EXHIBIT 2124
`EXHIBIT 2124
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`(12) United States Patent
`(10) Patent N0.:
`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`Kondo
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`USOO6529754B2
`
`(54) BIOMETRIC MEASURING DEVICE
`
`(75)
`
`Inventor: Yutaka K0nd0, Matsumoto (JP)
`
`(73) Assignee: Seiko Epson Corporation, Tokyo (JP)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`.
`(21) Appl‘ No”
`(22) PCT Flled:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent IS mended or adJUSted under 35
`U~S-C~ 154(b) byO days
`
`09/403’240
`F91" 16’ 1999
`
`4,185,621 A *
`1/1980 Morrow ...................... 600/485
`4,280,506 A *
`7/1981 Zurcher .....
`600/503
`
`42959472 A * 10/1981 Adams ------
`600/503
`
`4,865,038 A *
`9/1989 Rich et al.
`600/344
`
`4,879,702 A * 11/1989 Gardner .....
`368/282
`4,896,676 A *
`1/1990 Sasakl
`..............
`600/494
`
`671998 Efgineftalfl.
`~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 340/572
`39:2???) 2 *
`5,807,267 A *
`9/1998 Bryars et al.
`............... 600/500
`5,823,409 A * 10/1998 Kennedy ......
`224/174
`
`5,833,602 A * 11/1998 Osemwota
`600/310
`5,848,030 A * 12/1998 Sullivan ..................... 368/282
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`PCT/JP99/00666
`
`(86) PCT No.:
`§ 371 (C)(1)
`’.
`NOV. 30, 1999
`(2), (4) Date.
`(87) PCT Pub. No.: W099/40843
`
`(65)
`
`PCT Pub. Date: Aug. 19, 1999
`_
`_
`_
`PI‘IOI‘ Publlcatlon Data
`US 2002/0151775 A1 Oct. 17, 2002
`
`(30)
`
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`
`Feb. 16, 1998
`Sep. 4, 1998
`Sep. 10, 1998
`
`(JP)
`(JP)
`(JP)
`
`........................................... 10—033155
`..... 10—251337
`
`........................................... 10—257233
`
`Int. Cl.7 .................................................. A61B 5/00
`(51)
`(52) US. Cl.
`........................................ 600/344; 600/335
`(58) Field of Search ......................... 600/309—311, 316,
`600/322—324, 326, 334—335, 340, 344,
`364—365, 502—503, 473—480; 224/170—178;
`368/281—283, 286, 300
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`.......................... 224/171
`8/1918 Scott
`1,275,769 A *
`2,227,131 A * 12/1940 Friedman
`...... 368/281
`
`2,558,007 A *
`6/1951 Smith et al.
`..... 224/175
`
`7/1958 Myerson ........... 224/175
`RE24,502 E *
`
`7/1959 Dzus .................... 224/171
`2,895,658 A *
`1/1973 Luxembourg ............... 368/281
`3,712,049 A *
`
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`
`55127513
`61—72211
`61-172518
`62—159719
`3—13807
`5—88314
`5—329117
`8-84705
`9—10183
`9-108191
`
`9/1980
`5/1986
`10/1986
`10/1987
`2/1991
`12/1993
`12/1993
`4/1996
`1/1997
`4/1997
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner—Eric F. Winakur
`Assistant Examiner—Matthew Kremer
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A watch-type biometric measuring device having a pulse
`wave sensor unit for detecting a pulse rate by a reflective
`optical sensor, a housing 10 storing therein the sensor unit,
`and a wristband 20 is improved. The wristband 20 has short
`band pieces 21 and 23 near the housing 10, and long band
`pieces 22 and 24 far from the housing 10. The band pieces
`21 and 23 have high flexibility, and permit movement of a
`living body. On the other hand, the band pieces 22 and 24
`have low flexibility, and secure holding ability against the
`living body. With this configuration, it is possible to mount
`the biometric measuring device on a measurement site of the
`living body With high adhesion While minimizing the sen-
`sation of pressure.
`
`35 Claims, 29 Drawing Sheets
`
`
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`US. Patent
`
`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 1 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet2 0f29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`
`
`
`
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`lif/f/I/f/f/IA
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`US. Patent
`
`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 3 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`+V
`
`104 +V
`
`102
`
`107a
`
`GND
`
`
`
`
`WAVE SIGNAL
`CONVERSION
`PART
`
`STORAGE
`PART
`
`
`
`PART
`
`
`
`FREQUENCY
`ANALYSIS
`
`
`PULSE RATE
`
`CALCULATION
`PART
`
`
`
`
`FIG._9
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`US. Patent
`
`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 4 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`ABSORBANCE
`
`L
`
`: ABSORPTION COMPONENT
`BASED ON ARTERIAL BLOOD
`
`BASED ON TISSUE
`
`: ABSORPTION COMPONENT
`BASED ON VENOUS BLOOD
`
`: ABSORPTION COMPONENT
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 5 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet6 0f29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 7 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 8 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 9 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet10 0f29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 11 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`FIG._23
`
`FIG._24
`
`'l/I/I/I/jj/I/l/I/A
`221a
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`41
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`
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 12 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`FIG._25
`
`
`
`
`
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`
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 13 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 14 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
`
`FIG._ZQB
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 15 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
`FIG._31
`
`223
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 16 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 17 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 18 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 19 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`FIG._36A
` FIG._3BB
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 20 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 21 0f 29
`
`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
`
`11
`
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`(PRIOR ART)
`
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 22 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 23 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`US. Patent
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`Sheet 25 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
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`US. Patent
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
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`Sheet 27 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`0.0
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`m._.
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`m_><>>mmJDQ
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`mm_OZ\Esmhomaw
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`Esmhomam
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 28 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
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`FIG._47B
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 4, 2003
`
`Sheet 29 0f 29
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`US 6,529,754 B2
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`
`
`FIG._4BB
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`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`1
`BIOMETRIC MEASURING DEVICE
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The present invention relates to a biometric measuring
`device having a shape similar to that of a wristwatch and
`capable of optically measuring biometric information, such
`as pulse rate, and more particularly, the present invention
`relates to an improved band for fixing the device to a living
`body.
`
`BACKGROUND ART
`
`In order to obtain information, such as pulse rate, from a
`living body, a technique for applying light on the living body
`and measuring fluctuations of reflected light has already
`been put into practice. Techniques for pressing and fixing an
`optically-measuring sensor unit to a surface of a living body,
`such as a finger surface or a wrist surface,
`include a
`technique disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publi-
`cation No. 9-108191, which is an application of the present
`inventors. According to this technique, a circumferentially
`elastic single supporter-like band is used. This technique is
`suitable for fixing a sensor unit of small size to a human
`fingertip.
`However, the above-described technique has the follow-
`ing problems.
`First, when a sensor unit larger than a sensor unit that can
`be fitted on a finger, is attached to, for example, a wrist, a
`large force for holding the weight of the sensor is required
`for a band. In particular, when an optical sensor unit is used,
`in order to prevent measurement errors caused by external
`light, high adherence is required so that a gap is not formed
`between the sensor unit and the surface of the living body.
`In addition, at an easily twisted site, such as a wrist, since
`a gap is particularly easy to form between the sensor unit and
`the surface of the living body, the holding force required is
`excessive. For this reason, the force for pressing the living
`body must be necessarily increased. This allows the living
`body to feel high sensation of pressure, and it is therefore
`diflicult to use such a sensor unit for a long time.
`The present invention was achieved in consideration of
`the foregoing circumstances, and an object thereof is to
`provide a biometric measuring device capable of being
`mounted on a measurement site of a living body with high
`adhesion while minimizing the sensation of pressure.
`
`DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
`
`A biometric measuring device according to the present
`invention includes a light-emitting means (or light-emitting
`body) for applying light
`to a living body; a biometric
`information detection means (or light-receiving body) for
`receiving reflected light from the living body of the light
`applied by the light-emitting means (or light-emitting body)
`to produce a biometric information signal according to the
`amount of light received; a support body for supporting the
`light-emitting means (or light-emitting body) and the bio-
`metric information detection means (or light-receiving
`body); and a band connected to the support body and wound
`around the living body near the detection site to fix the
`support body to the living body. Further, according to the
`present invention, the band is formed of a circumferentially
`flexible material, and flexibility thereof partially varies in
`the circumferential direction. In the device according to the
`present invention, movement, such as twisting of a living
`body, is permitted by a portion of the band having high
`
`2
`flexibility, and holding ability against the living body can be
`secured by a portion having low flexibility. Therefore, it is
`possible to mount the device on a measurement site of a
`living body with high adhesion while minimizing sensation
`of pressure, and measuring accuracy of the biometric mea-
`suring device is improved.
`In addition, according to the present invention, the band
`may have a base material wound around the living body; and
`an elastic member disposed inside of the base material and
`having the flexibility higher than that of the base material.
`In this case, the base material of the band is wound around
`the living body together with the support body, whereby the
`device is mounted on the living body. The holding ability
`against the living body can be secured by the base material
`having low flexibility and at the same time, movement, such
`as twisting of the living body can be permitted by the elastic
`member disposed inside the base material. Therefore, it is
`possible to mount the device on the measurement site of the
`living body with high adhesion while minimizing sensation
`of pressure, and measuring accuracy of the biometric mea-
`suring device is improved.
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`The above and other advantages of the present invention
`will be apparent from the following description of various
`embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying
`drawings. In the accompanying drawings,
`FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a biometric mea-
`suring device according to a first embodiment of the present
`invention.
`
`FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a connected portion of a
`housing and a band in the biometric measuring device
`shown in FIG. 1.
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`FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the biometric measuring
`device shown in FIG. 1.
`
`35
`
`FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the back side of the
`biometric measuring device shown in FIG. 1.
`FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing details of a pulse wave
`sensor unit of the biometric measuring device.
`FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a principle of measurement
`of a pulse wave by the biometric measuring device shown in
`FIG. 1.
`
`FIG. 7 is a diagram showing fluctuations in absorbance
`with time when light is applied to a part including a human
`capillary from the outside.
`FIG. 8 is a graph showing a blood pressure distribution of
`a human body.
`FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of a data processing
`circuit for processing an output signal of the pulse wave
`sensor unit shown in FIG. 1.
`
`FIG. 10 is a sectional view of band pieces constituting a
`band of the biometric measuring device shown in FIG. 1.
`FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a conventional biometric
`measuring device attached to a human wrist.
`FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the biometric measuring
`device of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 that is
`attached to a human wrist.
`
`FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing a biometric mea-
`suring device according to a second embodiment of the
`present invention.
`FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing a biometric mea-
`suring device according to a third embodiment of the present
`invention.
`
`FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing a biometric mea-
`suring device according to a fourth embodiment of the
`present invention.
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`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`3
`FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing a biometric mea-
`suring device according to a fifth embodiment of the present
`invention.
`
`FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing a biometric mea-
`suring device according to a sixth embodiment of the present
`invention.
`
`FIG. 18 is a perspective view showing a biometric mea-
`suring device according to a seventh embodiment of the
`present invention.
`FIG. 19 is a plan view showing a connected portion of a
`housing and a band in the biometric measuring device
`shown in FIG. 1;.
`FIG. 20 is a sectional view of the biometric measuring
`device shown in FIG. 18.
`
`FIG. 21 is a perspective view showing the back side of the
`biometric measuring device shown in FIG. 18.
`FIG. 22 is a side view showing the biometric measuring
`device shown in FIG. 18 that is attached to a wrist of a test
`
`subject.
`FIG. 23 is an exploded perspective view of a base material
`and an elastic body for the representation of one method for
`attaching the base material to the elastic member of the
`above band.
`
`FIG. 24 is an exploded perspective view of a base material
`and an elastic body for the representation of another method
`for attaching the base material and the elastic member of the
`above band.
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`25
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`FIG. 25 is a perspective view showing a band piece to
`which the base material and the elastic body are attached by
`the method of FIG. 24.
`
`30
`
`FIG. 26 is an exploded perspective view of a base material
`and an elastic body for the representation of another method
`for attaching the base material and the elastic member of the
`above band.
`
`FIG. 27 is a perspective view showing a band piece to
`which the base material and the elastic body are attached by
`the method of FIG. 26.
`
`FIG. 28 is an exploded perspective view of base materials
`and elastic bodies for the representation of another method
`for attaching the base materials and the elastic members of
`the above band.
`
`FIGS. 29A and 29B are perspective view each showing
`the biometric measuring device to which the base materials
`and the elastic bodies are attached by the method of FIG. 28.
`FIG. 30A is a perspective view showing the vicinity of a
`connected portion of band pieces in the biometric measuring
`device in accordance with the method of FIG. 28.
`
`FIG. 30B is a side view of the vicinity of the connected
`portion shown in FIG. 30A.
`FIG. 31 is a side view showing a biometric measuring
`device according to a modification that is attached to a wrist
`of a test subject.
`FIG. 32 is a front view showing a biometric measuring
`device according to an improvement example.
`FIG. 33 is shows an overall configuration of a pulse-
`measuring device that
`is a biometric measuring device
`according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
`FIG. 34 is a sectional view showing a finger-fitting unit of
`the pulse-measuring device shown in FIG. 33.
`FIG. 35 is a plan view showing the finger-fitting unit
`shown in FIG. 34.
`
`FIGS. 36A and 36B are diagrams for the explanation of a
`superior effect, obtained by the pulse-measuring device
`shown in FIG. 33.
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`4
`FIG. 37 is a side view showing a device main body of the
`pulse-measuring device shown in FIG. 33.
`FIG. 38 is a partial sectional view of a wristband used in
`the pulse-measuring, device shown in FIG. 33.
`FIG. 39 is a side view showing a device main body of a
`pulse-measuring device according to a modification of the
`eighth embodiment.
`FIG. 40 is a side view showing a device main body of a
`conventional pulse-measuring device attached to a wrist of
`a test subject.
`FIG. 41 is a graph for the explanation of the effect of the
`eighth embodiment.
`FIG. 42 is a perspective view showing an overall con-
`figuration of a pulse-measuring device that is a biometric
`measuring device according to a ninth embodiment of the
`present invention.
`FIG. 43 is a sectional view of the pulse-measuring device
`shown in FIG. 42.
`
`FIG. 44 is an exploded perspective view of a pulse-
`measuring device and an elastic member for the represen-
`tation of a method for attaching the pulse-measuring device
`and the elastic member shown in FIG. 42.
`
`FIGS. 45A and 45B are perspective views each showing
`the pulse-measuring device to which the elastic member is
`attached by the method of FIG. 44.
`FIG. 46 is a graph for the explanation of the effect of the
`ninth embodiment.
`
`FIGS. 47A and 47B are perspective view each showing a
`pulse-measuring device according to a modification of the
`ninth embodiment.
`
`FIGS. 48A and 48B are perspective views each showing
`a pulse-measuring device according to a tenth embodiment.
`
`BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE
`INVENTION
`
`First Embodiment
`
`(1) Schematic Configuration
`As shown in FIG. 1, a biometric measuring device of the
`first embodiment according to the present invention is of a
`wristwatch type which includes a housing (support body) 10
`storing therein various electrical or electronic parts, and a
`wristband 20 connected to the housing 10 and wound around
`a human arm to fix the housing 10 to the arm.
`The wristband 20 of this embodiment has four band
`
`pieces 21 to 24. A short band piece 21 is connected to the
`upper end of the housing 10 at one end thereof, and is
`connected to one end of a long band piece 22 at the other end
`thereof. As shown in FIG. 2, the connection method is a
`well-known method using spring rods 25. Returning to FIG.
`1, a buckle 26 and a tongue 27 are attached by a well-known
`method to the other end of the band piece 22 that is farther
`away from the housing 10.
`In addition, another short band piece 23 is connected to
`the lower end of the housing at one end thereof, and is
`connected to one end of a long band piece 24 at the other end
`thereof The connection method is similar to that shown in
`
`FIG. 2. Plural small holes 28 are formed in the band piece
`24 at equal intervals along the longitudinal direction thereof
`The band piece 24 is inserted into the buckle 26 and the
`tongue 27 is put through any one of the small holes 28,
`whereby the biometric measuring device is fixed to a human
`arm, and the back of the housing 10 is brought into tight
`contact with the back of the wrist. By selecting the small
`hole 28 through which the tongue 27 is inserted, the perim-
`
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`US 6,529,754 B2
`
`5
`eter of the device is adjusted. Details of the wristband 20 will
`be described hereinbelow.
`
`FIG. 3 shows a cross section of the housing 10. As shown
`in the figure, the housing 10 has an outer casing 11 disposed
`on the front side and a back cover 12 disposed on the back
`side. The outer casing 11 and the back cover 12 are fixed in
`combination with each other, and a space for accommodat-
`ing therein various electric or electronic parts is formed
`therein. As materials for the outer casing 11 and the back
`cover 12, lightproof materials are selected.
`Apulse wave sensor unit 100 is supported on the housing
`10. The pulse wave sensor unit 100 is a reflective optical
`sensor, and has a circuit board 101 disposed on the back
`cover 12, an LED (Light Emitting Device) 102 which is a
`light-emitting body mounted on the back of the circuit board
`101, and a photodiode 103 which is a light-receiving body.
`Light emitted from the LED 102 travels downward in the
`figure to illuminate the wrist of a person who has the device
`mounted thereon. The illumination light
`is absorbed by
`tissues or blood vessels of the wrist, and the illumination
`light which is not absorbed is reflected. The reflected light is
`received by the photodiode 103, and the photodiode 103
`generates an electric signal corresponding to the intensity of
`the light received.
`A through hole is formed in the center of the back cover
`12, and a transparent glass 104 is fixed so as to cover the
`through hole. The transparent glass 104 permits transmis-
`sion of light for the LED 102 and the photodiode 103 and at
`the same time, protects them. In addition, a light filter 105
`is disposed between the transparent glass 104 and the LED
`102, and the photodiode 103. Therefore, the illumination
`light from the LED 102 passes through the light filter 105 to
`illuminate the wrist, and the reflected light passes through
`the light filter 105 to be received by the photodiode 103. The
`layout of the LED 102, photodiode 103, and transparent
`glass 104 is also shown in FIG. 4.
`The light filter 105 transmits light beams in a wavelength
`range of 500 nm to 600 nm. The measurement wavelength
`of the measurement optical system is within the range of 500
`nm to 600 nm. The present inventors and joint researchers
`have found that, by wavelengths in this range, pulse waves
`can be measured with the highest accuracy when arterioles
`of the wrist are the measured objects.
`An OP amplifier 106 and a circuit element 107 are
`mounted on the front side of the circuit board. The OP
`
`amplifier 106 amplifies an electric signal output from the
`photodiode 103. The circuit element 107 is provided with
`resistors 107a and described below 107b and the like that are
`
`connected to the OP amplifier 106 and the LED 102.
`In addition, a main substrate 110 is disposed in the
`internal space of the housing 10. The main substrate 110 is
`provided with a data processing circuit 111 including an IC
`component, such as a CPU (central processing unit). A
`battery 112 serving as a power source of the biometric
`measuring device is disposed on the back side of the main
`substrate 110, and the battery 112 is connected to a circuit
`provided on the main substrate 110. Furthermore, a liquid
`crystal display device 113 is disposed on the front side of the
`main substrate 110. A transparent glass 114 for enabling the
`liquid crystal display device 113 to be viewed and protecting
`the liquid crystal display device 113 is disposed on the front
`side of the liquid crystal display device 113, and the trans-
`parent glass 114 is supported by the outer casing 11 of the
`housing 10. The pulse rate (biometric information measured
`in this embodiment), which is a measurement result of the
`pulse wave sensor unit 100, is displayed on the liquid crystal
`display device 113.
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`6
`In addition, in this embodiment, the circuit provided on
`the main substrate 110 has the function of counting time and
`date, in a manner similar to a common digital watch. The
`liquid crystal display device 113 can also display the time
`and date in addition to the above-described pulse rate. In the
`liquid crystal display device 113 shown in FIG. 1, “10:08”
`represents the time, and “127” represents the pulse rate. As
`shown in FIG. 1, the outer casing 11 of the housing 10 is
`provided. with button switches 116 and 117 for setting the
`time or switching display modes.
`As shown in FIG. 3, the above-described main substrate
`110 and the pulse wave sensor unit 100 are connected to
`each other by a heat seal 115. This allows electric power to
`be supplied from the main substrate 110 to the pulse wave
`sensor unit 100, and allows a pulse wave signal
`to be
`supplied from the pulse wave sensor unit 100 to the main
`substrate 110.
`
`(2) Pulse Detection
`FIG. 5 shows details of the pulse wave sensor unit 100. As
`shown in the figure, the positive voltage +V is given to an
`anode of the LED 102, and a cathode thereof is grounded via
`the resistor 107a. Since the resistor 107a acts as an electric
`
`current-restricting resistor, desired electric current flows
`through the LED 102.
`In addition, the positive voltage +V is given to a cathode
`of the photodiode 103, and an anode is connected to a
`negative input terminal of the OP amplifier 106. An output
`signal of the OP amplifier 106 is fed back to the negative
`input terminal via the resistance 107b. Input impedance of
`the OP amplifier 106 is extremely high, and the gain is large.
`In addition, since a positive input terminal of the OP
`amplifier 106 is grounded, an anode of the photodiode 103
`is subjected to an imaginary short-circuit to the ground.
`Therefore, the photodiode 103 is reverse biased, and when
`light is incident thereon, electric current according to the
`amount of light flows. The greater the intensity of the
`incident light, the larger the current which flows. The OP
`amplifier 106 and the resistance 107b convert the electric
`current from the photodiode 103 into voltage, and amplify
`the voltage. That is, an output signal Vm of the OP amplifier
`106 varies with the amount of the incident light.
`A principle of the pulse wave sensor unit 100 will be
`described with reference to FIG. 6. In the figure, T represents
`a skin of a living body to be detected, and C represents a
`capillary and an arteriole. There is living tissue between the
`skin T and the capillary C. Blood flows through the capillary
`C
`
`illuminated from the LED 102 is
`A part of the light
`absorbed by the tissues of the living body or hemoglobin in
`the blood, another part of the light is reflected by the tissue
`of the living body, and the reflected light is received by the
`photodiode 103. The photodiode 103 outputs an electric
`signal according to the amount of the light
`received.
`Therefore, the absorption by the tissues of the living body
`and the absorption by the hemoglobin in the blood are
`reflected in the output signal of the photodiode 103.
`FIG. 7 is a diagram showing fluctuations in absorbance
`when light is illuminated on a human capillary from the
`outside, in which I2 is an absorption component based on