
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`sensor module in the earbud. A microprocessor may also be configured to
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`process information from the one or more sensors to generate a digital output
`string, wherein the digital output string includes a plurality of physiological and
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`motion-related information.
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`Physiological sensors that may be incorporated into headsets
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`and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the present invention, may
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`be configured to detect and/or measure one or more of the following types of
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`physiological information: heart rate, pulse rate, breathing rate, blood flow, V02,
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`VOgmax, heartbeat signatures, cardio-pulmonary health, organ health,
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`metabolism, electrolytetype and/or concentration, physical activity, caloric
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`intake, caloric metabolism, blood metabolite levels or ratios, blood pH level,
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`physical and/or psychological stress levels and/or stress level indicators, drug '
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`dosage and/or dosimetry, physiological drug reactions, drug chemistry,
`biochemistry, position and/or balance, body strain, neurological functioning, brain
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`activity, brain waves, blood pressure, cranial pressure, hydration level,
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`auscultatory information, auscultatory signals associated with pregnancy,
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`physiological response to infection, skin and/or core body temperature, eye
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`muscle movement, blood volume, inhaled and/or exhaled breath volume,
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`physical exertion, exhaled breath physical and/or chemical composition, the
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`presence and/or identity and/or concentration of viruses and/or bacteria, foreign
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`matter in the body, internal toxins, heavy metals in the body, anxiety, fertility,
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`ovulation, sex hormones, psychological mood, sleep patterns, hunger and/or
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`thirst, hormone type and/or concentration, cholesterol, lipids, blood panel, bone
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`density, organ and/or body weight, reflex response, sexual arousal, mental
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`and/or physical alertness, sleepiness, auscultatory information, response to
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`external stimuli, swallowing volume, swallowing rate, sickness, voice
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`characteristics, voice tone, voice pitch, voice volume, vital signs, head tilt,
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`allergic reactions, inflammation response, auto-immune response, mutagenic
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`response, DNA, proteins, protein levels in the blood, water content of the blood,
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`pheromones, internal body sounds, digestive system functioning, cellular
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`regeneration response, healing response, stem cell regeneration response, etc.
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`Environmental sensors that may be incorporated into headsets
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`and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the present invention, may
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`be configured to detect and/or measure one or more of the following types of
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`environmental information: climate, humidity, temperature, pressure, barometric
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`pressure, soot density, airborne particle density, airborne particle size, airborne
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`particle shape, airborne particle identity, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs),
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`hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carcinogens, toxins,
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`electromagnetic energy, optical radiation, X-rays, gamma rays, microwave
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`radiation, terahertz radiation, ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, radio waves,
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`atomic energy alpha particles, atomic energy beta—particles, gravity, light
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`intensity, light frequency, light flicker, light phase, ozone, carbon monoxide,
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`carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, sulfides, airborne pollution, foreign material in the
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`air, viruses, bacteria, signatures from chemical weapons, wind, air turbulence,
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`sound and/or acoustical energy, ultrasonic energy, noise pollution, human
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`voices, animal sounds, diseases expelled from others, exhaled breath and/or
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`breath constituents of others, toxins from others, pheromones from others,
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`industrial and/or transportation sounds, allergens, animal hair, pollen, exhaust
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`from engines, vapors and/or fumes, fuel, signatures for mineral deposits and/or
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`oil deposits, snow, rain, thermal energy, hot surfaces, hot gases, solar energy,
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`hail, ice, vibrations, traffic, the number of people in a vicinity of the person,
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`coughing and/or sneezing sounds from people in the vicinity of the person,
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`loudness and/or pitch from those speaking in the vicinity of the person.
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`According to some embodiments of the present invention, earbuds
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`for headsets may include a chipset having at least one sensor element, noise
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`source element, signal processor, input/output line, digital control, and power
`regulator.
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`Light—guiding earbuds according to the various embodiments of the
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`present invention may be utilized with mono headsets (i.e., headsets having one
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`earbud) as well as stereo headsets (i.e., headsets having two earbuds).
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`Additionally, the light—guiding region of earbuds, according to embodiments of
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`the present invention, may be integrated not only into an earbud cover and
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`earbud housing, but also into each or all components of an earbud. Moreover,
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`light-guiding earbuds according to the various embodiments of the present
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`invention may be utilized with hearing aids, bodyjewelry, or any other
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`attachment that can be placed near the head region, such as eye glasses or
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`shades, a headband, a cap, helmet, visor, or the like.
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`According to some embodiments of the present invention, a
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`monitoring device includes a circular band capable of encircling a finger of a
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`subject, and a base having an optical emitter and an optical detector attached to
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`the circular band. The circular band includes light transmissive material in optical
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`communication with the optical emitter and optical detector that is configured to
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`deliver light from the optical emitter to one or more portions of the finger of the
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`subject and to collect light from one or more portions of the finger of the subject
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`and deliver the collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the
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`circular band includes first and second concentric body portions.
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`In some embodiments, the circular band includes a lens region in
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`optical communication with the optical emitter that focuses light emitted by the
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`optical emitter and/or that collects light reflected from a finger. In some
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`embodiments the circular band includes a phosphor-containing region in optical
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`communication with the light transmissive material, wherein the phosphor-
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`containing region receives light emitted by the optical emitter and converts at
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`least a portion of the received light to light having a different wavelength from the
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`received light.
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`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the
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`circular band has an outer surface and an inner surface, and a cladding material,
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`such as light reflective material, is on (or near) at least a portion of one or both of
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`the inner and outer surfaces.
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`In some embodiments, the base includes one or more of the
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`following: a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced
`by the optical detector, a transmitter configured to transmit signals processed by
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`the signal processor to a remote device.
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`According to some embodiments of the present invention, a
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`monitoring device configured to be attached to the body of a subject includes a
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`base having an optical emitter and an optical detector, and light transmissive
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`material attached to the base. The light transmissive material is in optical
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`communication with the optical emitter and optical detector and is configured to
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`deliver light from the optical emitter to one or more portions of the body of the
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`subject and to collect light from one or more portions of the body of the subject
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`and deliver the collected light to the optical detector. The light transmissive
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`material may include adhesive material in one or more locations that is
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`configured to adhesively secure the device to the body of the subject.
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`In some embodiments, an outer body portion is attached to the
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`base and to the light transmissive material. The outer body portion may include
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`adhesive material in one or more locations that is configured to adhesively
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`secure the device to the body of the subject.
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`In some embodiments, the light transmissive material includes a
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`lens region that is in optical communication with the optical emitter and that
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`focuses light emitted by the optical emitter and/or that collects light reflected from
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`a finger. in some embodiments, the light transmissive material includes a
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`phosphor-containing region that receives light emitted by the optical emitter and
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`converts at least a portion of the received light to light having a different
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`wavelength from the received light. In some embodiments, the light transmissive
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`material has an outer surface and an inner surface, and a light reflective material
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`is disposed on or near at least a portion of one or both of the inner and outer
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`surfaces.
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`In some embodiments, the base includes one or more of the
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`following: a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced
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`by the optical detector, a transmitter configured to transmit signals processed by
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`the signal processor to a remote device.
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`It is noted that aspects of the invention described with respect to
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`one embodiment may be incorporated in a different embodiment although not
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`specifically described relative thereto. That is, all embodiments and/or features
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`of any embodiment can be combined in any way and/or combination. Applicant
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`reserves the right to change any originally filed claim or file any new claim
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`accordingly, including the right to be able to amend any originally filed claim to
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`depend from and/or incorporate any feature of any other claim although not
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`originally claimed in that manner. These and other objects and/or aspects of the
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`present invention are explained in detail below.
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`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`The accompanying drawings, which form a part of the specification,
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`illustrate various embodiments of the present invention. The drawings and
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`description together serve to fully explain embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a headset with a light—
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`guiding earbud, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a stereo headset incorporating light—
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`guiding earbuds, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 3 is a side section view of a light—guiding earbud for a headset,
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`according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Figs. 4A—4D are side section views of light-guiding earbuds for a
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 5 is a side section view of a light—guiding earbud for a headset,
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`according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 6 is a side section view of a light—guiding earbud for a headset,
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`according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 7A is a side section view of a light—guiding earbud for a
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 7B is a perspective view of a flexible optical emitter utilized in
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`the earbud of Fig. 7A, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 8A is a side section view of a light-guiding earbud for a
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 8B is a cross—sectional view of the earbud of Fig. 8A taken
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`along lines 88—88.
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`Fig. SC is a side section view of a light—guiding earbud for a
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`IPR2017—003 17
`CONDITIONAL MOTION TO AMEND
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`VALENCELL, INC.
`EXHIBIT 2106 — PAGE 11
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`IPR2017-00317
`CONDITIONAL MOTION TO AMEND
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`VALENCELL, INC.
`EXHIBIT 2106 - PAGE 11
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`Fig. 8D is a side section view of a light-guiding earbud for a
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
`Fig. 9A is a side section view of a light-guiding earbud for a ’
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. QB is a cross-sectional view of the earbud of Fig. 9A taken
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`along lines 98-98.
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`Fig. QC illustrates luminescent particles within the earbud cover of
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`Figs. SBA—QB, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 9D is a side section view of a light—guiding earbud fora
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 9E is a cross—sectional view of the earbud of Fig. 9D taken
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`along lines 9E—9E.
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`Fig. 10 illustrates various anatomy of a human ear.
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`Fig. 11A is a side section view of a light—guiding earbud for a
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`headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 118 is a cross-sectional view of the earbud of Fig. 11A taken
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`along lines 118—1 1 B.
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`Figs. 12A—1ZB illustrate respective opposite sides of a sensor
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`module that may be located near the periphew of an earbud, according to some
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`embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 13 illustrates an adaptive filter and noise source for removing
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`noise from a noisy physiological signal, according to some embodiments of the
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`present invention.
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`Figs. 14A~14D are respective graphs of time-dependent data
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`collected from a light—guiding earbud worn by a person, according to some
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`embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 15 is a graph of processed physiological signal data from a
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`headset having one or more light—guiding earbuds, according to some
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`embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 16 is a flow chart of operations for extracting physiological
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`information from headset sensor signals, according to some embodiments of the
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`present invention.
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`Fig. 17 is a block diagram that illustrates sensor signals being
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`processed into a digital data string including activity data and physiological data,
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`CONDITIONAL MOTION TO AMEND
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`VALENCELL, INC.
`EXHIBIT 2106 — PAGE 12
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`IPR2017-00317
`CONDITIONAL MOTION TO AMEND
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`VALENCELL, INC.
`EXHIBIT 2106 - PAGE 12
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653»7TSCT5
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`according to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 18 illustrates a digital data string, according to some
`embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 19 illustrates the optical interaction between the sensor
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`module of Figs. 12A—1ZB and the skin of a subject.
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`Fig. 20 illustrates a chipset for use in a headset, according to some
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`embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 21 illustrates a chipset for use in a stereo headset, according
`to some embodiments of the present invention.
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`Fig. 22A is a top plan view of a monitoring device configured to be
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`attached to finger of a subject, according to some embodiments of the present
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`invenflon.
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`Fig. 228 is a cross—sectional view of the monitoring device of Fig.
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`22A taken along lines 228—228.
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`Fig. 23 is a side view of a monitoring device configured to be
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`attached to the body of a subject, according to some embodiments of the
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`present invention.
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
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`The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter
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`with reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of the
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`invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many
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`different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set
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`forth herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures,
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`certain layers, components or features may be exaggerated for clarity, and
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`broken lines illustrate optional features or operations unless specified otherwise.
`In addition, the sequence of operations (or steps) is not limited to the order
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`presented in the figures and/or claims unless specifically indicated otherwise.
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`Features described with respect to one figure or embodiment can be associated
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`with another embodiment or figure although not specifically described or shown
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`as such.
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`It will be understood that when a feature or element is referred to
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`as being "on" another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature
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`or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In
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`CONDITIONAL MOTION TO AMEND
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`VALENCELL, INC.
`EXHIBIT 2106 — PAGE 13
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`CONDITIONAL MOTION TO AMEND
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`VALENCELL, INC.
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`Attorney Docket No. 9653-7TSCT5
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`contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being "directly on" another
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`feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will
`also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being
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`"connected", "attached" or "coupled" to another feature or element, it can be
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`directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or
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`intervening features or elements may be present. in contrast, when a feature or
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`element is referred to as being "directly connected", "directly attached" or
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`"directly coupled" to another feature or element, there are no intervening
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`features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one
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`embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to
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`other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that
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`references to a structure or feature that is disposed "adjacent" another feature
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`may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.
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`The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing
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`particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.
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`As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the
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`plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. it will be
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`further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in
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`this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations,
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`elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of
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`one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or
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`’groups thereof. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all
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`combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
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`Spatially relative terms, such as "under", "below", "lower", "over",
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`"upper" and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one
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`element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated
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`in the figures. It will be understood t